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Parzitofauna Plazů Evropy

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JIHOČESKÁ UNIVERZITA V ČESKÝCH BUDĚJOVICÍCH ZEMĚDĚLSKÁ FAKULTA Studijní program: B4106 Zemědělská specializace Studijní obor: Biologie a ochrana zájmových organismů Katedra: Katedra biologických disciplín Vedoucí katedry: doc. RNDr. Ing. Josef Rajchard, Ph.D. DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Parzitofauna plazů Evropy Vedoucí diplomové práce: Mgr. Miloslav Jirků, Ph.D. Konzultant diplomové práce: Mgr. Michal Berec, Ph.D. Autor: Bc. Jakub Žídek České Budějovice, 2014 Prohlašuji, že v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném znění souhlasím se zveřejněním své diplomové práce, a to - v nezkrácené podobě - v úpravě vzniklé vypuštěním vyznačených částí archivovaných zemědělskou fakultou - elektronickou cestou ve veřejně přístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jihočeskou univerzitou v Českých Budějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách, a to se zachováním mého autorského práva k odevzdanému textu této kvalifikační práce. Souhlasím dále s tím, aby toutéž elektronickou cestou byly v souladu s uvedeným ustanovením zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. zveřejněny posudky školitele a oponentů práce i záznam o průběhu a výsledku obhajoby kvalifikační práce. Rovněž souhlasím s porovnáním textu mé kvalifikační práce s databází kvalifikačních prací Theses.cz provozovanou Národním registrem vysokoškolských kvalifikačních prací a systémem na odhalování plagiátů. Datum: Podpis studenta: Souhrn: Předložená diplomová práce předkládá historicky nejucelenější přehled parazitů plazů žijících v Evropě, včetně základních taxonomických informací, známého geografického rozšíření, hostitelského spektra a nejdůležitějších referencí. Data potřebná k vytvoření přehledu byla získána z věděckých článků. V předložené práci jsou zaznamenání paraziti všech evropských plazů v celém jejich areálu rozšíření. Na víc byl vytvořen ucelený seznam evropské herpetofauny, které byly doposud nekompletní, včetně ohrožení a endemických druhů. Klíčová slova: review, plazi, paraziti, Evropa Abstract: This thesis presents the most comprehensive historical overwiev of reptile parasites living in Europe, including basic taxonomic information, the known geographic range, host range and important references. Data needed to create a host-parasite list was obtained from scientific articles. In the present work are recorded parasites of the Eropean reptiles throughout their entire range. Moreover was created a comprehensive list of the European herpetofauna that were still incomplete, including threat status and endemic species. Key words: review, reptiles, parasites, Europe Poděkování: Tímto bych chtěl poděkovat především mému školiteli Miloslavu Jirků, Ph.D, za vedení mé práce. Dále bych chtěl poděkovat své rodině a přátelům, kteří mi byli oporou nejen při psaní této práce, ale po celou dobu mého studia. Obsah 1. Úvod...................................................................................................................... 8 2. Cíle ........................................................................................................................ 9 3. Literární přehled ................................................................................................. 10 3.1 Charakteristika herpetofauny Evropy ................................................................. 10 3.1.1 Ohrožení................................................................................................... 11 3.1.2 Endemismus ............................................................................................. 13 3.2 Novodobý výzkum parazitů evropských plazů: od 70. let po současnost .......... 14 3.3 Charakteristika jednotlivých skupin parazitů plazů Evropy ............................... 19 3.3.1 Mikrosporidie (Microsporidia) ................................................................ 19 3.3.2 Výtrusovci (Apicomplexa) ...................................................................... 20 3.3.3 Hemogregariny (Haemogregarinidae ...................................................... 20 3.3.4 Kokcidie (Eimeriorina) ............................................................................ 21 3.3.5 Bičíkatá protista ....................................................................................... 22 3.3.6 Rybomorky (Myxozoa)............................................................................ 22 3.3.7 Pijavky (Hirudinae).................................................................................. 23 3.3.8 Roztoči (Acari) ........................................................................................ 23 3.3.9 Jednorodí (Monogenea) ........................................................................... 24 3.3.10 Motolice (Trematoda) .............................................................................. 25 3.3.11 Hlístice (Nematoda) ................................................................................. 25 3.3.12 Tasemnice (Cestoda)................................................................................ 27 3.3.13 Vrtejši (Acanthocephala) ......................................................................... 28 4. Metodika ............................................................................................................. 29 4.1 Specifikace cílové oblasti ................................................................................... 29 4.2 Vymezení spektra cílových druhů plazů ............................................................. 29 4.3 Specifikace parazitů ............................................................................................ 29 4.4 Výběr a zpracování literárních dat ...................................................................... 30 5. Výsledky ............................................................................................................. 32 6. Diskuse................................................................................................................ 42 7. Závěr ................................................................................................................... 47 8. Citace .................................................................................................................. 48 9. Přilohy ................................................................................................................. 60 1. Úvod Parazitismus je jednou z nejvíce rozšířených životních strategií organismů a hraje důležitou roli v evoluci. Zhruba před třiceti lety prošla parazitologie významnými změnami. Od dříve převládajícího spíše deskriptivního přístupu, který vycházel ze zoologických základů a byl velmi důležitý pro poznání širokého spektra skupin i jednotlivých druhů parazitů, došlo k přechodu na ekologické, fyziologické, imunologické, biochemické a v posledních 15-20 letech fylogenetické pojetí parazitologie. I přes bezpočet novodobých objevů v rámci parazitologie, zůstávají paraziti i nadále závažným problémem, mnohým se navíc vlivem lidské činnosti a globálních změn zvětšuje areál rozšíření a vzrůstá tak nebezpečí jejich šíření do nových oblastí a naivních hostitelů. Na druhou stranu vliv těchto faktorů vede také k úbytku řady druhů živočichů, kteří jsou jejich hostiteli. Sami paraziti, zejména ti hostitelsky specifičtí, tedy úzce vázaní na určitý taxon (např. plazího) hostitele se tak ocitají v pozici ohrožených, neboť bez svých ubývajících hostitelů nejsou schopni existovat. V neposlední řadě paraziti plazů představují zřejmě nejopomíjenější část globální parazitofauny obratlovců a představují tak její nejméně probádanou oblast zasluhující zvláštní pozornost. Přes relativně velké množství relevantních prací dodnes neexistuje kompletní seznam parazitofauny evropských plazů, který by ulehčil determinaci jednotlivých druhů, pomohl pochopit jejich ekologii a umožnil poodhalit podstatu složení a struktury jejich společenstev. Právě z těchto důvodů bylo v této práci stanoveno za cíl sestavení co možná nejkompletnějšího seznamu parazitů plazů vyskytujících se v Evropě, spolu s přehledem známého geografického rozšíření a spektra hostitelů jednotlivých druhů a základní vyhodnocení shromážděných dat. 8 2. Cíle Cílem této práce je: Vytvoření kompletního seznamu parazitů plazů Evropy, jejich geografického rozšíření a hostitelského spektra. Vytvoření kompletního seznamu plazů Evropy a jejich parazitů. Analýza získaných dat - charakteristika společenstev parazitů jednotlivých vyšších taxonů hostitelů. Analýza společenstev parazitů z hlediska jejich diverzity, životních strategií a biologie, hostitelského spektra a biogeografie. Zpracování části získaných dat formou rukopisu vědeckého článku. 9 3. Literární přehled 3.1 Charakteristika herpetofauny Evropy U plazů je jasný gradient růstu druhové diverzity směrem od severu k jihu s největší druhovou diverzitou v jižních oblastech, konkrétně na Iberském a Balkánském, příp. Apeninském poloostrově a v oblasti Kavkazu. Glaciální refugia, jako jsou například právě Iberský, Apeninský a Balkánský poloostrov, jsou důležitými centry druhové rozmanitosti, stejně jako Středomořské ostrovy. Nejvíce druhů plazů, tak nalezneme ve Španělsku (65 druhů), Řecku (55), Itálii (50), Francii (38) a Bulharsku (33) (Cox and Temple 2009). Celkové počty evropských druhů udává každý autor odlišné. Například Sillero et al. (2014) udávají 145 druhů plazů, zatímco Cox and Temple (2009) jich udávají 151. Právě tito autoři se nejvíce liší ve výběru druhů, které do Evropy zahrnují. Sillero et al. (2014) do Evropy nezahrnují druhy žijící na Kanárských ostrovech (např. ještěrky a gekony rodu Gallotia, resp. Tarentola), ostrovech Středozemního
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    Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents This page intentionally left blank Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents Edited by Parwinder S. Grewal Department of Entomology Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio USA Ralf-Udo Ehlers Department of Biotechnology and Biological Control Institute for Phytopathology Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Raisdorf Germany David I. Shapiro-Ilan United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, Georgia USA CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: þ44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: þ1 617 395 4056 Fax: þ44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: þ1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org ßCAB International 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mech- anically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nematodes as biocontrol agents / edited by Parwinder S. Grewal, Ralf- Udo Ehlers, David I. Shapiro-Ilan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-017-7 (alk. paper) 1. Nematoda as biological pest control agents. I. Grewal, Parwinder S. II. Ehlers, Ralf-Udo. III. Shaprio-Ilan, David I. SB976.N46N46 2005 632’.96–dc22 2004030022 ISBN 0 85199 0177 Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn This volume is dedicated to Dr Harry K.
  • LEISHMANIA in Dogs: Life Cycle, Occurrence and Zoonotic Aspects

    LEISHMANIA in Dogs: Life Cycle, Occurrence and Zoonotic Aspects

    LEISHMANIA in dogs: life cycle, occurrence and zoonotic aspects Stig Milan Thamsborg Professor, DVM, PhD KU-SUND, [email protected] Heidi L. Enemark Seniorforsker, DVM, PhD DTU National Veterinary Institute, [email protected] Leishmaniosis One of the most important vector-borne diseases, endemic in the Mediterranean Bassin but possibly spreading in countries in Central Europe and North The vectors arewww.onleish.org Phlebotomus spp. (“sandflies” = mosquitoes) (e.g. P. perniciosus ) - multiplies in the gut of The agent - Leishmania vectors and are trans- infantum inside a mitted by bites or faeces macrophage www.onleish.org Hosts (vertebrates): dogs and other carnivores + homo 2 © Prof. Luis de Carvalho & Prof. Guadalupe Miró Corrales - ESCCAP Forum Lisbon 2012 Leishmaniasis in a global context 3 Leishmania in dogs, including zoonotic aspects • Etiolgy – The parasite – Vectors • Biology and epidemiology – Life cycle – Hosts – Transmission – Prevalence • Pathogenesis and clinics • Zoonotic aspects • Diagnostics • Control – Therapy – Prevention • Re-cap and discussion 4 Etiology 1 Sub-phylum: Flagellates Order Family Genus Diplomonadida Hexamitidae Giardia intestinalis (in organs) Trichomonadida Trichomonadidae Tritrichomonas foetus (organs) Trichomonas gallinae Monocercomonadidae Histomonas meleagridis Trypanosomatida Trypanosomatidae Trypanosoma spp. (blood+lymphatic Leishmania spp. systems, tissues) 5 Etiology 2 Morphology ( Leishmania and Trypanosoma) Different forms/stages: a) Promastigot 10-15 µm (Leishmania in vector) b) Epimastigot c) Trypomastigot (typical form in blood of final host) d) Amastigot 2-3 µm (Leishmania in RES in final host) a)+b) commonly found in vectors 6 Etiology 3 Leishmania spp. in dogs/cats in Europe Agent Vectors Final hosts Leishmania Phlebotomus spp. (sand Dog, fox jackal, rodents infantum flies) e.g.: cats, a.o.
  • The Biology of Strongyloides Spp.* Mark E

    The Biology of Strongyloides Spp.* Mark E

    The biology of Strongyloides spp.* Mark E. Viney1§ and James B. Lok2 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK 2Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6008, USA Table of Contents 1. Strongyloides is a genus of parasitic nematodes ............................................................................. 1 2. Strongyloides infection of humans ............................................................................................... 2 3. Strongyloides in the wild ...........................................................................................................2 4. Phylogeny, morphology and taxonomy ........................................................................................ 4 5. The life-cycle ..........................................................................................................................6 6. Sex determination and genetics of the life-cycle ............................................................................. 8 7. Controlling the life-cycle ........................................................................................................... 9 8. Maintaining the life-cycle ........................................................................................................ 10 9. The parasitic phase of the life-cycle ........................................................................................... 10 10. Life-cycle plasticity .............................................................................................................
  • 1. Classification of Trypanosomes A. Phylum Euglenazoa B. Subphylum Kinetoplasta * C

    1. Classification of Trypanosomes A. Phylum Euglenazoa B. Subphylum Kinetoplasta * C

    XIII Flagellates (2005) A. Hemoflagellates (Chapter 5) 1. Classification of trypanosomes a. Phylum Euglenazoa b. Subphylum Kinetoplasta * c. Class Trypanosomatida d. Important genera (1) Trypanosoma (2) Leishmania 2. Characteristics a. TRYP = hole, flagella embedded in an invagination = flagellar pocket b. Leaf-like c. One flagellum (1) Anterior is the free end (2). Location of pocket determines form (Life cycle may have more than one form) d. Forms (1) AMASTIGOTE (a) A = without (b) No flagellum (c) Usually intracellular Picture Slide #1: Amastigote; Fig 5.3a, p.63 (2) PROMASTIGOTE (a) PRO = forward (b) Pocket on anterior end (c) Usually occurs in vitro, = cultures (d) Considered most generalized form or form most closely resembling the ancestor of trypanosomes Picture Slide #2: Promastigote; Fig 5.3e, p 63 (3) EPIMASTIGOTE (a) EPI = upon (b) Pocket slightly anterior to nucleus (4) TRYPOMASTIGOTE (a) Pocket posterior (b) Flagellum attached to length of cell (c) Considered the most complex or specialized form Picture Slide #3: Epimastigote; Fig 5.3c, p. 63 Picture Slide #4: Trypomastigote; Fig 5.3f, p. 63 e. Important organelles (pp 46-48) (1). KINETOPLAST (a) KINETO = movement (b) Diagnostic of trypanosomes (c) Near base of flagellum (d) Modified mitochondrion (e) Contains more extracellular DNA than any organelle in any ` other eukaryotic cell Picture Slide #5: Kinetoplast; Fig 5.1, p 62 (2). UNDULATING MEMBRANE (a) Membrane connecting most of flagellum to body; “sail” (b) Epimastigotes & trypanomastigotes only f. Methods used to infect hosts (1). Salivarian trypanosomes (a). Develop in vector’s salivary glands (b). Accompany saliva into new host when vector bites (c) Example: Trypanosoma brucei “African sleeping sickness” (2) Stercorian trypanosomes (a) In vector’s intestine (b) Leave insect in feces (c) Invasion methods 1) Burrow through skin 2) Enter bite lesion (d) Example: T.