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LEISHMANIA in Dogs: Life Cycle, Occurrence and Zoonotic Aspects

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LEISHMANIA in dogs: life cycle, occurrence and zoonotic aspects Stig Milan Thamsborg Professor, DVM, PhD KU-SUND, [email protected] Heidi L. Enemark Seniorforsker, DVM, PhD DTU National Veterinary Institute, [email protected] Leishmaniosis One of the most important vector-borne diseases, endemic in the Mediterranean Bassin but possibly spreading in countries in Central Europe and North The vectors arewww.onleish.org Phlebotomus spp. (“sandflies” = mosquitoes) (e.g. P. perniciosus ) - multiplies in the gut of The agent - Leishmania vectors and are trans- infantum inside a mitted by bites or faeces macrophage www.onleish.org Hosts (vertebrates): dogs and other carnivores + homo 2 © Prof. Luis de Carvalho & Prof. Guadalupe Miró Corrales - ESCCAP Forum Lisbon 2012 Leishmaniasis in a global context 3 Leishmania in dogs, including zoonotic aspects • Etiolgy – The parasite – Vectors • Biology and epidemiology – Life cycle – Hosts – Transmission – Prevalence • Pathogenesis and clinics • Zoonotic aspects • Diagnostics • Control – Therapy – Prevention • Re-cap and discussion 4 Etiology 1 Sub-phylum: Flagellates Order Family Genus Diplomonadida Hexamitidae Giardia intestinalis (in organs) Trichomonadida Trichomonadidae Tritrichomonas foetus (organs) Trichomonas gallinae Monocercomonadidae Histomonas meleagridis Trypanosomatida Trypanosomatidae Trypanosoma spp. (blood+lymphatic Leishmania spp. systems, tissues) 5 Etiology 2 Morphology ( Leishmania and Trypanosoma) Different forms/stages: a) Promastigot 10-15 µm (Leishmania in vector) b) Epimastigot c) Trypomastigot (typical form in blood of final host) d) Amastigot 2-3 µm (Leishmania in RES in final host) a)+b) commonly found in vectors 6 Etiology 3 Leishmania spp. in dogs/cats in Europe Agent Vectors Final hosts Leishmania Phlebotomus spp. (sand Dog, fox jackal, rodents infantum flies) e.g.: cats, a.o. mammals + (s. L. chagasi i P. perniciosus , P. ariasi, homo Americas) P. perfiliewi, P. neglectus, (more genotypes) P. tobbi, P. langeroni Leishmania P. sergenti, P. arabicus Dog+homo tropica – cutan form in dogsh (rare) (Orient sores) The species can not be differentiated by morphology but clinics, vectors etc. and recently, PCR!! Blurry! 7 Etiology 4 Vector: Phlebotomus spp. (sandflies) • Sandflies(Phlebotomus spp.) are mosquitoes (2-4 mm) • Egg are laid in soil rich in organic matter, e.g., garbage • Females eat blood • Fourage during night, most activity in mornings and >18 oC; right after sunset • During day hiding in crevices and holes, e.g. animal holes, walls, rocks, trees or sheds. • Widespread in Mediterranean area, Africa and Middle East • Local endemic foci in North France, South Germany and Switzerland (e.g. P. mascittii ) • http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/vectors/vector -maps/Pages/VBORNET_maps_sandflies.aspx • Parasite development in vector: 1-2 weeks at 18 oC 8 Biology and transmission 1 Life cycle Multiplication: - as extracellular promastigots in the gut of sandflies - as intracellular amastigots in dogs 9 Biology and transmission 2 Dogs comprise the main reservoir in Europe, but other reservoir host are present… Fox (Marín-Iniesta et al ., 1982) Wolf (Beck et al. , 2008) Genet (Sobrino et al., 2008) Lynx (Sobrino et al., 2008) Desmer (Sobrino et al., 2008) Rat (Morillas et al ., 1985) Cat (Maroli, 2007) 10 © Prof. Luis de Carvalho & Prof. Guadalupe Miró Corrales - ESCCAP Forum Lisbon 2012 Biology and transmission 3 Dokumented but probably limited importance : • Vertical (Rosypal, 2005; Pangrazio et al. 2009; Boggiatto et al. 2011) • Blood transfusion (Owens et al., 2001, De Freitas et al., 2006; Tabar et al, 2008) • Venereal transmission (Silva et al. 2009) * Solano Gallego et al, 2011 • Other arthropods ?? (increasing evidence) – fleas, ticks (Coutinho et al. 2007; Paz et al. 2010; Dantas-Torres, 2011) 11 © Prof. Luis de Carvalho & Prof. Guadalupe Miró Corrales - ESCCAP Forum Lisbon 2012 Biology and transmission 4 Distribution in dogs in Europe • Black line represents north limit of sandflies and endemic leishmaniosis • Prevalence of infection in Med. Bassin: 1-40% (Ab), some places 80% (PCR) • 2.5 mio. infected dogs (Baneth, 2007) • Most likely spreading North, e.g. in Italian Alps but also spreading within endemic areas • Single autochtonous cases in D, F, UK, B, NL in dogs (© ESCCAP) 12 Biology and transmission 5 Epidemiology • New findings in Leishmania endemic areas : – fast and efficient spread when environmental factors are optimal, e.g., high prevalence of vectors – more widespread than expected (PCR) but only few become clinically afffected • Cats: importance? (60% PCR+ in Sicily) • North Europe – travelling: NL 58000/year South; risc 0.027-0.23% (Teske et al. 2002) – import of infected dogs – non-vectorborne transmission – (USA: foxhounds in NYS) 13 Pathogenesis and clinics 1 Leishmania infantum in dogs • Pathogenesis – infects macrophages in the skin after bite – chanker formation and spread with blood/lymph to mainly RES – granulomatous inflammation with necrosis and tissue destruction when amastigotes proliferate in macrophages – multi-systemic immun-mediated pathology depending on Th1/Th2 balance – glomerulonephritis, polymyositis, haemostasis problems a.o. • Clinics – varies with strain and host genetics – visceral form (liver,spleen, bone marrow) but SKIN LESIONS dominates commonly Top formation of goggles – typically: severe sacling with ulcers, alopecia, evt. pustules and nodules in skin initially in visceral form – poor body condition, generalised muscle atrophy, swelling of lymph nodes – also: fever, anaemia, cachexia – eye disease and kidney failure • Incubation period: 3 mths to 7 years • Chronic course 14 Patogenese og klinik 2 Infection versus disease NO clinical signs Clinical signs AND/OR No laboratory Infection laboratory abnormalities abnormalities confirmed 15 © Prof. Luis de Carvalho & Prof. Guadalupe Miró Corrales - ESCCAP Forum Lisbon 2012 Patogenese og klinik 3 Tip of the iceberg (<10%) © G. Miró Clinical cases (always) and sero+ PCR+ Distribution of leishmaniosis in a dog population Sero+ Rarely PCR- in an endemic area (Baneth et al, 2008) G. Miró16 Pathogenesis and clinics 3 Severe disease in some dogs! • Rapid development with clinical disease in some dogs that do not develop protective cell-mediated immunity (CMI) despite solid humoral response • Antibody response positively correlated with severity of disease and parasite density • Other dogs remain infected for years with symptoms and develop protective CMI • Function of macrophages very important • Immune response is mixed Th1/Th2 under strong genetic regulation: • Genetically resistant: Ibizean hound • Genetically susceptible: German shepherd, rottweiler, cocker spaniel, and boxer • Single genes and SNPs identified • Dog with/without symptoms are INFECTIVE for sandflies but ill dogs much more so!! G. Miró17 Zoonotic aspects 1 18 Zoonotic aspects 2 Global distribution in humans L. donovani + L. infantum/chagasi (visceral) L. tropica + L. major 19 Zoonotic aspects 3 Leishmaniosis in humans • 90% of human cases of cutan leishmaniosis in Afghanistan, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia, and Syria (WHO) • L. major : >700 cases during war in Iraq; L. tropica : visceral cases after Operation Desert Storm • More than 90% of human cases of visceral leishmaniosis in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sudan, and Brazil (WHO). Continued spread to new areas due to HIV • Co-infections of HIV and visceral leishmaniosis are reported from 34 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and S-America. • 70% of human cases among adults i S-E associated with HIV (WHO) • Estimate: 700 new human cases per year in S-E • Leishmaniosis is common among travellers/tourist of S-E • Human diagnostics in DK in 2011 (Overlæge Jørgen Kurtzhals): – 6 microscopy (4719 malaria; 6145 cryptosporidiose) – 104 antibodies (531 malaria-species; 1097 toxoplasma- schistosomes-echinococcosis) 20 Diagnostics 1 Diagnostics, dogs • Tentative diagnosis: – History and clinics (obs. demodicose) – Lab test: haemogram, biochemistry and urine analysis • Detection of parasites – Smear from marrow or lymph node/Giemsa staining ( DTU-Vet ) – Aspirate lymph node, marrow, blood, conjunctiva or skin biopsy : PCR or qPCR (most sensitive + species)( Idexx ) – Histology on skin biopsy (sensitivity increased by immuno-histochemistry) – (in vitro culture to promastigote stage) • Indirecte detection - serology – At earliest 8-12 weeks after infection – IFAT, ELISA ( Laboklin )(semi-quantiative test to follow treatement success) – Snap test in clinics (first detection) 21 Diagnostics 2 Clinical pathology in dogs • Blood: – normochrom, normycytic anaemia – evt. thrombocytopenia – leukopenia – hyperglobulinaemia – hypoalbumimaemia • Biochemistry: – Varying degrees of uraemia – Increase protein/creatinin • Urin analysis – Proteinuri – Haematuri 22 Control 1 Chemotherapy of leishmaniosis in dogs Drug Type Dosage Adm. Side effects Meglumine pentavalent 75-100 mg/kg Sc Lokcal swellings antimoniate antimoniate daily in 4-8 Resistance in vitro (enzyme weeks inhibition) Allopurinol purin analog 10-20 mg/kg (2- Po Cases of nephrolithiasis (inhibit RNA) 3 x day) in 6-18 (xanthin) mths. (min. 20 Often medication rest of mg/kg daily) life! Miltefosine alkylophospho- 2 mg/kg daily in Po GI problems if not fed lipid 4 weeks with other diet (damage to membranes) Combinations: meglumin+allopurinol miltefosine+allopurinol + additional symptomatic treatments and correct diet 23 Control 2 Aspects of control in dogs • Treat when clinical disease (+clinical pathology) and/or
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    1 CATALOGUE OF PROTOZOAN PARASITES RECORDED IN AUSTRALIA PETER J. O’DONOGHUE & ROBERT D. ADLARD O’Donoghue, P.J. & Adlard, R.D. 2000 02 29: Catalogue of protozoan parasites recorded in Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 45(1):1-164. Brisbane. ISSN 0079-8835. Published reports of protozoan species from Australian animals have been compiled into a host- parasite checklist, a parasite-host checklist and a cross-referenced bibliography. Protozoa listed include parasites, commensals and symbionts but free-living species have been excluded. Over 590 protozoan species are listed including amoebae, flagellates, ciliates and ‘sporozoa’ (the latter comprising apicomplexans, microsporans, myxozoans, haplosporidians and paramyxeans). Organisms are recorded in association with some 520 hosts including mammals, marsupials, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. Information has been abstracted from over 1,270 scientific publications predating 1999 and all records include taxonomic authorities, synonyms, common names, sites of infection within hosts and geographic locations. Protozoa, parasite checklist, host checklist, bibliography, Australia. Peter J. O’Donoghue, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia; Robert D. Adlard, Protozoa Section, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Australia; 31 January 2000. CONTENTS the literature for reports relevant to contemporary studies. Such problems could be avoided if all previous HOST-PARASITE CHECKLIST 5 records were consolidated into a single database. Most Mammals 5 researchers currently avail themselves of various Reptiles 21 electronic database and abstracting services but none Amphibians 26 include literature published earlier than 1985 and not all Birds 34 journal titles are covered in their databases. Fish 44 Invertebrates 54 Several catalogues of parasites in Australian PARASITE-HOST CHECKLIST 63 hosts have previously been published.
  • Trichomonas Stableri N. Sp., an Agent of Trichomonosis in Pacific Coast Band-Tailed Pigeons (Patagioenas Fasciata Monilis)

    Trichomonas Stableri N. Sp., an Agent of Trichomonosis in Pacific Coast Band-Tailed Pigeons (Patagioenas Fasciata Monilis)

    University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons College of the Pacific acultyF Articles All Faculty Scholarship 4-1-2014 Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis) Yvette A. Girard University of California, Davis, [email protected] Krysta H. Rogers California Department of Fish and Wildlife, [email protected] Richard Gerhold University of Tennessee, [email protected] Kirkwood M. Land University of the Pacific, [email protected] Scott C. Lenaghan University of Tennessee, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cop-facarticles Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Girard, Y. A., Rogers, K. H., Gerhold, R., Land, K. M., Lenaghan, S. C., Woods, L. W., Haberkern, N., Hopper, M., Cann, J. D., & Johnson, C. K. (2014). Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis). International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 3(1), 32–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.12.002 https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cop-facarticles/789 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the All Faculty Scholarship at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of the Pacific acultyF Articles by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Yvette A. Girard, Krysta H. Rogers, Richard Gerhold, Kirkwood M. Land, Scott C. Lenaghan, Leslie W. Woods, Nathan Haberkern, Melissa Hopper, Jeff D. Cann, and Christine K. Johnson This article is available at Scholarly Commons: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cop-facarticles/789 International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 3 (2014) 32–40 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijppaw Trichomonas stableri n.