Islam Spreads NOTES
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Evolution of Hospitals from Antiquity to the Renaissance
Acta Theologica Supplementum 7 2005 THE EVOLUTION OF HOSPITALS FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE RENAISSANCE ABSTRACT There is some evidence that a kind of hospital already existed towards the end of the 2nd millennium BC in ancient Mesopotamia. In India the monastic system created by the Buddhist religion led to institutionalised health care facilities as early as the 5th century BC, and with the spread of Buddhism to the east, nursing facilities, the nature and function of which are not known to us, also appeared in Sri Lanka, China and South East Asia. One would expect to find the origin of the hospital in the modern sense of the word in Greece, the birthplace of rational medicine in the 4th century BC, but the Hippocratic doctors paid house-calls, and the temples of Asclepius were vi- sited for incubation sleep and magico-religious treatment. In Roman times the military and slave hospitals were built for a specialised group and not for the public, and were therefore not precursors of the modern hospital. It is to the Christians that one must turn for the origin of the modern hospital. Hospices, originally called xenodochia, ini- tially built to shelter pilgrims and messengers between various bishops, were under Christian control developed into hospitals in the modern sense of the word. In Rome itself, the first hospital was built in the 4th century AD by a wealthy penitent widow, Fabiola. In the early Middle Ages (6th to 10th century), under the influence of the Be- nedictine Order, an infirmary became an established part of every monastery. -
The Mathematics of Bookselling : a Monograph Pdf, Epub, Ebook
THE MATHEMATICS OF BOOKSELLING : A MONOGRAPH PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Leonard Shatzkin | 112 pages | 01 Dec 1997 | Idealogical Press | 9780878380251 | English | United Kingdom The Mathematics of Bookselling : A Monograph PDF Book We specialize in building quality collections and welcome offers of individual books or collections for purchase or sale on consignment. Any store routinely dealing directly with more than 20 publishers and distributors will almost certainly improve their financial performance by cutting that back and consolidating. I carefully grade all my books, and have concern for the needs of both the collector of rare books and those wishing to purchase less common books at good prices. Forgot password? What would have happened? Search within book. This chapter discusses the history of bookselling in Ireland before the 17th century. Currently we have over 15, books listed and have approximately another , yet to inventory and list. Fireside Bookshop is now based in Littlehampton in West Sussex. In fact, if you think about that for even a couple of minutes, it seems nuts. Our online address is www. Only after repeated pleadings from his comrades, particularly the late Shloime Mendelsohn, did he agree to attempt it. Solutions that were immediate, practical, and necessary. We specialize in quality, scholarly books in the sciences, humanities and religion. Books and, ultimately, other content too will be merchandised in unique ways across countless web sites curating and presenting content choices for their own communities and audiences. We have very good customer service. Authors of talent, vision, and intellect would find it more difficult to be published than ever before. -
Moravian Publication Office
M O R A V I A N A R C H I V E S Inventory of the records of the Moravian Publication Office 1823 – 1964 MPO Pauline Fox 2012 History The history of bookselling in Bethlehem began in 1745 when the Moravian Church appointed Samuel Powell, landlord of the Crown Inn on the south bank of the Lehigh River, to also manage the new "Bethlehem Buchladen." Eventually the book store, and other branches dealing with printed materi- al, centered near Main Street on the north side of the river. The first established printing press in Bethlehem began operation in 1830, providing local newspapers and advertising. The first official Moravian publication to be issued was the quarterly "Missionary Intelligencer", from 1822 to 1849, edited by the Rev. Henry Van Vleck and printed in New York City. It was then continued as the monthly "Moravian Church Miscellany" from 1850 to 1855. In 1856 a new and expanded weekly "The Moravian" was introduced, with a joint editorial board of Edmund de Schweinitz, L.F. Kampmann, and F. F. Hagen. At first the printing was done in Philadelphia, then transferred to Bethlehem at the end of 1858. The priority of publication of materials for worship, education and commu- nication was stated in the Resolutions of the 1864 Provincial Synod (Northern District) of the Moravian Church: that "a strenuous effort" should be made to create a printing/publication establishment whenever the Provincial Elders deemed "such a step practicable." The cause of publica- tions was strongly supported by Rev. Sylvester Wolle, who was Treasurer of the Provincial Elders Conference and worked in the Publication Office dur- ing the 1860s. -
Downloaded from Brill.Com10/04/2021 08:59:36AM Via Free Access
Chapter 12 Aristocrats, Mercenaries, Clergymen and Refugees: Deliberate and Forced Mobility of Armenians in the Early Medieval Mediterranean (6th to 11th Century a.d.) Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 1 Introduction Armenian mobility in the early Middle Ages has found some attention in the scholarly community. This is especially true for the migration of individuals and groups towards the Byzantine Empire. A considerable amount of this re- search has focused on the carriers and histories of individual aristocrats or noble families of Armenian origin. The obviously significant share of these in the Byzantine elite has even led to formulations such as Byzantium being a “Greco-Armenian Empire”.1 While, as expected, evidence for the elite stratum is relatively dense, larger scale migration of members of the lower aristocracy (“azat”, within the ranking system of Armenian nobility, see below) or non- aristocrats (“anazat”) can also be traced with regard to the overall movement of groups within the entire Byzantine sphere. In contrast to the nobility, however, the life stories and strategies of individuals of these backgrounds very rarely can be reconstructed based on our evidence. In all cases, the actual signifi- cance of an “Armenian” identity for individuals and groups identified as “Ar- menian” by contemporary sources or modern day scholarship (on the basis of 1 Charanis, “Armenians in the Byzantine Empire”, passim; Charanis, “Transfer of population”; Toumanoff, “Caucasia and Byzantium”, pp. 131–133; Ditten, Ethnische Verschiebungen, pp. 124–127, 134–135; Haldon, “Late Roman Senatorial Elite”, pp. 213–215; Whitby, “Recruitment”, pp. 87–90, 99–101, 106–110; Isaac, “Army in the Late Roman East”, pp. -
Why Did the Import of Dirhams Cease? Viacheslav Kuleshov Institutionen För Arkeologi Och Antikens Kultur Doktorandseminarium 2018-01-31 Kl
Why did the import of dirhams cease? Viacheslav Kuleshov Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur Doktorandseminarium 2018-01-31 Kl. 15-17 1. Introduction The minting of post-reform Islamic silver coins (Kufic dirhams) started under the Umayyad period in 78 AH (697/698). Kufic dirhams were minted using a more or less stable design pattern for more than three centuries until around the middle of the 11th century. The most common are Abbasid and Samanid dirhams of mid-8th to mid- 10th centuries. The later coinages are those of the Buyid, Ziyarid, ‘Uqaylid, Marwanid and Qarakhanid dynasties. 2. Inflows of dirhams under the Abbasid period (750–945), and their silver content The inflow of Kufic dirhams from the Caliphate northwards started as early as around 750. By the beginning of the 9th century the first waves of early Islamic coined silver reached Gotland and Uppland in Sweden, where the oldest grave finds with coins have been discovered. The largest volumes of collected and deposited silver are particularly well recorded in Eastern Europe for the 850s to 860s, 900s to 910s, and 940s to 950s. Of importance is the fact that, as visual examination and many analyses of coins show, from the early 8th to the early 10th centuries an initially established silver content in coins was normally maintained at 92 to 96 per cent. In the first half of the 10th century the same or even higher fineness was typical of the early Samanid dirhams from Central Asia. Such fineness is also evident from colour and metal surface. 3. -
Transcontinental Trade and Economic Growth
M. SHATZMILLER: TRANSCONTINENTAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Transcontinental Trade and Economic Growth in the Early Islamic Empire: The Red Sea Corridor in the 8th-10th Centuries Maya Shatzmiller The question of why and how sustained economic growth the long term, it surely qualifies as a ‘trend’ or a ‘cycle’ occurs in historical societies is most frequently studied in in historical economic growth.7 Several long-term fac- relation to the European model, otherwise known as the tors brought about a series of changes in the key econom- ‘Rise of the West’, the only model to have been studied ic components of the empire: an increase in monetary in detail so far.1 The debate continues over why western supply and circulation; the development and elaboration Europe forged ahead and remained so consistently, while of state fiscal institutions with an efficient system of tax other societies, including eastern Europe, were unable to collection; the creation of legal institutions to uphold stage their own ‘rise’ through intensive growth, maintain property rights; demographic growth resulting from both it consistently once it occurred, or indeed successfully internal population growth and the importing of slaves; emulate the European model. On the other hand, there is a increased output in the manufacturing sector as a result mounting feeling of dissatisfaction with the notion of ex- of increased division of labour; and finally, an increased clusiveness and uniqueness which accompanies the debate volume of trade, efficient markets, commercial techniques about ‘The Rise of the West/Europe’.2 Those who study and development of credit tools. It is the trade component non-Western societies suggest that alternative interpreta- that will concern us here, since it presents us with an ele- tions and comparative studies of economic growth do exist ment that is variable in a comparative context – the ele- and should be looked at, rather than simply accepting the ment being the role of intercontinental trade in economic European model at its face value. -
Did Comet HEINRICH-Swift-Tuttle Terminate Roman and Global Civilization? [ROME’S POPULATION CATASTROPHE: G
1 Did Comet HEINRICH-Swift-Tuttle Terminate Roman and Global Civilization? [ROME’S POPULATION CATASTROPHE: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia_di_Roma] G. Heinsohn, January 2021 In the first millennium CE, the people of ROME built residential quarters, latrines, water pipes, sewage systems, streets, ports, bakeries etc., but only during Imperial Antiquity (1- 230s CE). No such structures were built during Late Antiquity (4th-6th/7th c.) or the Early Middle Ages (8th-930s CE). [See already https://q-mag.org/gunnar-heinsohn-the-stratigraphy- of-rome-benchmark-for-the-chronology-of-the-first-millennium-ce.html] Since the ruins of the 3rd c. CE lie directly beneath the primitive new structures that were built after the 930s CE (i.e., BEGINNING OF THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES), Imperial Antiquity belongs stratigraphically to the period from 700 to 930s CE. The steep decline in the population of Rome from 1.5 million to 650,000, dated in the diagram to "450" CE, must be accommodated archaeologically within Imperial Antiquity. This decline is due to the crisis caused by the Antonine Plague and Fires, the burning of Rome's State Archives (Tabularium), the Comet of Commodus before the rise of the Severan Emperors (190s-230s CE), and the invasion of Italy by proto-Hunnic Iazyges and proto-Gothic Quadi from the 160s to the 190s. The 160s ff. are stratigraphically parallel with the 450s ff. CE and its invasion of Italy by Huns and Goths. Stratigraphically, we are in the 860s ff. CE, with Hungarians and Vikings. The demographic collapse in the CRISIS OF THE 6th CENTURY (“553” CE in the diagram) is identical with the CRISIS OF THE 3rd C., as well as with the COLLAPSE OF THE 10th C., when Comet HEINRICH-Swift-Tuttle (after King Heinrich I of Saxony; 876/919-936 CE) with ensuing volcanos and floods of the 930s CE ) damaged the globe and Henry’s Roman style city of Magdeburg). -
Medieval Population Dynamics to 1500
Medieval Population Dynamics to 1500 Part C: the major population changes and demographic trends from 1250 to ca. 1520 European Population, 1000 - 1300 • (1) From the ‘Birth of Europe’ in the 10th century, Europe’s population more than doubled: from about 40 million to at least 80 million – and perhaps to as much as 100 million, by 1300 • (2) Since Europe was then very much underpopulated, such demographic growth was entirely positive: Law of Eventually Diminishing Returns • (3) Era of the ‘Commercial Revolution’, in which all sectors of the economy, led by commerce, expanded -- with significant urbanization and rising real incomes. Demographic Crises, 1300 – 1500 • From some time in the early 14th century, Europe’s population not only ceased to grow, but may have begun its long two-century downswing • Evidence of early 14th century decline • (i) Tuscany (Italy): best documented – 30% -40% population decline before the Black Death • (ii) Normandy (NW France) • (iii) Provence (SE France) • (iv) Essex, in East Anglia (eastern England) The Estimated Populations of Later Medieval and Early Modern Europe Estimates by J. C. Russell (red) and Jan de Vries (blue) Population of Florence (Tuscany) Date Estimated Urban Population 1300 120,000 1349 36,000? 1352 41, 600 1390 60,000 1427 37,144 1459 37,369 1469 40,332 1488 42,000 1526 (plague year) 70,000 Evidence of pre-Plague population decline in 14th century ESSEX Population Trends on Essex Manors The Great Famine: Malthusian Crisis? • (1) The ‘Great Famine’ of 1315-22 • (if we include the sheep -
I Make Contact: Contributive Bookselling and the Small Press In
i Make Contact: Contributive Bookselling and the Small Press in Canada Following the Second World War Cameron Alistair Owen Anstee A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate in Philosophy degree in English Literature Department of English Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Cameron Alistair Owen Anstee, Ottawa, Canada, 2017 ii Abstract This dissertation examines booksellers in multiple roles as cultural agents in the small press field. It proposes various ways of understanding the work of booksellers as actively shaping the production, distribution, reception, and preservation of small press works, arguing that bookselling is a small press act unaccounted for in existing scholarship. It is structured around the idea of “contributive” bookselling from Nicky Drumbolis, wherein the bookseller “adds dimension to the cultural exchange […] participates as user, maker, transistor” (“this fiveyear list”). The questions at the heart of this dissertation are: How does the small press, in its material strategies of production and distribution, reshape the terms of reception for readers? How does the bookseller contribute to these processes? What does independent bookselling look like when it is committed to the cultural and aesthetic goals of the small press? And what is absent from literary and cultural records when the bookseller is not accounted for? This dissertation covers a period from 1952 to the present day. I begin by positing Raymond Souster’s “Contact” labour as an influential model for small press publishing in which the writer must adopt multiple roles in the communications circuit in order to construct and educate a community of readers. -
Jan 2011 Newsletter
Aldus Society Notes Autumn, 2012 Volume 12, No. 3 September 13 Program Features Creator of Booktryst Stephen Gertz, the virtuoso webmaster and grand poobah of the rollicking website called Booktryst, will launch our 2012-13 programming season with his talk, “From Athanasius Kircher To Ashton Kutcher: 350 Years of Strange, Unusual, Eccentric, and Just Plain Weird Books. Or, Heteromorphic Literature 101.” His website, occasionally outrageous but always entertaining and educa- tional, is dedicated to news, information, and Legendary Bookseller to features about the world of Speak to Aldus on October 11 rare books and all aspects Justin G. Schiller, who runs the nation’s foremost of the antiquarian book antiquarian bookselling firm specializing in historical business. children’s literature, will be our speaker on October 11. In (continued on page 3) his talk titled “A Bookseller’s Odyssey,” he will share many adventures in his bookselling career. NOTE: This program will be held at the Thompson Library at OSU - at our regular time - due to a scheduling conflict with Thurber Center, our normal venue. Our meeting room and parking suggestions will Examples of the treats on follow on the listserv. the Booktryst site include “The Writing Parrot” which Schiller’s New York City store focuses on collectible features beautifully illus- children’s books, original related art, and manuscripts. trated books on parrots and “Planet of the Monkey-men Fellow bookseller David Mason wrote in 2010 for an 1827,” about satiric anthro- ILAB newsletter: “Justin -
The Tribal Territory of the Kurds Through Arabic Medieval Historiography Boris James
The tribal territory of the Kurds through Arabic medieval historiography Boris James To cite this version: Boris James. The tribal territory of the Kurds through Arabic medieval historiography: Spatial Dynamics, Territorial Categories, and Khaldunian Paradigm. Middle East Studies Association (North America) GatheringPanel : “ Before Nationalism : Land and Loyalty in the Middle East ”, Nov 2007, Montreal, Canada. halshs-00350118 HAL Id: halshs-00350118 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00350118 Submitted on 5 Jan 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. MESA 2007 Panel :Before Nationalism: Land and Loyalty in the Middle East The tribal territory of the Kurds through Arabic medieval historiography: spatial dynamics, territorial categories, and Khaldunian paradigm Boris James (IFPO/ University of Paris 10) In the 14th century an egyptian author, al-Maqrîzî writes : « You should know that nobody agrees on the definition of the Kurds. The ‘Ajam for instance indicate that the Kurds were the favourite food of the king Bayûrasf. He was ordering everyday that two human beings be sacrificed for him so he could consume their flesh. His Vizir Arma’il was sacrificing one and sparing the other who was sent to the mountains of Fârs. -
Coins, Dies, Silver: for a New Approach to the Making of the Feudal Period Jens Christian Moesgaard1,2,4, Guillaume Sarah2, Marc Bompaire2,3
LE STUDIUM Multidisciplinary Journal www.lestudium-ias.com FELLOWSHIP FINAL REPORT Coins, Dies, Silver: for a new approach to the making of the feudal period Jens Christian Moesgaard1,2,4, Guillaume Sarah2, Marc Bompaire2,3 1 Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, National Museum. 1220 Copenhagen, Denmark 2 IRAMAT-CEB, UMR 5060, CNRS/Université d’Orléans, 45000 Orléans, France 3 Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 75014 Paris, France 4 LE STUDIUM Institute for Advanced Studies, 45000 Orléans, France REPORT INFO ABSTRACT Fellow: Senior researcher Jens The transition in the 10th century from the centralised Carolingian state to Christian MOESGAARD the decentralised feudal principalities is a subject of debate among From National Museum of Denmark historians: was it a violent breakdown or a continuous evolution? The Host laboratory in region Centre-Val major problem facing historians is the scarcity of written sources. But de Loire: IRAMAT-CEB, UMR 5060, coins are numerous and constitute a relevant source material. Indeed, CNRS/Université d’Orléans Host scientist: Dr Marc BOMPAIRE Coinage is an official institution, and studying it informs us about the state Period of residence in region Centre- of society and the organisation of the administration. Val de Loire: September 2017- The study of Norman coinage in the 10th century shows a large and well- September 2018 managed production and a firm control of the circulation. Exchange fees provided income for the duke. This reflects a well-organised stable Keywords: administration and an ability of controlling society, far from the chaotic, Coins, Normandy, 10th century, violent and anarchistic picture of early feudalism that is sometimes managed currency, metal analyses, purported.