Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

Sarah Gordon

Date of Trial: 31 August 1816 Where Tried: Lancaster Assizes Crime: Having in possession forged bank notes Sentence: 14 years Est YOB: 1789 Stated Age on Arrival: 29 Native Place: Leeds, Yorkshire Occupation: Child’s nurse & Shoe Binder Alias/AKA: Marital Status (UK): Children on Board: 1 Son Surgeon’s Remarks: Mutinous, seditious and bad disposed woman Assigned NSW or VDL NSW

At the conclusion of the 1816 Lancaster Summer Assizes, and as was standard practice, the court issued orders to the ‘Treasurer of the County Stock’ to reimburse the costs incurred by members of the legal fraternity who had undertaken work on behalf of the court in processing the various prosecutions. The large number of cases tried at these Assizes is reflected in the amount paid out – around £1340. One Henry Barton was responsible for the prosecution of four felons, for which he was to receive just over £55. One of these felons was Sarah Gordon.1 The Lancaster Gazette of 31 August lamented the fact that there were no less than eighty-seven prisoners in the Castle awaiting trial at the Summer Assizes – ‘many of them are charged with crimes of the most heinous nature, as may be seen on referring to the following list’. Sarah Gordon was one of those listed.

Sarah Gordon, for having in her possession, without lawful excuse, three forged Bank of England notes.2 Sarah was one of ten prisoners who, having pleaded guilty to possession of forged notes, was sentenced to fourteen years transportation.3 Pending embarkation on the Friendship she was held at Lancaster Castle and it was no doubt with great relief, surely mixed with some trepidation, when, as noted in his journal on 19 May 1817, it was made known that Governor of the Gaol had that day sent to the Secretary of State the Orders of Transportation for a band of female convicts, among whom was Sarah Gordon.4 Before turning to Sarah Gordon’s life as a convict colonist, it is interesting to speculate whether or not she was familiar with, and to, the legal system prior to her 1816 conviction. One of the cases brought before the January 1812 Lancaster Assizes was that of a Sarah Gordon. She was charged with uttering counterfeit money but her case was postponed due to ‘no prosecution’.5 The case was again brought before the April Assizes the outcome of which was set out in the Order Book. Apparently it was agreed that there was no case to answer. Whereas the recognizance of Sarah Gordon and her Bail was at the quarter session held by adjournment here in April last – entreated for not entering her Traverse. It is ordered by this Court that the same Entreat be and the same in accordingly taken off.6 Was Sarah also the woman listed in the Lancaster prison register who was tried in April 1816 on a charge of receiving stolen goods, but who was found not guilty?7 The bound indenture for Sarah Gordon brackets her with Mary Bridge and Sarah Hassall, all three having been tried at the same time and sentenced to fourteen years transportation. Aged 29, considerably younger than the other two women, Sarah was listed as a child minder and shoe binder, her contribution to the footwear process being to stitch upper leathers together before the sole was nailed on, a typically female task.8 Once on board the Friendship Sarah’s demeanour did not endear her to Surgeon Peter Cosgreave who described her as a mutinous, seditious and badly disposed woman. The Settler and Convict List, 1788-1819 (HO 10/2), informs us, rather vaguely, that Sarah Gordon was a single

- 1 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire woman living in Sydney. According to the 1821 list Sarah Gordon was a servant to Mr. Thomas Wylde’.9 Mr. Wylde’s appointment as ‘Clerk of the Peace and Solicitor to the Crown’ had been confirmed in January 1819, but he only held this position for a short time, as he died at Sydney in December 1821.10 For the following year’s muster we find Sarah Gordon, now with a ticket of leave, listed as the ‘Wife of R. Vickers Syd’, and a further check of the muster listing finds a Richard Vickers, also holding a ticket of leave, who arrived on the Ocean under a sentence of fourteen years transportation, and who was then employed as a sawyer. The couple was also ‘captured’ in the 1822 census and population book.11 There were two men named Richard Vickers who were tried at the Salford Quarter Sessions in April 1815. They were included in the list of fifteen prisoners for whom a Mr. Boardman had been responsible for their prosecution, and for which he was reimbursed the total sum of £105 6 6. The outcome of the proceedings was that Richard Vickers Sen was sentenced to be transported for fourteen years for having stolen muslin from Messrs. Mawdsley and Morris at Bolton, and Richard Vickers Jun was acquitted.12 Richard Vickers Sen, then aged 35, was received on board the hulk Captivity at Portsmouth on 12 May 1815. He was removed on 21 August for embarkation on the convict transport Ocean which departed England in late October 1815 and arrived at Port Jackson on 30 January 1816 after a passage of thirteen weeks.13 I wonder if Richard Vickers was one of the convicts who relieved the tedium of the voyage by reading the scriptures under the guidance of one of the free passengers, the Reverend John Youl. Was he one of the thirty-five signatories to the fulsome testimonial to the British and Foreign Bible Society who had arranged for 25 Bibles and 125 Testaments to be distributed en route.14 The bound indentures record and confirm that Richard Vickers the elder had been tried at the 12 April 1815 Salford Quarter Sessions and sentenced to fourteen years transportation. We also learn that he was a native of Bolton le Moors and, a calico printer by trade, which may explain why he had been so tempted to steal the muslin. He stood at 5’ 8”, had a ruddy complexion, dark brown hair and hazel eyes. However, it looks as if his age has been recorded as 55, which conflicts with the age given at his trial and reception on board the hulk. This apparent discrepancy has caused some genealogical anomalies.15 The Biographical Database of Australia (BDA) has various entries for Richard Vickers per Ocean. One report lists him as Richard Vickers, Elder, born c1761 at Bolton le Moors, Lancashire and dying aged 67 in July 1828 at Sydney, with the death at 67 also recorded in a further report.16 The first report notes that the descriptor ‘Elder’ was to distinguish him from another on board the Ocean with the same name, but there was only Richard Vickers on board. As noted above, the distinction originated in the 1815 trial of the pair Richard Vickers Senior and Junior. Another BDA entry refers to a Richard Vickers, born c1778. For ‘both’ Richard Vickers, there is an entry for 1823 referring to an application for permission to marry, but the November 1823 entry for the second Richard is more specific.17

Putting aside for the moment the ‘age problem’, on 6 October 1823 an application was made on behalf of convicts Richard Vickers and Sarah Gorton [sic], both convicts and respectively arrivals per Ocean and Friendship, for them to be allowed to marry.18

As noted, the marriage went ahead on 4 November 1823, the authorities having apparently accepted without question the status of the groom and bride respectively as widower and widow. The ever versatile Richard was - 2 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire now working as a baker. At the time of the wedding Sarah was pregnant. On 17 April 1824 son James Vickers was born and baptised on 6 June of that year at St Philip’s Church.19 His arrival would have been some consolation after the loss of at least one and possibly two baby sons. William Vickers, born on 4 November 1819, survived only eight days, and was buried at St. Phillips.20 John Vickers was born on 1 December 1821, baptised on 13 January 1822, and died shortly after.21 Although referred to as holding a ticket of leave by at least 1822, Sarah’s entitlement to this indulgence was formally advised in the Sydney Gazette on 19 February 1824 which informed its readers that during the last week she was one of those who had obtained their ticket.22 The last colonial record in which Sarah and Richard both appear is the 1825 general muster. Sarah is again recorded as the wife of Richard Vickers, Sydney, and he is listed as a householder. No muster record has been located for baby James – and if he is listed somewhere in the 1825 colonial returns it would have been his last such mention because, in 1827, he was another of the Vickers’ children to die in infancy. 23 However, and of a more robust constitution, a daughter Susannah had been born to Richard and Sarah on 19 June 1826 and baptised the following month on 9 July at St. James Church, Sydney. The family was living at Upper Pitt Street and Richard Vickers was then a ‘dealer in oil’.24 Baby Susannah would have just celebrated her first birthday when she lost her father and her mother lost her husband. Richard Vickers died in 1828 and was buried on 2 July, the burial being registered at St James. His address was given as Pitt Street and he was still employed as a ‘Dealer in Oil’.25 With his death we return to the question of his age. The records state that he was 67 when he died. This would mean that when he married Sarah he was about 62, and between the ages of 58 and 65 he fathered four children – quite a feat. At this stage I think ‘the jury is out’ regarding the correct year of birth. 1828 proved to be a difficult year for Sarah. The Sydney Gazette of 10 March notified the public –

The Ticket of Leave, granted to the following Person has been cancelled: Friendship (3) Sarah Gordon; For having in her Possession a stolen Watch. By Command of his Excellency the Governor.26 It was under the name Mary Vickers that she was recorded as having appeared before the General Sessions, Sydney, on 4 March 1828 charged with receiving stolen property, and was sentenced to three months 3rd Class at the Parramatta Factory, where she was received on 6 March. If she served the full term she would have been released one month before her husband died. Later in that year, on 12 September, she was again before the General Sessions, this time on a charge of being Illegally at large and was ordered back to the Factory, but this time as a 1st class inmate. She was possibly allowed to take her daughter with her.27 And she was not there for long. The 1828 census, transcribed under the surname ‘Garden’, finds Sarah as an assigned servant to Mary Greenaway of Pitt Street. Most probably the employer should been recorded as Sarah Greenaway, because it was in this woman’s household that young Susannah Vickers was listed.28

But who is the 15 year old Benjamin listed with Sarah and also a servant in the Greenaway household and who, incidentally, had also been included in the 1822 and 1825 general musters, as respectively the son/child of Richard Vickers?29 This young man had, in fact, accompanied his mother on the Friendship, but there is no reference to him in any of the voyage documentation, and certainly Surgeon Cosgreave did not make mention of Sarah having a child with her. Equally, there is nothing to prove that Richard Vickers, even though he hailed from the same part - 3 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire of England as Sarah, was the father of Benjamin which, as we will see, he was not. He was, however, apparently prepared to adopt him as his own when he married his mother, and so, when Richard died Sarah was once more a widow with two children to care for, although it is likely that at least Benjamin was old enough to look after himself. Which was just as well, because in April 1829 Sarah was again in trouble with the law. On 18 April she was back at Parramatta having, on 1 April, been brought before the Sydney Bench on a charge of ‘Attempting to take cloth’ and for which crime she was to remain in the Factory for six weeks in 3rd Class.30 Under the cryptic heading “LOVES OF THE NIGGERS”, The Australian took great delight in entertaining its readers with the following account of the circumstances of the case. G. Pickering an assigned servant to widow Marshall, in the Brickfields, was charged by his mistress with robbing her. It appeared, that on some suspicion arising in her mind, the complainant traced the prisoner to the house of a Mistress Sarah Vickers, an elderly matron, but with youthful propensities, and in whose seducing company complainant’s servant, a smart young man, spent more time than his duty to his mistress would warrant. Going abruptly into the house, the complainant found her said servant at work for himself with a card, the property of his mistress, who is a manufacturer of Colonial cloth and blanketing. On looking round, she also espied a piece of woollen cloth, about three yards, which she recognized to be hers and to have been cut off the piece in her factory. At that moment in came Mrs. Vickers, who attempted to wrest the cloth from complainant by force, and abused her much; complainant cried out “murder” and a constable came to in to her relief. The consequence was, that George Pickering, who was brought up in custody, and Mistress Sarah Vickers, who had been sent for, were placed at the bar cheek by jowl. The facts being proved, and Mrs Marshall swearing that she had not given the cloth to the male prisoner, as he asserted she had, the Bench has sentenced George Pickering to a road gang for six months, and Sarah Vickers, who is an assigned servant to some female of her acquaintance pro forma to the third class in the Factory for six weeks, notwithstanding that they had got a Memorial all ready, signed and sanctioned, to be married by whom who oft “doth tie men / In the chosen bonds of hymen.”31 The Memorial referred to – an application for the publication of banns – had in fact been submitted some eight months prior to the court hearing. The necessary paperwork had been put in train on 30 September 1828 when the Reverend J.D. Lang completed the standard proforma for such applications. The information he provided included personal details of the parties, together with some comments on their service and character. The form was then provided to Frederick Hely, Principal Superintendent of Convicts who, on 2 October, on-forwarded it to the Colonial Secretary for submission to the Governor for his consideration.32

From the information provided at that time to and by Reverend Lang we learn that George Pickering was aged 29 and a widower, who had apparently furnished satisfactory evidence of his wife’s death. He had arrived in the colony in 1826 per Marquis of Huntley to serve a life sentence and was still under bond. His current employer was Mrs. Marshall of Brickfield Hill, who had given him a good character reference. Sarah (Vickers, originally Gordon), aged 39, was a widow with two children, deriving ‘their support by the industry of the mother whose late husband left her some property’. She too was under bond, and employed by Mrs. Greenaway of Upper Pitt Street. Clearly to their credit, both applicants had attended Divine Service at the Scots Church for a considerable time past. - 4 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

A notation on the form, which was subsequently crossed out, was the stipulation that approval would be contingent on both Mrs. Marshall and Mrs. Greenaway undertaking to retain both applicants in service until George Pickering had obtained a ticket of leave. Their mistresses were both willing that they be married and, as testified in attached certificates, prepared to retain them in service in the event of them being married. All this sounds just fine – all that was required was the Governor’s approval. However, comments on the reverse side of the form indicate some issues with the application. It is noted that George Pickering is stated as having a wife and four children at home. And mention is made of his having spent a week on the treadmill in October 1827 for contempt of court. Attention is drawn to the fact that Sarah had her Ticket of Leave cancelled and had spent three months in 3rd class in the Factory for receiving a stolen watch. Another interesting fact is revealed – she stated that she had been assigned to her husband Arthur Gordon, which is the first mention we have of him even being in the colony. So in the end all rested on George’s marital status – the application was not allowed and Dr Lang was informed accordingly on 18 October 1828. Before proceeding further some attention is due to Sarah Gordon’s husband Arthur. The scant records for this man show that he arrived in the colony on 10 January 1818 on the Ocean, just four days before the Friendship arrived, one of 179 convicts who had left England in August 1817. He had been tried on 24 July 1816 at Lancaster Quarter Sessions and sentenced to seven years transportation.33 A check on the contemporary newspapers finds a very small item in the Manchester Mercury of 30 July 1816 describing his crime – ‘Arthur Gordon, for stealing beaver from Messrs. Barker and Co. at Oldham’.34 Recorded as aged 60, he was received from Salford on the hulk Bellerophon at Woolwich on 28 October 1816 and discharged to the Ocean on 38 July 1817.35 If he was the Arthur Gordon tried at the 1810 Lancaster Easter Sessions he was perhaps fortunate not to have arrived in the colony earlier, but on that occasion this Arthur Gordon, together with one Andrew Hambledon, charged with ‘divers felonies’ were acquitted due to ‘No Bills’.36 According to the convict indents and ship musters 63 year old Arthur Gordon had been born in Edinburgh and was a shoemaker by trade. He was 5’ 3” tall, fair of complexion, with grey, balding hair and grey eyes. Five months after his arrival he was a patient in the Sydney General Hospital where, on 21 July he died, his death caused by diarrhoea. He is stated to have been 66 years old, and was buried on 22 July 1818 at St Phillip’s.37 So if Sarah had been assigned to Arthur Gordon, their colonial reunion was very short-lived, and she was indeed a widow when she married Richard Vickers. Further, her status as widow (twice) could not be questioned when she applied to marry George Pickering. But when and where did she and Arthur Gordon marry?

The following marriage record is almost certainly ‘theirs’.38 Both parties were ‘of Manchester’ which is where Arthur Gordon and Sarah Taylor were married on 6 December 1810, the ceremony witnessed by a relative of the bride. Arthur was a cordwainer (maker of leather goods, particularly footwear) by trade, and as Sarah was described in the convict indent as a shoe-binder, it is likely that they joined forces in a family concern.

No ages were recorded and, as we have seen, there has been some inconsistency in the recorded age and birth year for Arthur Gordon. There is, however, only one birth/baptism record for an Arthur Gordon born in Edinburgh - 5 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire in the period 1750-1760. 1752 John Gordon Cordner in Can & Helen Hay his Sp a Son born 26 Aust Bap 30 Arthur Wit Arthur Smith & Wm Thom both Cordners in Can.39 ‘Translated’ this shows that Arthur, the son of John and Helen Gordon, was born on 26 August 1752 and baptised four days later, as witnessed by Arthur Smith and William Thom. It is significant that all three men were cordners – an alternative spelling of cordwainer. ‘Can’ was an abbreviation of Canongate, now the lower section of the Royal Mile, Edinburgh. Based on these dates, he was 58 when he married Sarah and he was just shy of 66 when he died – coincidentally almost the same age as one of the alternative ages at death of Richard Vickers. The records suggest that Arthur and Sarah had at least three children, one born before they married. The baptism of Robert Gordon was registered at Bolton-le-Moors, Lancashire on 30 April 1809. A daughter Elizabeth (Betty), who was baptised on 25 August 1811 at Bolton-le-Moors but died at the age of 2 and was buried at Oldham on 26 March 1813. Benjamin Gordon was one of a batch of infants baptised at St Peters Chapel, Prestwich cum Oldham, on Christmas Day 1814. Hollinwood, where the Gordon family was living, was, in the mid to late 18th century, a village within the Oldham district.40

It is not known what happened to Robert Gordon. He may well have died in infancy or perhaps been left with relatives when both parents were transported, but Benjamin was the son who arrived at Sydney with his mother. Notwithstanding her less than perfect record, Sarah Gordon gained her certificate of freedom exactly fourteen years after her trial.41 From this we learn a little more about her. For instance, she was a native of Leeds, Yorkshire, was quite small at 5’ 0¼” tall, had a fair freckled and slight pockmarked complexion, sandy hair and hazel eyes.

It was in 1831, as a free woman, that Sarah together with the still bonded George Pickering, and again through the auspices of Reverend Lang, made another application to marry. The outcome conveyed on 30 December was

- 6 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire the same as their previous application – refused on the grounds that the prospective groom was already married.42

Persistence and patience eventually paid off and on 17 February 1832 the couple was finally granted approval to marry.43

The marriage between George Pickering and Sarah Vickers, the Reverend Dr Lang officiating, took place on 12 March 1832.44 But what do we know about George Pickering, the man nearly ten years her junior, whom Sarah was so keen to marry, apart from the fact that when he, together with 199 other convicts embarked on the convict ship Marquis of Huntley, which departed on 10 May 1826 and arrived at Port Jackson on 13 September, he had left behind a wife and four children?45 The crime for which George Pickering was to receive a life sentence was something of a cause celebre, widely reported in the contemporary press. The Sun prefaced its report with the word ‘SACRILEGE’.46

According to the Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser, George Pickering and his accomplice Andrew Hannah were ‘supposed to belong to an extensive gang of thieves’ and it was reported by the boatmen that ‘Pickering had often gone to Bolton by the packet-boat, and he was always well laden’.47 Reporting on the trial and sentencing of the pair, the Manchester Mercury commented that ‘from the quantity of property found in their possession both here and at Bolton, it appears that they have carried on the system of depredation to an astonishing extent’. Did value of the booty exceed the costs for the prosecution of £21 11s 0d?48 Following the trial George Pickering, aged 26, was removed from Lancaster Castle and received on the hulk Ganymede, at Chatham, on 2 December 1825, where the gaoler’s report noted that he had been in custody before, his former character and connections were not known, but he had behaved well in gaol. He was there for - 7 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire five months before being removed to the convict transport Marquis of Huntley in readiness for the 120 day voyage to Port Jackson.49 The Sydney Gazette of Saturday 16 September reported –

That the Colonial Secretary, accompanied by the Principal Superintendent of Convicts, was occupied the whole of Thursday last in mustering the prisoners on board the Marquis of Huntley preparatory to their landing on Tuesday next.50 It was during this muster process that George Pickering was recorded as being aged 27, a native of Bolton, and a cotton manufactory and weaver by trade.51 And it would have been during the muster that George was deemed not fit for immediate assignment. It is from Surgeon Superintendent Rae’s medical journal we learn that on 8 September, somewhere off the coast of New South Wales, George reported sick – ‘headache, pain in back and limbs, hot, thirsty and generally uneasiness’. His condition was monitored daily and, with the treatment dispensed, by 13 September he was described as being ‘convalescent’. However, having fortunately survived the voyage, on 16 September he was discharged to the General Hospital in Sydney. The Surgeon’s comments reveal how dire George’s situation had been and that he had also been ill prior to seeking medical treatment for this current bout.

This man was sent to the Hospital, as well as some others, solely from their being too weak to be assigned to any Settler, and not from any actual disease. In this case the Disease was cut short at the commencement and if timely application had not been made, I have little doubt but its termination would have been as fatal as the preceding one which had assumed a typhoid type before my assistance was sought for.52 Having regained his strength, George was assigned to George Marshall, a cloth and blanket manufacturer of Brickfield Hill – a very appropriate placement, given the assigned man’s qualifications.53 George Marshall died on 29 June 1828, but in early July his widow advised the public that she would carry on the business.54

And it was as the manager of the woollen factory that, on 30 September 1828, Mary certified that George Pickering had served the Marshalls for two years, was a sober, honest, and industrious character, and one worthy of the indulgence of permission to marry.55 One of the factors that may have swayed the colonial authorities in their consideration of George and Sarah’s third application for permission to marry may have been to legitimise the birth of their daughter, Sarah Ann, who had been born to the couple in 1830. A son, George Thomas, born in 1832, added to the Pickering family of 38 Pitt Street.56 As a free woman Sarah was eligible to take on assigned convicts. No doubt she welcomed the services of Irish woman Elizabeth Cahill, newly arrived in June 1832 per Southworth, and assigned to Sarah Pickering in November as a housemaid.57 Less satisfactory were two other Irish girls – Bridget Mullins (a serial offender) and Alice McMullen – who, in May and August 1833 and March 1834 respectively, earned themselves a mention in the Sydney Gazette.

Bridget Mullins, a very young girl recently arrived per Surry, and assigned to Mrs. Pickering, was apprehended by Police officer Sutland, who suspected her to be a runaway. Mrs .Pickering deposed, that the prisoner left her house on Sunday evening last, about 7 o’clock, and did not return. Six weeks, 3d class.58 Bridget Mullins was charged by Mrs. Sarah Pickering of Pitt-street, to whom she is assigned with absconding from her service since Monday morning, and playing divers pranks in the streets during the interim; for which naughty conduct the Bench sent her one month to the 3d class. Biddy not having a single word to offer in palliation.59 McMullen, Alice, Caroline, 38-441, 20 county Donegal, bar-maid, 5 feet 2¾, ruddy freckled comp. dark brown hair, black eyes, nose little cocked, lancet scar inside left arm, from Sarah Pickering, Sydney, since March 21.60

- 8 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

Now that the tables were turned did Sarah, who had herself at least once absconded from service, feel any sympathy for these two young women? Whether or not, domestic and servant issues were not to trouble her much longer. The Sydney Monitor of 14 November 1838 carried the following brief notice.

On Monday, the 13th instant, at her residence, Pitt-street, Mrs. Sarah Pickering, after a long and lingering illness, regretted by a circle of friends.61 Sarah was buried at the Sydney Burial Ground, and commemorated by the following monumental inscription.

Sarah, wife of George PICKERING of Pitt Street, died 13th November 1838, leaving a husband and 4 children, aged 50 years.62 The ‘long and lingering illness’ brought to a close Sarah’s rather difficult life. Thrice married and twice widowed, with her three partners she had given birth to at least nine children – to recap - 3 x Gordon; 4 x Vickers; and 2 x Pickering. She had watched at least five of them die in infancy. The children who survived her, and their estimated ages at her death, were Benjamin Gordon (24), Susannah Vickers (12), Sarah Ann Pickering (6) and George Thomas Pickering (4). However before following the stories of these four offspring, an account of widower George Pickering’s life post-Sarah merits some attention. It can be assumed that Benjamin Gordon was now old enough to look after himself, but how did George Pickering cope as a widower with two small children of his own and one from his late wife’s previous marriage to Richard Vickers? Rather seamlessly, it would seem. In fact, even before Sarah’s death, George had formed a relationship with a woman by the name of Catherine, and with her had had a daughter who was born on 9 April 1838, six months before Sarah died. A son, Richard James was born on 2 June 1841.The details of the births and baptisms have been recorded as follows. If the mother was Mrs Catherine Pickering, she was not Mrs George Pickering – no record has been found to suggest otherwise.63

Twins were born to George and Catherine on 24 May 1843 – Frederick Maguire and William Henry – but both died very shortly after birth, Frederick aged 2 days and William aged just over 3 weeks. They were followed by a daughter – Emma Phoebe – who also died in infancy, on 18 April 1847 aged 2 years and 3 months, and in the following month, on 23 May, they lost Richard James aged 7.64 It must have been quite devastating to lose four children in the space of four years. However, three more children were added to the family of whom two at least did survive infancy – Richard Dingley Cockburn Pickering (1847), Charles Ferdinand Henry Pickering (1852). Daughter Catherine (Katie) Ann Pickering, born in 1854, was another to die young, on at the age of 4 years and 3 months in January 1859.65 There was something to celebrate in 1841, when on 12 March George was granted a conditional pardon, and from this document we find that, at least when these details were first registered, he was a short man – 5’ 0¾”- with a fair, fresh complexion, light brown hair and grey eyes and was distinguished by a scar on his left cheek. His birth year of 1799 was confirmed, so he was in his early forties when the pardon was issued.66 His ‘Trade or Calling’ was given as cotton weaver which, when not dabbling in crime, was his pre-conviction occupation. George was a dealer by the time of the birth of his first two children with Catherine. George, together with Catherine, found himself in court in connection with their ‘dealing’ operations. In March 1849 they were accused of having received stolen goods – some silk velvet which Catherine claimed had been brought to them and pledged by a servant girl.67 A similar event occurred in August of that year, when Catherine was called as a witness to confirm that she had received as pawn some property, unbeknownst to her to be stolen. On 18 August George wrote to the editors of The Sydney Morning Herald, denying that the Pickerings had anything to do with the pawnbroking and declaring - 9 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire that it was ‘due to my character not to allow such a glaring falsehood to assume the semblance of truth’ that he had been compelled to write his letter.68 Acquiring a publicans’ license was almost a ‘rite of passage’ for those wishing to advance their business interests. In October 1844, at a special meeting of the Licensing Board, the license for the “New Town Inn”, New Town, was transferred from W.J. Lennon to George Pickering, which he held until 1847, and in 1853 he obtained the license for the “Glen Albion Inn” in King Street.69 Quite the entrepreneur, in June 1853, and particularly with prospective gold diggers in mind, he advertised that the Inn could accommodate ‘10 or 12 respectable parties with comfortable bed and board, on reasonable terms, combined with cleanliness and civility’.70 Two months later the Inn was to be the venue for a Ball and Supper, with entertainment provided by a band and a display of the latest polkas and, as if that was not titillating enough, a demonstration of Lola Montez’ Spider Dance. However, the event was a disappointment as the band was a ‘no show’! 71

It was at the 1855 May Licensing Meeting that George Pickering’s days as ‘mein host’ came to an abrupt end. It was claimed that the police had had a great deal of trouble with the Inn - a sergeant of police had been refused entry; persons who had been cleared out of houses in Pitt-street were admitted to the “Glen Albion” after midnight; the house was frequented by thieves and prostitutes. Other witnesses bore similar testimony and, unsurprisingly, the application was refused.72 Up to then George had made the yard adjoining the “Glen Albion” available for various auctioneers to carry out their business. Having lost his publicans’ license, George now determined to convert the “Glen Albion Inn” into an auction mart, and instructed Mr. H.D. Cockburn to organise a clearing out sale for 12 July 1853. The inventory included everything need for setting up a public house - a beer engine, spirit fountain, fixtures, kegs, measures, glassware, cases of various spirits and cordials, household furniture, paintings etc., etc., not forgetting the 50 casks of haddock and salmon.73 In his defence at the 1855 Licensing meeting George had claimed that illness had distracted him from properly managing the affairs of the “Glen Albion”. Perhaps it was a recurrence of the illness three years later that finally claimed him on 14 July 1858.74

George Pickering of King Street drew up his will three days before his death. Probate was granted to the sole Executor, Alexander Moore, on 18 February 1859. Having ensured that his wife Catherine was comfortably

- 10 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire provided for George directed that any proceeds from the balance of his personal property and effects, and real estate, were to be divided equally between his three youngest children, named as Richard Dingley Cockburn Pickering, Charles Ferdinand Henry Pickering, and Catherine Pickering, for whom Alexander Moore was to be guardian until they reached majority or married.75 In the event, the youngest child, Catherine, did not benefit from her father’s will because, as noted above, she died in January 1859, aged just 4 years and 3 months. Her mother, ‘relict of the late George Pickering, auctioneer, King Street’ died on 24 June 1863.76 Nothing further has yet been found for the two sons who were beneficiaries to the will. The other surviving child born to George and Catherine – Mary Anne – married in May 1854.

In January 1854 Robert Stark had been lodging at the “Glen Albion Inn” which is where he and Mary Ann no doubt met.77 One son was born to the couple – George T. Stark – in 1860.78 But the marriage failed. On 14 September 1861, by notice in the press, Mary Ann Stark advised her errant husband that, as she had not heard from him for thirteen months, and if he did not get in touch with her within three months, she intended to get married again.79 If she did, and to whom, has not been established. Mary Anne Pickering was referred to as the second daughter of George Pickering. She was in fact the first daughter from his relationship with Catherine. His first daughter was Sarah Ann Pickering, his daughter by Sarah. This account concludes with the three surviving children of Sarah Gordon/Vickers/Pickering. Benjamin Gordon Last ‘seen’ in the 1828 census, the only other records found for Benjamin relate to his death at the age of 39 in May 1853.80 He apparently never married and probably lived with, and worked for the Pickerings at the Inn. At the residence of his father-in-law, Mr. G. Pickering, Glen Albion Hotel, King-street, Mr. Benjamin Gordon, aged 39 years.81

The following notice was published in the NSW Government Gazette of 14 October 1853.82

Susannah Vickers The Susannah Wilson referred to in the above notice was, before her marriage to George Wilson, Susannah Vickers, and was last noted in 1828 as the three year old girl living with her mother Sarah in the household of Mrs. Greenaway of Pitt Street, Sydney. She would have been almost 26 years old when she and master mariner

- 11 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

George Hosegood Wilson, who had been born on 5 April 1820 at Newcastle- Upon-Tyne, Northumberland, were married at Braidwood on 8 June 1852.83 What had brought them both to the Braidwood district is not known.

The application for the right to administer the estate of her half-brother Benjamin was not the first time Susannah had put forward a case of this nature. In July 1853 she and her husband gave notice to ‘all and singular clerks and literate persons whomsoever and wheresoever in and throughout our colony of New South Wales and the dependencies thereof’ as follows. We do hereby authorise empower and strictly enjoin and command you jointly and severally peremptorily to cite or cause to be cited George Jilks and Richard Hayes of Sydney in the colony of New South Wales and William Hebblewhite executors named in the last will and testament of Sarah Pickering late of Sydney in the colony of New South Wales deceased (she having whilst living and at the time of the death goods chattels and credits within our said colony or the dependencies thereof sufficient to found the jurisdiction of our Supreme Court) to appear personally or by their proctor duly constituted before our said Court at the Court House King-street Sydney on the eighteenth day after they shall have been served with this citation … and there to bring into and leave in the Registry of our said Court the true and original last will and testament of the said deceased and to accept or refuse the burden of the probate and execution thereof … 84 In effect, the Wilsons were testing Susannah’s eligibility, as a legatee under her mother’s will, to be granted administration of the estate. The case of Wilson v Pickering, an application by rule nisi on the production of a will, was heard on 5 October 1853. Before any consideration could be given to the Wilsons’ claim, the court first addressed the question as to whether a woman of property who had married a prisoner of the Crown after acquiring that property was or was not entitled to make a will bequeathing that property. It was argued that the wife, having with a full knowledge of Pickering’s position intermarried with him, had become a femme covert, one of the consequences of which was that she was unable to make a will. And, regardless of the validity or otherwise of the arguments, the assumed ‘will’ was a ‘mere valueless memorandum upon paper’. The Wilsons’ application was dismissed, with costs.85 Three children were born to Susannah and George, two sons and a daughter. The birth of elder son George in November 1856 was announced in the Sydney press – On the 25th instant, at her residence, 18, Upper Fort-street, Mrs. G.H. Wilson, of a son - and his birth as George K(eith) B(Ball) Wilson was registered at Sydney.86 The other two children were born in New Zealand. On the 12 September Susannah gave birth to Vincent Somers Wilson at home at Moray Place, Dunedin. Daughter Ellen May Louisa (known as May) arrived in May 1866 when the family were living at Cambridge Terrace, Christchurch.87 Just over ten years after the birth of her third child Susannah Wilson became a widow. George Wilson died at Christchurch on 24 September 1877 and was buried in the Barbadoes Street Cemetery, Christchurch.88 An obituary in the Lyttleton Times gave a brief account of his working life.

THE LATE CAPTAIN WILSON Last Monday the death of Captain Wilson became known. He first appeared in the Colony serving on board HMS Tory, and was for some years involved on survey duty. Subsequently he entered the merchant navy, and was well known up and down the New Zealand coasts as the commander first of the Queen, then of the White Swan, steamers, for which it may be interesting to know that Mr. Macandrew was, in those far off times, the agent at Dunedin. A few years ago, Captain Wilson, who had always been an enthusiastic student of galvanism in connection with the medical profession, left the sea, and became well known as a successful lecturer on his favourite subject. Eventually he settled in Christchurch, and was much consulted at his establishment by patients. At one time, an enthusiastic politician, he was always to the fore at public meetings. He also did good public - 12 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

service as Superintendent of the Fire Brigade, bearing frequent testimony to the well-known fact that sailors make the best firemen. The largeness of the attendance at his funeral on Thursday, sufficiently attests the popularity of the late Captain Wilson. His well-known and easily distinguishable form will be much missed amongst us.89 George Wilson was very much a man of his time. Having left the ranks of the merchant navy he joined the growing band of practitioners who promoted the health benefits to be derived from alternative therapies, including mesmerism and galvanism. For his initiation into the St. Augustine Lodge in February 1864 George’s profession was recorded as Medical Mesmerist. In July of that year he placed the following advertisement in the Lyttleton Times.90

George Wilson had died intestate and so Susannah Wilson once again applied for letters of administration, the notice of her application being dated 26 June 1879. She had declared that she was the lawful widow of George Hosegood Wilson, Medical Galvanist, formerly of Christchurch; that at the time of his death the deceased had a fixed place of abode in Christchurch and that he had died there; that, despite all attempts, no will or testamentary document had been found; and that the whole of the deceased’s estate to be administered by her was, to the best of her knowledge, valued at under £200. Administration was granted in July 1879 – nearly two years after George Wilson’s death.91 At the time Susannah was widowed she was in her early 50s. When she returned to Australia is not certain. She never remarried and outlived her husband by just over thirty years. She died in Sydney in November 1910 at the age of 83. Confusingly, the death registration lists her parents as James and Susannah.92

Two memorial messages have been found marking the passing of the late Captain G.H. Wilson – 1901 and 1902 - both published in the Queensland press, and both carrying the motto “Semper vigilans et fideles”.93 No such memorial notice has been found for his widow. George Keith Ball Wilson George Keith Ball Wilson had attended the Christ College Grammar School in 1871 and would have been about 21 when his father died.94 He stayed on in New Zealand after his father’s death, being listed in the 1883-1884 Wise’s Post Office Directory, but he was in Sydney in 1889, because it was there, on 17 July, that he married - 13 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

Miss Emily Brown(e).95 The event was reported in both the Sydney and the Christchurch press, the latter being more detailed.96

George was living in Brisbane from at least 1899 to 1904, being included in January 1899 in a list of newly appointed Justices of the Peace.97 Perhaps he was responsible for the memorials to his father? As noted in the Christ College Grammar School alumni, George was employed as an inspector with the Mutual Life Assurance Co.98 However, it was in Sydney on 19 April 1916 that ‘George Keith Ball Wilson, late of Christchurch, New Zealand, aged 58 years’ died. A clerk, he died intestate, leaving an estate valued at just over £35 to be administered by the Public Trustee.99

No children have been identified for George and Emily. Indeed, nothing further has been found for his wife/widow. Vincent Somers Wilson Vincent Somers Wilson was married nearly two years before his older brother. It was on 31 December 1887 that he married Elizabeth Christina Milne at Christ Church, perched on a hill overlooking Lavender Bay, Sydney, the news being announced in The Sydney Morning Herald. The groom’s mother was one of the witnesses.100

Like his older brother, Vincent had also attended the Christ College Grammar School, being enrolled from 1875- 1877. On 6 May 1886 he had joined the Customs Department of the Treasury of the New South Wales Public Service. Effective 1 January 1890 he was posted to the South Australian Border section as Assistant Officer, Willyama [Broken Hill], on a salary of £190 per annum, plus a special Border allowance of £50. In July 1893 he was posted to Moama, on the Murray River, on an increased salary of £225. Another posting in March 1895 found

- 14 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire him at Deniliquin, where he was Locker of Customs.101 The birth registrations of the four children born to Vincent and Elizabeth reflect their peripatetic life.102 It was at Broken Hill that two of the children died – Melville Vincent, aged 13 months on 10 January 1889, and Olive, in 1892.103

Vincent’s position at Deniliquin fell victim to Federation and to a streamlining of Customs’ procedures, as reported in the local press.104

Vincent lived to see both his surviving sons married – George Keith Wilson on 17 March 1917 to Gladys Elsie Burkett, and Athel B. Wilson on 28 September 1921 to Margery Jago.105 Sadly, Vincent also mourned the death of his son George, who died at the age of only 34 on 13 January 1925.106 Three years later the death of Vincent Wilson was announced in the press.107 I have not found any complementary notice in the New Zealand papers.

Vincent was survived by his widow Elizabeth, who died on 26 July 1955 having lived to the grand age of 93, and his son Athelstane who was 61 when he died on 5 November 1956.108 Ellen May Louisa Wilson Not much has been found for Ellen May Louisa Wilson, only daughter of Susannah and George Wilson, born in 1866 and about eleven years old when her father died. We do know, however, that in July 1889 she married Sidney J. Huxtable at St Philips Church.109

- 15 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

The birth of the groom, whose full name was Sidney John Huxtable, was registered at South Molton, North Devon, for the Jan-Mar quarter of 1863. He was found at home with his parents, William (Rendle) and Julia Huxtable at South Molton for the 1871 census. Young Sidney was an 8 year old scholar; his father was a watchmaker, employing 2 apprentices. For the 1881 census, the Huxtable family had moved to Kensington, London. William was still working as a watchmaker, and Sidney, now aged 18, was also a watchmaker working for his father.110 Sometime between April 1881 and July 1889 Sidney emigrated to Australia, possibly on board the Orient Company’s RMS Potosi, which left London on 25 May 1887, calling in at Plymouth on 28 May, among whose passengers bound for Sydney was one 26 year old Mr. Huxtable.111 The 1890 Sands Directory finds Sidney Huxtable, a watchmaker, living at Alfred Street, Hunter’s Hill.112 He does not appear in any subsequent Sands listings, the reason being that, at the age of just 28, he died on 11 December 1890 at his residence, Fernbank, Woolwich.113 He was buried at Rookwood General Cemetery.114

No reference was made in these public notices to Sidney’s wife, widowed so soon after her marriage, or to the young son who had been born on 2 April 1890, eight months prior to his father’s death and who was named Eric William Huxtable.115

May Huxtable, who did not remarry, raised her son as a single-parent, possibly assisted financially by her two brothers and her mother, and from income she earned through nursing. The first listing found for her as a nurse is the 1906 Sands Directory, where she is found as ‘Huxtable, Mrs. M., 130 St. James rd, Randwick.’ By 1909 she had moved to Woollahra, were she was listed as ‘Huxtable Nurse, 103 Moncur st, W’ahra’, which, with the addition of the name “Woollahra Lodge”, was also the address for Nurse Huxtable in 1910.116 It was, of course, at “Woollahra Lodge, Moncur Street that Susannah Wilson died in 1910. She had been living there, and presumably being cared for by her daughter, who following her mother’s death published the following notice of appreciation.117

May Huxtable was 69 when she died in 1936. Her passing was notified by a very brief entry in the Deaths column, together with details of her funeral to be conducted by Wood Coffil Ltd, Motor Funeral Directors.

HUXTABLE. –March 22nd, 1936, at North Sydney, May (Nurse) Huxtable, late of Underwood Street, Paddington. HUXTABLE. – The Funeral of the late Mrs. May (Nurse) HUXTABLE will leave our Funeral Home, cr. Miller and Falcon Street, North Sydney, THIS TUESDAY, at 1.30 p.m., for Church of England Cemetery, Northern Suburbs.118 Eric William Huxtable was about 28 years of age and his Queensland born bride, Gertrude Louisa Scott, about 20 when they married in 1918.119 There were no children from their marriage. Eric died on 17 March 1940, at the age of 48, and his widow on 8 April 1947.120 They were buried together next to Ellen May Louisa Huxtable at the Macquarie Park Cemetery. The monumental inscriptions are very hard to read.121.

- 16 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

Sarah Ann Pickering Father George must have been proud of his daughter Sarah Ann Pickering when, in December 1842 at the College High School prize giving, she was awarded a medal ‘for general superiority’.122 Four years later, at the age of 16, she married William Henry Wells on 30 September 1846 at the Scots Church, Pitt Street, Sydney. Her father, who presumably gave permission, was one of the witnesses. Her husband was a 31 year old widower.123 William Henry Wells had arrived as an assisted immigrant on board the William Metcalfe, which had left London on 2 May 1838 and, having picked up additional passengers, sailed from Plymouth on 14 May.124 The passenger listing for William states that he was a native of Heytesbury in Wiltshire, and son-in-law to Mr William Barnes, a carpenter and builder from near Winchester. His age on embarkation was ‘23 years on 6th May last’ so depending on where he embarked his year of birth was either 1814 or 1815. He was a Farm Overseer by calling, who could read and write, and his ‘state of bodily health, strength, and probable usefulness’ was given as ‘very good health’.125 Almost a year earlier, on 29 June 1837, William had married Frances Maria Barnes at Owslebury, Hampshire, a daughter of William Barnes and his wife Mary Ann Rowden, who had been baptised on 7 July 1814.126 Frances accompanied her husband on the William Metcalfe. She was recorded as a Housekeeper, who could read and write, and whose health/usefulness was deemed ‘very good’.127 The William Metcalfe arrived in Sydney on 31 August with its cargo of emigrants ‘in the most healthy condition, only one death having occurred on the voyage’. John Marshall, the Australian Emigration Agent, was praised for the discrimination which he had exercised in the selection of the immigrants for, according to one report, ‘we never witnessed a more respectable looking set of people arrive in our port’ and people hoping to recruit servants were advised to visit the William Metcalfe immediately.128 William Wells, although described as an ‘agriculturist’ by one local newspaper, secured work almost immediately in the Surveyor General’s department as a draftsman, commencing on 18 October 1838 on an annual salary of £120, which by 1839 was increased to £150. However, his employment was terminated on 30 November 1839.129 Having lost his job William set out to establish a private practice as a land surveyor but within a short time found himself having to defend his reputation. He was particularly stung when in a court hearing ‘there was the affairs of the Surveyor General’s Office lugged in to show that I was disgraced from that office as a disreputable person’. The reason for his dismissal was that he had sought to make a commercial gain by selling maps and charts that he had produced for, and which were property of, the Department.130 Indeed, the ‘interesting’ and ‘questionable’ activities of William Henry Wells merit a separate account, but suffice to say here that by October 1844 and for the second time in two years he was declared bankrupt and his insolvent estate was placed under sequestration.131 On 13 November an auction was held at the Wells’ residence, 76 Pitt-street South, for the sale of -

All the household furniture, stock-in-trade, &c., consisting of chiffonier, sofa, tables, chairs, iron bedstead, wool mattress, fenders, fire irons, Kidderminster carpet, books, Dutch clock, kitchen utensils, and various other articles too numerous to particularise.132 Turning now to the home front. Two daughters were born to William and Frances – Fanny Caroline Wells arrived on 22 July 1840 and Mary Ann Wells on 8 November 1845. Mary Ann survived only 2 days.133 Fanny Caroline married Henry Daniel Welch on 25 July 1861 and died 28 April 1862 having given birth to a still born son.134 Both daughters were buried at the Devonshire Street Cemetery. Another person buried at Devonshire Street was their - 17 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire mother.135 Frances Maria Wells of Castlereagh Street died on 7 February 1846 at the age of 30 ‘after a long and painful illness’.136 It was not until 24 September 1846 that William’s Certificate of Discharge was granted, six days before his second marriage.137 And by the time Sarah Ann Pickering married William Henry Wells he had made quite a name for himself, and would continue to attract public attention, often detrimental, through his various interests which, apart from his work as a Land Surveyor, included municipal infrastructure works and local government elections. He was a master at self-promotion, utilising the press to advance himself and his causes. The launch of William’s major work, Wells Geographical Dictionary and Universal Colonial Gazetteer of the Australian Colonies, would have absorbed much of his, and no doubt Sarah Ann’s time during the first two years of their marriage. The Gazetteer was launched in February 1848, and at the cost of one guinea a copy would, if it sold well, bring in a reasonable return. The release was followed very shortly by the birth of their first child – George William Rowden Wells, born in Sydney on 17 April 1848. A second son joined the family in March 1850 – Henry Edward Alexander Wells. He was followed by William Charles Wells, born in March 1854, and Francis Wilson Wells, born in 1855. The last child – they were all boys – Percy Charles Wells, was born in 1857.138 It must have been reassuring for Sarah Ann, in managing her household, when William secured a ‘steady’ job as Assistant City Surveyor – beating three other candidates for the position in October 1849. However, he managed to upset his employers who were happy to receive and accept his letter of resignation in June 1850.139 She was left to hold the fort when William went off to the gold fields, possibly as a prospector, but more likely in his capacity as a surveyor. But Sarah Ann had welcomed him home by 1853, and by May he had reopened his office, at the corner of Castlereagh and King Streets.

NOTICE – Mr. W.H. WELLS, Land Surveyor, having now returned to Sydney, has re-opened his Office, established in 1839, and trusts by unremitting attention to business, combined with steadiness in his profession, to gain the support of his old friends, as well as a share of the thousands of adventurers now arriving on our shores, many of whom, will no doubt be compelled to solicit information in some way or another from an EXPERIENCED SURVEYOR.140 Perhaps business as a free-lancer was not as brisk as anticipated because in August 1853 Mr. A. Polack, Auctioneer, announced to the public the he had ‘engaged the services of Mr. W.H. Wells, the well-known surveyor and draughtsman, for a period of two years’.141 Within a year this arrangement had proved to be a disaster. A report by The Sydney Morning Herald of 12 August 1854 of a Central Criminal Court case explains why.

Abraham Polack and William Henry Wells were indicted for having, on the 15th of February last, falsely, fraudulently, and deceitfully conspired to defraud one Michael Cahill, of a large quantity of land. A second count charged the defendants with having conspired to defraud Cahill of a large sum of money. There were two other counts in the information, under which the charge was variously set out as one of fraud. In essence, under Cahill’s instructions Polack had sold some land on his behalf, for which Polack had received £2400. However he told Cahill that the sale had realised £1500, thus diddling Cahill out of £900. Henry Wells was accused of having participated as Polack’s assistant, and of ‘having aided in various ways the completion of the fraud’.142 In his defence Henry Wells read out to the Court what was described as ‘an exceedingly lengthy, and well written statement’ [a hallmark of his inimitable style!]. He denied any guilty knowledge of, or connivance at the alleged fraud; declared that by reason of his position as a servant or employee he was necessarily under the contract of Polack; and prayed the consideration of the Court, in consequence of having an aged mother, a wife and three young children to support.143 All to no avail – although he did get off more lightly than Polack. Henry Wells was sentenced to two years imprisonment, in Darlinghurst Gaol. Polack was to serve two years at Parramatta Gaol, the term to be extended if necessary until a fine of £900 had been paid.144 Once more, Sarah Ann was left to manage as best she could under the circumstances. And it is typical of the man that he virtually implied that it was, in fact, her fault that the family was in such a dire predicament. In his defence statement he explained the intricacies of his business contract with Abraham Polack. He was to receive a wage

- 18 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire for the two-year contract and, thereafter, if the business turnover exceeded £4000, he would receive a share in lieu of wages. To Sarah Ann this seemed to guarantee some desperately needed financial security, but apparently Henry was not comfortable with the terms – as he pointed out. Within a few weeks after the signing of that agreement I broke it, not being able to put up with his overbearing manners. At the solicitation of my wife, who advised that a fixed weekly payment was better for her than my travelling about the country, coupled with the heavy penalties I was under for intemperance, absence from duties, &c., with the threatened Masters’ and Servants’ Act over my head, I returned to my employer to carry out my two years’ service but with a resolve to leave him at the termination of that period.145 If, as implied, Sarah Ann had also been putting up with William’s intemperance, she may have looked upon her husband’s incarceration with some sense of relief. But if so, it was to be short lived.

Success – on 1 September 1855 the Colonial Secretary directed the Sheriff to arrange for William Henry Wells to be released from Darlinghurst Gaol on 10 October.146 By 20 October he was advertising that he was back in business, operating from 99 Riley Street, Woolloomooloo.147 Reference has been made to William’s ‘travelling about the country’ and it was on a surveying excursion in the Illawarra district that he met his death.148 The Sydney Morning Herald of 13 June 1860 carried a death notice and a short account of the events leading to his death.149

- 19 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

In the interests of her late husband’s reputation, and of her own, widow Sarah Ann was very quick to admonish the editor of The Sydney Morning for having published an incorrect statement.

SIR. – Having noticed in your issue of the 14th, a paragraph stating that the late Mr. W.H. Wells, surveyor, was at the time of his death in partnership with Mr. Abraham Pollock, auctioneer, I beg to state that it is false, having no connexion with him whatever for many years. I remain, yours truly, SARAH ANN WELLS June 19th150 Only one further matter had to be attended to. On 29 June an item appeared in the Government Gazette giving notice that after fourteen days Sarah Ann Wells intended to apply for Letters of Administration of ‘the goods, chattels, credits, and effects’ of her intestate deceased husband. Administration was duly granted on 22 August, the sum total of goods being sworn at £150.151 With the births of Francis and Percy in 1855 and 1857, Sarah Ann Wells was now a widow aged just 30, left to care for her sons, ranging in age from about 3 to 12, and possibly an elderly mother-in-law. Both her parents were dead, as were her step-brother Benjamin Gordon and her own brother George Thomas Pickering. Of all her generation, only step-sister Susannah Wilson (Vickers) was still alive. As we have noted, her father did not leave her anything in his will, and how Sarah Ann managed is not known. She did, however, marry for a second time – in Sydney on 11 January 1877 to David Hammond.152 Very little has been found for this man. It has been suggested that David Hammond arrived in Sydney from Melbourne in February 1869, and there is a shipping record for a steerage passenger of that name on the manifest of the Hero. It is also suggested that when he married Sarah Ann his occupation was Grazier.153 Was he the David Hammond to whom the license of the “Unity Hall Hotel”, Balmain, was transferred in 1877 and who subsequently, in 1878, was the licensee of the “Cheerful Home Hotel”, Waterloo? Was he also the David Hammond who was fined 10 shillings in March 1878 for breaches of the Publicans’ Act and who, in October of that year transferred the license to one Henry Mesig?154 From 1878 advertisements appeared in the papers for the sale of the “Cheerful Home Hotel”. Finally in August 1882 George Withers and Company announced that the property ‘long and favourably known’, had been sold – ‘Cheerful Home Hotel, Waterloo, L1165 – Mr. Hammond’.155 The name D. Hammond appears again in March 1886 when a person of that name transferred the publican’s license for the “Criterion Hotel”, Liverpool Street, to a Thomas Smith.156 Between November 1886 and March 1887 the press followed the stages of an insolvency case, the unfortunate subject of which was a D.R. Hammond, of the Royal Exchange Chambers, King and George Streets, a clerk. By the petition of Clive Smith & Campbell, stock and share brokers and financial agents of 75 Pitt Street, this Mr. Hammond’s estate had been sequestered on 23 November 1886, with a First and Single Meeting held on 4 March, at which ‘his Honour ordered that the assets be collected and distributed according to law’.157 At no stage in the process were the initials ‘D.R.’ spelt out. Was the ‘anonymous’ Mr. Hammond the husband of Sarah Ann? Finally, the same question arises with the death registration in 1888 in Sydney of a David R Hammond, at the age of 56.158

Regardless of who Mr. Hammond was, it would seem that he was a brief and, as far as the family was concerned, a best forgotten interlude in their lives. It was under the name Wells that Sarah Ann’s death in November 1900 - 20 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire and her funeral arrangements were announced to the world.159

Under the surname Hammond, Sarah Anne [sic] was buried in Zone B 04 Grave 2615 at the Rookwood General Cemetery where her eldest son George was also buried in 1905.160

Sarah Anne Hammond had drawn up her will on 1 August 1892, and it was to George that she bequeathed all her real and personal estate. He was also appointed as her sole executor. Probate on the estate, valued at £167, was granted on 14 December 1900.161 George William Rowden Wells George who was employed as a clerk in the Assessor’s Office, Sydney, never married, and died on 14 June 1905 at the age of 57 at his home in Waverley.162

- 21 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

By his will, drawn up on 18 March 1905, he devised and bequeathed all his real and personal effects, including his life policy, to his sister-in-law Henrietta Wells, who was also appointed the sole executrix of the estate. Probate on the estate, valued at just over £232, was granted on 10 July 1905.163 Henry Edward Alexander Wells Henry spent his adult life at Mudgee, in the Central West of New South Wales. It was there in 1873 that, at the age of 23, he married 19 year old Laura Richards.164 They had six children, 4 daughters and 2 sons, all of whom survived to adulthood. He died at his home “Lauralla”, Mudgee, on 8 June 1916. Under the heading ‘Death of a Pioneer’, the Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative published a lengthy obituary.

On Thursday evening last one of the oldest and most respected residents of the district, in the person of Mr. Henry Edward Alexander Wells, died at his residence, Lewis-street, at the age of 66 years. Deceased had been very unwell for a long period. About 18 months ago he was suddenly stricken down with a paralytic stroke, and, although he rallied at times, still nothing that medical care or careful nursing could do enabled him to shake off the effects. Of late months he was bedridden, and gradually grew more and more feeble, till at last death supervened and he passed away, mourned by the whole district. … The late Mr. H.E.A. Wells was educated at St. James’ School and at Kane’s Academy, Sydney … On leaving school he entered the offices of Messrs. Want, Johnson and Want, who, at that time was one of the biggest firms in the metropolis. Here he received a thorough grounding in law, which stood him in good stead in later life. On reaching the age of 20 years he came to Mudgee, and took up a position as clerk in the office of Messrs. Brodribb and Clarke … Two years after reaching Mudgee Mr. Wells married a sister of Mr. Edwin Richards, ex-MLA for Mudgee … This lady’s father was the first school teacher chosen by the late Ven. Archdeacon Gunther for the old St. John’s Denominational School … After some years in the legal profession, Mr. Wells, about 35 years ago, forsook it, and turned his energies into land dealing and auctioneering. He read up the land laws, and soon became recognized as one of the leading authorities on land matters in New South Wales. In the settlement of the Mudgee district he took a leading part, and knew the history of almost every one of the old estates for many miles around. In this connection his knowledge of the law stood him in good stead … the cases he had before the Land Appeal court were so lucidly and carefully prepared that he invariably won them. [How like his father!] … The deceased started business first in premises in Lewis-street, near the Royal Hotel, and built up a large connection by keen business acumen and fair dealing. Some years later he purchased the premises which stood on the site which his market has occupied for years past. This was at one time the Mudgee Post Office and Town Hall, and was two stories [sic] high. He had an abiding faith in the future of this town and district, and dealt extensively in properties. He owned a number of residences and business places, including the Miners’ Arms and Railway Hotels, and the Mudgee Motor Garage at the time of his death. … The late Mr. Wells always took a keen interest in public matters … He was generous in assisting charitable objects … He was a great believer in building societies, and was a director of several during his lifetime. Besides a sorrowing widow, the following children are left to mourn : Mrs. Hart (Fiji) [Edith Lilian], Mrs. Francis (Fiji) [Laura Louise], Mrs. Harold Hardwick (Mudgee) [Adele Florence], Mrs. T. Nicholle (Cremorne) [Effie Richards], Mr. P.G. Wells (Mudgee), and Mr. V.H. Wells (Justice Department, Sydney). The remains were laid to rest in the Church of England portion of the Mudgee Cemetery on Sunday last, the Rev. W.J. Dunstan officiating at the graveside. 165 Henry died a wealthy man. His son Percy George Wells, also an auctioneer of Mudgee, was appointed as sole Executor. Probate on the estate valued at £13,804 was granted on 8 November 1916.166 Laura Wells died at Mudgee on 30 May 1921, aged 67.167 William Charles Wells and Francis Wilson Wells Nothing further has been located for these two boys and it is likely that they died in infancy. Percy Charles Wells The last of the Wells children, Percy was not yet 4 years old when his father died, possibly just old enough to have

- 22 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire some memory of him. He was to prove a problem for the Wells family – evidenced by the lack of any reference to Percy (who was still alive in 1905) in the death notice of his older brother George, and the fact that George left all his estate to his sister-in-law Henrietta, Percy’s wife. But to back-track. Some time before December 1877 Percy had left home to live and work in Armidale. As the ‘Clerk to W. J. Fergusson, Solicitor of Beardy-street’, on 4 December 1877 he had witnessed the dissolution of a boarding-house partnership. Ironically, in April 1878 Percy was taken to the Armidale Police Court for failing to pay board and lodging, a minor case that was settled by a £10 payment to the plaintiff. On a more positive note, in November 1879 Mr. Percy C. Wells was appointed Acting Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages for the District of Tenterfield, and in January 1880 he was issued with a twelve month Auctioneers’ License, also for the District of Tenterfield. Six months later The Sydney Daily Telegraph notified its readers of Percy’s appointment as Acting Warden’s Clerk and Mining Registrar at Tenterfield, with authority to issue miners’ rights, business and mineral licenses. Furthermore, effective 10 August 1881, Percy was appointed Acting Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages for the District of Glen Innes.168 However, at the same time as these appointments were being gazetted, the NSW Government Gazette of 13 May 1881 disclosed that Percy was the subject of the ‘Insolvent Estate of Percy Charles Wells, of Tenterfield, law clerk’. With liabilities of £63 and assets £14, he was indebted to the tune of £49. In September Percy gave notice that he intended to apply for a Certificate of Conformity and this was issued on 7 November 1881.169 But far from getting his life back on track, the following month he appeared at the Glen Innes Police Court ‘charged with embezzling certain moneys, the property of the Government’. The mining accounts for which, as registrar, he was responsible, showed a deficiency of £70 and there was also the matter of a cheque for £11 10s received by the registrar, but not accounted for.170 In January 1882 Percy was found guilty and sentenced two years imprisonment with hard labour to be served at the Armidale Gaol. However, he did not serve the full two years. He was discharged on remission on 17 September 1883.171 1885 finds Percy at Inverell, just over 40 miles to the west of Glen Innes. It was at Inverell, on 16 April, that he married Henrietta Millington.172

Henrietta, the fifth of six children, was born at Windsor on 15 March 1863 to Robert Samuel Millington and his wife Diana Kirwan.173 In the 1870s Robert moved his family to Inverell where he set up the first permanent chemist shop.174 It is a mark of the Millington family’s standing, that the wedding was featured in the Ladies Page of the 25 April issue of the Australian Town and Country Journal. Inverell On April 16, at the Wesleyan Church, by the Rev. G. Graham, and before a number of the friends of the bride and bridegroom, Mr. Wells, third son of the late C. Wells [sic], surveyor, claimed Miss Hetty Millington, third daughter of Mr. R.S. Millington, pharmaceutical chemist, for his bride. The bride wore a cream moire silk, bridal wreath, and elaborate fall (embroidered by the bride’s sister) looped on shoulder by spray of orange blossoms; six bridesmaids in broche, all wore usual tulle caps. Miss Lily Millington and Miss Nina Bridger looked nice in pale blue broche, Misses E. and C. Bridger in cream, and Miss Minnie Millington and Miss Nelly Cleary in pale pink. Mrs. R.S. Millington, the bride’s mother, wore black broche silk, cream bonnet, and cream gloves, Mrs. J. Bridger black silk; Mrs. Vernon Becke, the bride’s eldest sister, looked nice in peacock blue, trimmed with velvet broche; Mrs. R.W. Millington in cream and pale blue, Mrs. J.H. Thomas in cream and ruby velvet and cream lace; Mrs E. Millington, in grey silk. Thirty guests sat down to breakfast, after which the happy couple left for Bundarra, amid a shower of rice and slippers and the hearty congratulations of their numerous friends. The bride’s travelling dress was made of dark blue cloth and blue satin, most beautifully crewelled. The presents to the bride were numerous, and some exceedingly pretty.175

- 23 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

The ‘happy couple’ were joined by four children between 1886 and 1894. Lily Muriel (1886) was born in Inverell; Harold George (1889) in Maryborough, Queensland; William Henry (1891) and Reginald (1894) in Leichardt, Sydney. Reginald died in December 1894, before reaching his first birthday; William was eight when he died at Inverell in June 1899 – perhaps when visiting relatives.176 We can with certainty place this Wells family in Sydney by February 1900 through a testimonial by Percy that was published in the Sunday Times.177

And we note that he was appointed as a Valuer for the Borough of Leichhardt in for the municipal year 1902-1903. The appointment was not renewed for the following year.178 Indeed by 1904 Percy Wells had not only been removed from his municipal office, he had also been removed from his home. The following testimony given by Henrietta Wells in March 1907 sums up the situation which led her to seek a divorce on the grounds of ‘constructive desertion’.179

The judgement was handed down in May 1907. It provided little comfort to the petitioner.180

- 24 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

Henrietta did eventually remarry – in 1917 to engineer Samuel William Robert West. She died at her home “Myee’, Ruthven Street, Waverley on 30 June 1931.181 The death of Percy Charles Wells on 13 May 1927 was registered in Queensland. He was 69 years old when he died. He was buried at Toowong Cemetery, Brisbane. There was no dignity or peace in death for Percy Wells. In October 1934 a Finnish foreign national, homeless and in financial stress by the name of Mathias Nurmen (aka Mat Nurmi), committed suicide by throwing himself into the sea at Redcliffe. Following the inquest Mat Nurmi was buried in the same grave as Percy Wells.182 George Thomas Pickering Baptised at the Scots Church, Sydney, on 20 May 1832, George was only 6 when his mother died. Just after his twenty-third birthday he married Emma Millar.183

Emma’s parents, Andrew Millar and Elizabeth Barnes, had been married at Port Macquarie on 19 December 1833.184 I have not found a birth record for Emma, but she would have been born about 1839, and most probably, as were her siblings, in Sydney. Very sadly her life was cut short by consumption. She died at the age of 19 in January 1858, at her residence, Sandridge, ‘the beloved wife of George Thomas Pickering, deeply regretted by all who knew her’.185 Before the year was out widower George followed her to the grave. He died on 2 December 1858. An account of his death was published in The Argus.

PICKERING, THE CRICKETER. – We regret to announce the death of Mr. George Thomas Pickering, the well- known cricket player, who expired at Sandridge, on Wednesday, aged 26, from the effects of an accident while bathing; he having leaped into the sea in shallow water, when his head came into contact with the sand, causing a partial dislocation of the vertebral column in the lumbar region. An inquest was held on the body yesterday, and a verdict of accidental death was returned. Every attention had been paid by two female attendants, and several medical gentlemen had adopted the most skillful means to save his life, but in vain – the body having been completely paralysed since the accident. Mr. Pickering was a native of Sydney, and for six years he was in the employ of Messrs. W.P. White and Co., as import clerk, and was highly respected. As a cricketer, he has commanded universal esteem, as an unassuming kind-hearted man, and an excellent player. His loss will be severely felt by the St. Kilda and Melbourne Cricket Clubs and by the cricketing community generally. The unfortunate young man lost his wife in January last, and a few months ago visited Sydney for the purpose of following the mortal remains of his father to their last resting place. We understand that in January next Mr. - 25 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

Pickering would have come into possession of about £10,000 worth of property, which will now revert to his two married sisters. As the funeral will take place this day, it is intended that all cricket matches be postponed, in order that his cricketing friends may have an opportunity of testifying their respect for the departed. The procession will pass over Prince’s Bridge to the New Cemetery at 3 o’clock this afternoon.186 George Thomas Pickering was buried in the Church of England section of the Melbourne General Cemetery, Section K, Grave Number 35.187 The memorial inscription reads:

Sacred to the memory of George Thomas PICKERING who died at Sandridge 2 Dec. 1858 from injuries received while bathing age 27 years Also of Emma his wife who died 26 Jan 1858 age 20 yrs

Sarah’s Legacy The accompanying Descendant Chart for Sarah confirms her somewhat complicated life. Between 1810 and 1832 she married three times, and with these three husbands she produced at least nine children, of whom five died in infancy, and two – Benjamin Gordon and George Thomas Pickering – had died by 1858. Only Sarah’s two daughters, Susannah Vickers and Sarah Ann Pickering, had children – the grandchildren that Sarah did not live long enough to live to welcome. In turn, of the three children born to Susannah only two produced children, and only three of these survived past childhood. Sarah Ann Pickering had five children, but only three survived infancy and, of these, only two had children of their own. Her son Henry fathered six children all of whom reached adulthood; two of the four children born to Percy died in infancy. This account does not follow the lives of Sarah’s eleven great-grandchildren, but it is through them that her legacy lives on. Refer to appended descendant chart.

- 26 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

Loose Ends Richard Vickers The disparity in the recorded ages for Sarah Gordon’s husband Richard Vickers has been noted. A search of the records for births/baptisms registered at Bolton-le-Moors, Lancashire, results in a number of entries, and variants, of the Vickers surname – e.g. Viccars, Vickars. If indeed ‘our’ Richard was born about 1778 the following Family Search record could be of interest.188

George Pickering The Morning Chronicle report on the trial of George Pickering and Andrew Hannah includes the following reference.

Mr. Darbyshire, jun. and Diggles, having learnt that one of the prisoners lodged with his brother-in-law at Bolton, whose name is Thomas Beswick, immediately proceeded thither, and found two large packages of very fine kerseymeres, which, there is every reason to suspect, will turn out to be stolen goods.189 In 1817 one Thomas Beswick of Bolton-le-Moors, a weaver, married spinster Betty Fogg and in the following year a George Pickering, also a weaver of Bolton-le-Moors, married Ann Fogg.190

- 27 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

The critical stumbling block to George Pickering being given permission to marry Sarah Gordon was the inconvenient allegation that he already had a wife and four children in England. According to the Lancashire records a couple by the name of George and Ann Pickering of Bolton-le-Moors had a son John, baptised in May 1819; a son William, baptised in August 1819; and a daughter Ellen, baptised in 1820 – which may account for three of the four children?191 We know, from two death notices in the Sydney press, one in October 1853 and the other in February 1855 that George kept in touch with his family in England.

On the 18th of June, at his residence, Deansgate, Bolton, Lancashire, Mr. John Pickering, father of Mr. George Pickering, of the Glen Albion, King-street, Sydney, aged 86 years much respected by a large circle of relatives and friends.192 Mr. Joseph Pickering, of Bolton, Lancashire, aged 64 years, brother of George Pickering, Glen Albion, King- street.193 The details of these two notices, combined with the estimated year of George Pickering’s birth/baptism, provide some clues as to George’s provenance, and have informed the following suggested scenario. George’s parents were John Pickering and Nelly Morris who were married in the parish of Deane, Lancashire on 1 January 1794. At least four children were born to this couple and who were baptised at Deane, St. Mary – Joseph, 1794; Jenny, 1796; Martha, 1797; George 1799.194

NOTES 1 Ancestry, Lancashire, England, Quarter Session Records and Petitions, 1648-1908, Lancashire, Order Books, 1816. 2 Lancaster Gazette, 31 Aug 1816, p.3. Also included in the list were future Friendship ‘passengers’, Sarah Hassall and Mary Bridge, and Barney Crummy the husband of another. 3 Some of them had been arraigned on a charge of uttering counterfeit notes, a capital offence but, on the advice of the court, they took the option of pleading guilty to possession for which the mandatory sentence was ‘only’ fourteen years transportation. Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser, 9 Sep 1816, p.3. Leeds Mercury, 21 Sep 1816, p.4. 4 Findmypast (FMP), England & Wales Crime, Prisons & Punishment, 1770-1935, PCOM2, Lancaster Gaol, Lancashire: Governor’s Journal, Piece No 442. 5 FMP, England & Wales Crime, Prisons & Punishment, 1770-1935, HO27, Home Office: Criminal Registers, England And Wales, 1805- 1892, Piece No 8. FMP, England & Wales Crime, Prisons & Punishment, 1770-1935, HO19, Home Office Registers of Criminal Petitions, Piece No 3. 6 Ancestry, Lancashire, England, Quarter Session Records and Petitions, 1648-1908, Lancashire, Order Books, 1812, Ref RB 38. See also Ancestry, Lancashire, England, Quarter Session Records and Petitions, 1648-1908, Salford, Petitions, 1812 Easter. 7 Ancestry, England & Wales, Criminal Registers, 1791-1892, England, Lancashire, 1816. 8 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Convict Indents, 1788-1842, Bound Indentures, 1814-1818. England Manufacturing Occupations, A to H (National Institute), https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/England_Manufacturing_Occupations_A_to_H (National Institute). 9 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Settler and Convict Lists, 1787-1834, New South Wales, Female, 1787-1834. Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Settler and Convict Lists, 1787-1834, New South Wales, Female, 1821. 10 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 16 Jan 1819, p.1. Biographical Database of Australia (BDA), Biographical report for Thomas Wylde, Person ID #3004339101. 11 Ancestry, New South Wales and Tasmania, Australia Convict Musters, 1806-1849, New South Wales, General Muster, 1822. Ancestry, New South Wales, Census and Population Books 1811-1825, Parramatta (Baulkham Hill) 1822, (Book 3). 12 Ancestry, Lancashire, England, Quarter Session Records and Petitions, 1648-1908, Lancashire, Order Books, 1815. Manchester Mercury, 25 Apr 1815, p.2. Ancestry, England & Wales, Criminal Registers 1791-1892. 13 Ancestry, UK, Prison Hulk Registers and Letter Books, 1802-1849, Captivity, Register, 1801-1836. 14 Free Settler or Felon? Convict Ship Ocean 1816, https://jenwilletts.com/convict_ship_ocean_1816.htm, citing the correspondence from Ocean convicts to the Committee of the British and Foreign Bible Society. 15 Ancestry, Australia, Convict Indents, 1788-1842, Bound Indentures, 1815-1818. 16 BDA, Biographical reports for Richard Vickers, Person ID B#10013356901 - Sources cited are Convict indents & Ship Musters 1813- 1828; Biographical Detail Forms held by the Society of Australian Genealogists – and Person ID U30075049601 - citing Church Register: NSW Sydney St James CE Burial. 17 BDA, Biographical report for Richard Vickers, Person ID U#30003136301 – citing Church Register: NSW Sydney St Philip CE Marriage. - 28 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

18 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Colonial Secretary’s Papers, 1788-1856, Series: NRS 937; Reel or Fiche Numbers: Reels 6004-6016, p.425. 19 Ancestry, Australia, Births and Baptisms, 1792-1981, Film 993949. 20 I have not located a birth/baptism record, but an Ancestry online family tree includes William as the first child of Richard and Sarah Vickers – Ancestry, Hardwick and other Family Trees, https://www.ancestry.co.uk/family-tree/person/tree/11188277/person/- 506126521/facts. New South Wales Registry of Births Deaths & Marriages (NSW BDM), Death registration, 137/1819 V1819137 8. 21 Ancestry, Australia, Births and Baptisms, 1792-1981, Film 993949. Ancestry, Hardwick and other Family Trees. NSW BDM, Death registration, 642/1822 V1822642 8. 22 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 18 Feb 1824, p.1. 23 NSW BDM, Death registration, 7468/1827 V1827468 2C. 24 Ancestry, Australia, Births and Baptisms, 1792-1981, Film 993949. BDA, Biographical report for Richard Vickers, Person ID T#30001472902. 25 BDA, Biographical report for Richard Vickers, Person ID U#30075049601. 26 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 10 Mar 1828, p.1. 27 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Gaol Description and Entrance Books, 1818-1930, Entrance Book, Sydney, 1825-1832. 28 Ancestry, 1828 New South Wales, Australia Census (TNA Copy), New South Wales. Census E-H, 1828 & Census T-Z, 1828. Note – Mary Green(a)way, the wife of architect colonial Francis Greenway, was residing with him and their family at George Street for the 1828 census – BDA, Biographical report for Francis Howard Greenway, Person ID B#10013123701. Mrs Sarah Greenaway had arrived in 1823 as a free immigrant on board Jupiter – BDA, Biographical report for Sarah Greenaway, Person ID L#11052272201. 29 Ancestry, New South Wales and Tasmania, Australian Convict Musters, 1806-1849, General Muster 1822 & 1825. 30 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Gaol Description and Entrance Books, 1818-1930, Entrance Book, Sydney, 1825-1832. 31 The Australian, 8 Apr 1829, p.3. 32 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Convict Applications for the Publication of Banns, 1828-1830, 1838-1839. 33 Convict Records, https://convictrecords.com.au/convicts/gordon/arthur/72412. Free Settler or Felon? Convict Ship Ocean 1818, https://www.jenwilletts.com/convict_ship_ocean_1818.htm. 34 Manchester Mercury, 30 Jul 1816, p.4. 35 Ancestry, UK, Prison Hulk Registers and Letter Books, 1802-1849, Bellerophon, Register, 1834. 36 Manchester Mercury, 22 May 1810, p.4. FMP, England & Wales, Crime, Prisons & Punishment, 1770-1935, Prison Registers, Piece 6. 37 BDA, Biographical report for Arthur Gordon, Person ID B#10013613901. NSW BDM, Death registration, 4083/1818 V18184083 2B. Here we have a further confusion with ages. 38 Ancestry, Manchester England, Marriages and Banns, 1754-1930 (Cathedral), 1809-1811. 39 ScotlandsPeople, Births and baptisms, 30/08/1752. GORDON, ARTHUR (Old Parish Registers 685/3/ 80 450 Canongate) Page 450 of 526. 40 Ancestry, Manchester, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1541-1812, Ancestry, Manchester, England, Church of England Deaths and Burials, 1813-1985, Oldham, St Peter, 1813 Jan-1832 Feb. Ancestry, Lancashire England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1911, Bishop’s Transcripts, Oldham, 1813-1819. 41 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Certificates of Freedom, 1810-1814, 1827-1867 (NRS12210) Butts of Certificates of Freedom, 1830, September, All Records. 42 Ancestry, New South Wales, Registers of Convicts’ Applications to Marry, 1826-1851, Refused, 1831. 43 Ancestry, New South Wales, Registers of Convicts’ Applications to Marry, 1826-1851, Granted, 1832. 44 NSW BDM, Marriage registration, 230 1832 V1832230 73A. The actual date is recorded in Ancestry, Hardwick and other Family Trees. 45 Convict Records, https://convictrecords.com.au/convicts/pickering/george/79214. 46 Sun (London), 20 Oct 1825, p.3. 47 Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser, 22 Oct 1825. 48 Manchester Mercury, 1 Nov 1825, p.3. Incidentally Hannah got off rather lightly, being sentenced to just 7 years transportation. Lancashire, England, Quarter Session Records and Petitions, 1648-1908, Salford, Petitions, 1825 Michaelmas. 49 Ancestry, UK, Prison Hulk Registers and Letter Books, 1802-1849, Ganymede, Register, 1814-1833 & Index 1814-1833. 50 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 16 Sep 1826, p.3. 51 BDA, Biographical report for George Pickering, Person ID B#10016508201. 52 Ancestry, Royal Navy Medical Journals, 1817-1857, M, Marquis of Huntly, 1826 Mar-1826 21 Sep, p.51. 53 BDA, Biographical report for George Marshall, Person ID X10016508203. 54 The Monitor, 21 Jul 1828, p.6. 55 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Convict Applications for the Publication of Banns, 1828-1830, 1838-1839. Mary Marshall continued to manage the factory, probably until May 1838 when her two-storey Campbell Street home and the attached Woollen Factory were placed on the market – The Colonist, 30 May 1838, p.3. She died 21 July 1838 - The Australian, 24 Jul 1838, p.2. 56 NSW BDM, Birth registrations 233/1830 V1830233 45A & 234/1832 V1832234 45A. 57 New South Wales Government Gazette, 7 Nov 1832 [Issue Np.36] p.394. BDA, Biographical report for Elizabeth Cahill, Person ID B#17021321701. 58 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 16 May 1833, p.3. 59 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 1 Aug 1833, p.3. - 29 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

60 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 29 Mar 1834, p.4 61 The Sydney Monitor and Commercial Advertiser, 14 Nov 1838, p.2. 62 BDA, Biographical report for Sarah Pickering, Person ID T#40021235802. Her remains were moved to Bunnerong – New South Wales State Archives & Records (NSW SA&R), Devonshire Street Cemetery Reinterment Index 1901, File No 681, NRS 15513 [p.064]; Reel 372, Index Number 89. 63 BDA, Biographical report for George Pickering, Person ID T#30141172502, citing Church Register: NSW Sydney St James CE Baptisms 1832-1841. The BDA includes a few listings under the name Catherine Pickering. There is also one for a 17 year old Catherine McGuire who arrived as a female immigrant on the James Pattison in February 1836 – Person ID B#10023353301. Given the name given to one of the Pickering children – Frederick Maguire Pickering – and a subsequent reference to Mr. William McGuire as father-in- law of George Pickering – Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 13 Apr 1843, p.2. 64 BDA, Biographical report for George Pickering, Person ID T#30141172502. BDA, Biographical report for Catherine Pickering, Person ID U#40021212501. NSW BDM, Birth and Death registrations. 65 NSW BDM, Birth registrations. The Sydney Morning Herald, 24 Jan 1859, p.1. 66 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Convict Registers of Conditional and Absolute Pardons, 1788-1870, Conditional, 1840-1841 (Reel 779). 67 The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 28 Mar 1849, p.2. 68 The Sydney Morning Herald, 17 Aug 1849, p.2 & 18 Aug 1849, p.3. 69 The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 Oct 1844, p.3. The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 Apr 1853, p.3. NSW SA&R, Publicans’ Licenses Index 1830-1861, NRS 14401 [4/77] Reel 5059 & [4/80] Reel 5060, NRS 14403 [4/86] Reel 5064 & [4/87] Reel 5065. 70 Bell’s Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer, 18 Jun 1853, p.4. 71 The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 Aug 1853, p.6. Bell’s Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer, 20 Aug 1853, p.3 72 Empire, 4 May 1855, p.3. The People’s Advocate and New South Wales Vindicator, 4 May 1855, p.3. George was tried at Sydney on 4 January for obstructing the police and fined 40 shillings – BDA, Biographical report for George Pickering, Person ID U#39944602901. 73 The Sydney Morning Herald, 12 Jul 1855, p.7. 74 The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 Jul, 1858, p.1. The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 Jul, 1858, p.8. 75 FMP, New South Wales Will Books 1800-1852, Will No 4270. 76 The Sydney Morning Herald, 27 Jun 1863, p.1. NSW BDM, Death registration, 383/1863. Her age at death was stated as 45 in the SMH Death Notice, and 39 in the death registration. 77 The Sydney Morning Herald, 30 Jan 1854, p.5. 78 NSW BDM, Birth registration, 2179/1860. 79 The Sydney Morning Herald, 14 Sep 1861, p.1. 80 NSW BDM, Death registration, 2785/1853 V18532785 102. 81 The Sydney Morning Herald, 20 May 1853, p.3. 82 New South Wales Government Gazette, 14 Oct 1853 [Issue No 111] p.1808. 83 Ancestry, England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975. The Sydney Morning Herald, 12 Jun 1852, p.3. 84 The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 Jul 1853, p.2. 85 The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 Oct 1853, p.3. 86 The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 Nov 1856, p.1. NSW BDM, Birth registration, 1467/1856. 87 Otago Witness, 15 Sep 1860, p.5. Press, 24 May 1866, p.2. New Zealand Births, Deaths & Marriages Online (NZ BDM), Birth registrations 1860/12006, 1866/8570. 88 Ancestry, Australia and New Zealand, Find a Grave Index, 1800s-Current. 89 Lyttleton Times, 28 Sep 1877, p.3. 90 Ancestry, England, United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751-1921, Lodge Number 609,885, Folio Number 91. Lyttleton Times, 26 Jul 1864, p.6.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1 91 Archives New Zealand, Probate Records, 1843-1998, Christchurch Court, Probate records 1879 P301/79-P313/79, Image 128 of 226. 92 The Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 5 Nov 1910, p.12. NSW BDM, Death registration 16112/1910. 93 The Telegraph (Brisbane), 24 Sep 1901, p.4. The Brisbane Courier, 24 Sep 1902, p.4. 94 Ancestry, New Zealand, School Registers and Lists, 1850-1967 Christ College Grammar School List, 1850-1921. 95 Ancestry, New Zealand, City & Area Directories, 1866-1954, 1883-1884, Wise’s New Zealand Post Office Directory. 96 Press, 17 Oct 1889, p.4. 97 The Telegraph (Brisbane), 18 Jan 1899, p.3. Ancestry, Australia, City Directories, 1845-1948, Queensland, Queensland PO Directory (Wise) 1900. The Week, 1 Apr 1904, p.23. 98 Ancestry, New Zealand, School Registers and Lists, 1850-1967 Christ College Grammar School List, 1850-1921. 99 The Sydney Morning Herald, 20 Apr 1916, p.8. NSW BDM, Death registration. FMP, New South Wales Will Books 1800-1952, Will No 74286. 100 Ancestry, Sydney, Australia, Anglican Parish Registers, 1814-2011, North Sydney Lavender Bay Christ Church, Marriage, 26 November 1872-09 January 1899. Christ Church is now on the Register of the National Estate. 101 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia Public Service Lists, 1858-1960, 1890 & 1894. Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Government Gazettes, 1843-1899, 1995, March. 102 NSW BDM, Birth registrations. - 30 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

103 The Sydney Morning Herald, 14 Jan 1889, p.1. NSW BDM, Death registration, 3313/1892. 104 The Independent (Deniliquin), 24 Oct 1902, p.2. 105 The Sydney Morning Herald, 21 Apr 1917, p.12. The Sun (Sydney), 9 Oct 1921, p.19. 106 The Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 14 Jan 1925, p.8. 107 The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 May 1828, p.12. 108 Ryerson Index. The deaths were notified in The Sydney Morning Herald of 29 Jul 1955 and 8 Nov 1956. 109 The Sydney Morning Herald, 17 Jul 1889, p.1. 110 Ancestry, England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1837-1915, Devon, Vol 5b, p.489. Ancestry, 1871 England Census, Devon, South Molton, 3 & 1881 England Census, London, Kensington, Kensington Town, District 24. 111 LS Caine Electronic Services, SS Potosi Source Material, https://lsces.uk/wiki/S.S.+Potosi+Source+Material. FMP, Travel & Migration, Victoria Outward Passenger Lists, 1852-1915. The Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 7 July 1887, p.5. 112 City of Sydney, Sands directory, 1890-1899, http://cdn.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/history/archives/sands/1890-1899/1890- part7.pdf. 113 The Sydney Morning Herald, 12 Dec 1890, p.1. 114 The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 Dec 1890, p.16. Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 14 October 2019), memorial page for Sidney J. Huxtable (unknown–13 Dec 1890), Find A Grave Memorial no. 188942218, citing Rookwood General Cemetery, Rookwood, Cumberland Council, New South Wales, Australia ; Maintained by alisonc1109 (contributor 48349597). 115 The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 Apr 1890, p.4. NSW BDM, Birth registration, 30871/1890. 116 City of Sydney, Sands directories 1906-1910. 117 The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 Nov 1910, p.8. 118 The Daily Telegraph, 24 Mar 1836, p.28. 119 NSW BDM, Marriage registration, 10020/1918. Ancestry, Australia Birth Index, 1788-1922, B023073, page no. 13320. 120 The Sydney Morning Herald, 18 Mar 1940, p.10. NSW BDM, Death registration, 2504/1940. The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 Apr 1947, p.24. NSW BDM, Death registration, 7763/1947. 121 Northern Cemeteries, https://nmclm.com.au/macquarie-park/find-a-loved-one/. They were buried in the Church of England Plot J9, Graves 0005 and 0006. According to his will Eric Huxtable’s estate was valued at £2365/12/1d; Gertrude Huxtable’s estate was valued at just short of £10,000 – FMP, New South Wales Will Books 1800-1952, Will Nos 248412 and 329253. 122 The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 Dec 1842, p.2. 123 NSW BDM, Marriage registration, 739/1846 V1846739 77 District QC. Note the Ancestry Australian Marriage Index incorrectly gives the registration place as Liverpool Plains, Tamworth, the code for which is OC. 124 Hampshire Chronicle, 16 Apr 1838, p.3. London Courier and Evening Gazette, 16 May 1838, p.2. 125 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Assisted Passenger Lists, 1828-1896, 1838, August, William Metcalfe. 126 Ancestry, England, Select Marriages, 1538-1973, FHL Film No 1596258, Ref ID: Item 2 p.41. Ancestry, England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975, FHL Film No 1596258, Ref ID: Item 2 p.2. 127 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Assisted Passenger Lists, 1828-1896, 1838, August, William Metcalfe. Also with William and Frances Wells was Frances’ younger sister Caroline Barnes, listed under the Unmarried Female Immigrant category. 128 The Sydney Herald, 3 Sep 1838, p.2. 129 Commercial Journal and Advertiser, 5 Sep 1838, p.2. Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Returns of the Colony 1822-1857, 1838 & 1839. 130 The Omnibus and Sydney Spectator, 20 Nov 1841, p.62. 131 The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 2 Nov 1844, p.2. 132 The Sydney Morning Herald, 11 Nov 1844, p.3. 133 Ancestry, Birth Index, 1788-1922, Vol No V1840202 24 A. Ancestry, Australia, Births and Baptisms, 1792-1982, FHL Film No 993955. 134 The Sydney Morning Herald, 21 Aug 1861, p.9, 21 May 1862, p.8, 30 Apr 1862, p.1. 135 Australian Cemeteries Index, https://austcemindex.com/. 136 The Sydney Morning Herald, 8 Feb 1846, p.2. 137 The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 Sep 1846, p.3 138 NSW BDM, Birth registrations. Ancestry Hardwick and other Family Trees, https://www.ancestry.co.uk/family- tree/person/tree/11188277/person/-506129082/facts. Note: the online tree records that Charles died within a few days of birth, and Francis died in 1861. I have not located any death records for these two sons. 139 The People’s Advocate and New South Wales Vindicator, 22 Sep 1849, p.3. The People’s Advocate and New South Wales Vindicator, 29 Jun 1850, p.3. 140 The People’s Advocate and New South Wales Vindicator, 14 May 1853, p.14. 141 The Sydney Morning Herald, 20 Aug 1853, p.10. 142 The Sydney Morning Herald, 12 Aug 1854, p.4. 143 Empire, 7 Oct 1854, p.3. 144 Bell’s Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer, 7 Oct 1854, p.3. 145 The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 Oct 1854, p.3. 146 Empire, 1 Dec 1855, p.3. 147 The People’s Advocate and New South Wales Vindicator, 20 Oct 1855. p.15. - 31 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

148 According to one account, ‘a clever surveyor named Wilton Henry Wells [sic], who was drowned in a flood in Ritchie’s Creek’ had been entrusted with the first sub-division of the Albion Park Estate – Frank McCaffrey, The History of Illawarra and its Pioneers, Haberfield, 1922, p.129. 149 The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 Jun 1860, p.10 & p.5. 150 The Sydney Morning Herald, 20 Jun 1860, p.3. 151 New South Wales Government Gazette, 29 Jun 1860 [Issue No 120] p.1227. FMP, New South Wales Will Books, 1800-1952, Will No 4806. 152 NSW BDM, Marriage registration 38/1877. Note, groom’s surname transcribed as ‘Hammon’. 153 Ancestry Hardwick and other Family Trees, https://www.ancestry.co.uk/family-tree/person/tree/11188277/person/-686184061/facts. Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Unassisted Immigrant Passenger Lists, 1826-1922. 154 The Sydney Morning Herald, 31 Jan 1877, p.8. New South Wales Government Gazette, 15 Jan 1878 [Issue No 20], p.194. The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 Mar 1878, p.8. The Sydney Morning Herald, 12 Oct 1878. 155 The Sydney Daily Telegraph, 12 Aug 1812, p.3. 156 Evening News (Sydney), 17 Mar 1886, p.6. 157 New South Wales Government Gazette, 4 Feb 1887 [Issue No 68], p. 831. The Sydney Morning Herald, 5 Mar 1887, p.7. 158 NSW BDM, Death registration, 1200/1888. 159 The Sydney Morning Herald, 14 Nov 1900, p.1 & p.12. Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative, 15 Nov 1900, p.12. 160 Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 19 October 2019), memorial page for Sarah A. W. Hammond (unknown–14 Nov 1900), Find A Grave Memorial no. 188940982, citing Rookwood General Cemetery, Rookwood, Cumberland Council, New South Wales, Australia ; Maintained by alisonc1109 (contributor 48349597). 161 FMP, New South Wales Will Books 1800-1952, Will No 21782. 162 The Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 15 Jun 1905, p.1. 163 FMP, New South Wales Will Books 1800-1952, Will No 34288. 164 NSW BDM, Marriage Registration 1873/3089. 165 Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative, 15 Jun 1916, p.12. 166 FMP, New South Wales Will Books 1800-1952, Will No 76459. 167 Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative, 2 Jun 1921, p.14. 168 The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser, 7 Dec 1877, p.5. The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser, 5 Apr 1878, p.6. New South Wales Government Gazette, 28 Nov 1879 [Issue No 418] p. 5282. New South Wales Government Gazette, 13 Feb 1800 [Issue No 60] p.706. The Sydney Daily Telegraph, 15 June 1881, p.3. The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser, 20 Aug 1881, p.333. 169 New South Wales Government Gazette, 13 May 1881 [Issue No 194] p.2690. The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 May 1881, p.8. New South Wales Government Gazette, 27 Sep 1881 [Issue No 379] p.4955. Evening News, 1 Nov 1881, p.3. 170 Glen Innes Examiner and General Advertiser, 13 Dec 1881, p.2. The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser, 23 Dec 1881, p.3. 171 The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser, 20 Jan 1882, p.4. Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Gaol Description and Entrance Books, 1818-1930, Index to Entrance and Description Book, Armidale, 1863-1898. 172 Australian Town and Country Journal, 2 May 1885, p.43. 173 Turnbull Clan Association, Robert Samuel G. Millington, http://www.library.turnbullclan.com/tca_genealogy/TCA2017- o/g1/p422.htm#i10526. 174 The Inverell Times, 27 Feb 1914, p.2 – Obituary for Mrs. R.S. Millington. 175 Australian Town and Country Journal, 25 Apr 1885, p.30. 176 NSW BDM, birth and death registrations. Queensland BMD, birth registration. 177 Sunday Times, 18 Feb 1900, p.5. 178 New South Wales Government Gazette, 10 Jan 1902 [Issue No 24], p.246. New South Wales Government Gazette, 6 Mar 1903 [Issue No 120], p.1958. 179 Evening News, 28 Mar 1907, p.6. 180 The Sydney Morning Herald, 22 May 1907, p.7. 181 Ancestry, Australia Marriage Index, 1788-1950, 1917/9405. Ancestry, Australia Death Index, 1787-1985, 1931/12252. FMP, New South Wales Will Books, 1800-1952, Will No 177302. 182 Ancestry, Australia Death Index, 1787-1985, 1858/B001110. FMP, Queensland Funeral Records, Register ref 20/418. Brisbane City Council, Cemeteries Search, https://graves.brisbane.qld.gov.au/. Toowong Cemetery, Location 18-110-23. Other Deceased, NURMI MAT, No Dates, Age 0, Date of Service 03-11-1934. Truth (Brisbane), 13 Jan 1835, p.21. 183 The Argus, 6 Jun 1855, p.4. 184 NSW BDM, Marriage registration 217/1833 V1833217 17. See also Ancestry, Bognar Family Tree No3, https://www.ancestry.co.uk/family-tree/person/tree/73223341/person/32272342427/facts. Note, however, not all children are listed, e.g. Emma Millar. 185 The Sydney Morning Herald, 8 Feb 1858, p.1. The Argus, 29 Jan 1858, p.4. Sandridge is now known as Port Melbourne. 186 The Argus, 4 Dec 1858, p.4. The anticipated property was perhaps the proceeds of the disputed ‘estate’ of his mother Sarah? Certainly, he did not receive anything from his father’s will. - 32 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

187 Ancestry, Victoria, Australia, Cemetery Records and Headstone Transcriptions, 1844-1997. Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 October 2019), memorial page for George Thomas Pickering (unknown–2 Dec 1858), Find A Grave Memorial no. 180574028, citing Melbourne General Cemetery, Carlton North, Melbourne City, Victoria, Australia ; Maintained by Tony M. (contributor 48299134). 188 "England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975." Database. FamilySearch. http://FamilySearch.org : 15 August 2019. Index based upon data collected by the Genealogical Society of Utah, Salt Lake City. 189 Morning Chronicle, 20 Oct 1825, p.3. 190 Ancestry, Manchester, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1930, Bolton-le-Moors, St. Peter, 1817 Feb-1819 Apr. It should be noted that there is also a record of a George Pickering, sizer, marrying Hannah Bolton [Boulton] at Bolton-le-Moors, on 25 November 1818. 191 Ancestry, Manchester, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1915. 192 The Sydney Morning Herald, 1 Oct 1853, p.8. 193 The Sydney Morning Herald, 26 Feb 1855, p.8 194 Ancestry, Lancashire, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1936. Ancestry, Manchester, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1541-1812.

- 33 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

SELECTED SOURCES Genealogy Websites Ancestry 1828 New South Wales, Australia Census (TNA Copy) 1871 England Census 1881 England Census Australia and New Zealand, Find a Grave Index, 1800s-Current Australia Birth Index, 1788-1892 Australia Death Index, 1787-1985 Australia Marriage Index, 1788-1950 Australia, Births and Baptisms, 1792-1982 Australia, City Directories, 1845-1948 England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index 1837-1915 England & Wales, Criminal Registers, 1791-1892 England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1875 England, Select Marriages, 1538-1873 England, United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registration, 1752-1921 Lancashire, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1911 Lancashire, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1936 Lancashire, England, Quarter Session Records and Petitions, 1648-1908 Manchester, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1541-1812 Manchester, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1813-1915 Manchester, England, Church of England Deaths and Burials, 1813-1985 Manchester, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1930 New South Wales and Tasmania, Australian Convict Musters, 1806-1849 New South Wales, Australia, Assisted Passenger Lists, 1828-1896 New South Wales, Australia, Certificates of Freedom, 1810-1814, 1827-1867 New South Wales, Australia, Colonial Secretary’s Papers, 1788-1856 New South Wales, Australia, Convict Applications for the Publication of Banns, 1828-1830, 1838-1839 New South Wales, Australia, Convict Indents, 1788-1842 New South Wales, Australia, Convict Registers of Conditional and Absolute Pardons, 1788-1870 New South Wales, Australia, Gaol Description and Entrance Books, 1818-1930 New South Wales, Australia, Government Gazettes 1843-1899 New South Wales, Australia, Public Service Lists, 1858-1960 New South Wales, Australia, Registers of Convicts’ Applications to Marry, 1826-1851 New South Wales, Australia, Returns of the Colony 1822-1857 New South Wales, Australia, Settler and Convict Lists, 1787-1834 New South Wales, Australia, Tickets of Leave, 1810-1869 New South Wales, Australia, Unassisted Immigrant Passenger Lists 1826-1922. New South Wales, Census and Population Books, 1811-1825 New Zealand, City & Area Directories, 1866-1954 New Zealand, School Registers and Lists, 1850-1867 Online Family Trees Royal Navy Medical Journals, 1817-1857 Sydney, Australia, Anglican Parish Registers, 1814-2011 UK, Prison Hulk Registers and Letter Books, 1802-1849 Victoria, Australia, Cemetery Records and Headstone Transcriptions, 1844-1997 FamilySearch England Manufacturing Occupations England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975 Findmypast England & Wales Crime, Prisons & Punishment 1770-1935 New South Wales Will Books 1800-1852 Queensland Funeral Records Travel & Migration, Victoria Outward Passenger Lists, 1852-1915 ScotlandsPeople Church Registers, Births and baptisms

- 34 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

Other Websites Archives New Zealand, https://archives.govt.nz/ Australian Cemeteries Index, https://austcemindex.com/ Biographical Database of Australia (BDA), http://www.bda-online.org.au/ Brisbane City Council Cemeteries Search, https://graves.brisbane.qld.gov.au/ City of Sydney Archives, https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/search-our-collections/sands-directory/ Convict Records, https://convictrecords.com.au/ Find a Grave, https://www.findagrave.com/ Free Settler or Felon? https://www.jenwilletts.com/ LS Caine Electronic Services, https://lsces.uk/wiki/ New South Wales Registry of Births, Deaths, Marriages, https://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/ New South Wales State Archives & Records, https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/archives/ New Zealand Births, Deaths & Marriages Online, https://www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz/ Northern Cemeteries, https://nmclm.com.au/macquarie-park/ Queensland Births, Deaths, Marriages, https://www.bdm.qld.gov.au/ Ryerson Index, http://www.ryersonindex.org/ Turnbull Clan Association, http://www.library.turnbullclan.com/tca_genealogy/ Online Newspapers British Newspapers (Findmypast) Hampshire Chronicle Lancaster Gazette Leeds Mercury London Courier and Evening Gazette Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Gazette Manchester Mercury Morning Chronicle Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser Sun (London) New Zealand (Papers Past) Otago Witness Lyttleton Times Press TROVE Australian Town and Country Journal Bell’s Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer Commercial Journal and Advertiser Empire Evening News Glen Innes Examiner and General Advertiser Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative New South Wales Government Gazette Sun (Sydney) Sunday Times The Argus The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser The Australian The Brisbane Courier The Colonist The Daily Telegraph (Sydney) The Independent (Deniliquin) The Inverell Times The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser The Monitor The Omnibus and Sydney Spectator The People’s Advocate and New South Wales Vindicator The Sydney Daily Telegraph The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser

- 35 - Bond of Friendship Sarah Gordon – Lancashire

The Sydney Herald The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser The Sydney Monitor and Commercial Advertiser The Sydney Morning Herald The Telegraph (Brisbane) The Week Truth (Brisbane) Publications McCaffrey, Frank, The History of Illawarra and its Pioneers, Haberfield, 1922

© Leonie Fretwell, 2019

- 36 -