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The Royal College of Art : its influence on education, art and design 1900-1950. CUNLIFFE-CHARLESWORTH, Hilary <http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9019-3931> Available from the Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/3144/ A Sheffield Hallam University thesis This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Please visit http://shura.shu.ac.uk/3144/ and http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html for further details about copyright and re-use permissions. Sheffield Hallam University Author: C u ^ /-/r('c -c^/vi6es^/i7j-/t CY Title/Thesis Number: 7?^, o^ A/er ; 4/r> /As//=<-.aAjt^c O/VJ eojom oNJ, AtO£> J > E s « S f i J „ ^ 0 0 - / 1 5 6 Degree: p ^ Year: /*=?7( Copyright Declaration Consultation for Research or Private study for Non Commercial Purposes I recognise that the copyright in this thesis belongs to the author. I undertake not to publish either the whole or any part of it, or make a copy of the whole or any substantial part of it, without the consent of the author. I recognise that making quotations from unpublished works under 'fair dealing for criticism or review' is not permissible. Consultation for Research or Private study for Commercial Purposes I recognise that the copyright in this thesis belongs to the author. I undertake not to publish either the whole or any part of it, or make a copy of the whole or any part of it, without the consent of the author. 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Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 I THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART ITS INFLUENCE ON EDUCATION, ART AND DESIGN 1900-1950 by HILARY CUNLIFFE-CHARLESWORTH BA MA A thesis submitted to the Council for National Academic Awards in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Sponsoring Establishment: Division of Historical and Critical Studies Sheffield City Polytechnic Collaborating Establishment: The Royal College of Art August 1991 Abstract Hilary Cunliffe-Charlesworth THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART ITS INFLUENCE ON EDUCATION ART AND DESIGN 1900-1950 The Royal College of Art is considered through its teaching of art and design, and its work as a centre for the training of art teachers. The ideas of some of the staff are evaluated with regard to the need for art and design education. The influence of the diplomates of the College on the areas of education, art and design is appraised with a view to assessing the value of the work of the College. The relevance of government bodies to the Royal College of Art is examined in some detail, notably the Board and Ministry of Education, the Board of Trade and the Treasury. The relationship between the Civil Servants and the College Principals, Visitors and College Council are considered. The extent to which the College was prevented from achieving its original aims and objectives is explored. This is appraised together with examples of criticism the College received from government circles and external bodies. How such criticism was adapted for future educational policy at the College is also noted. When the Royal College of Art obtained independence from the Ministry of Education the College established its status as a post-graduate institution and was able to address the requirements of modern design education. The Appendices provide details of the Royal College of Art*s chronology of events, statistical information and summarised results of a questionnaire given to ex-students. Contents Acknowledgements................................................. .vii Foreword....... • viii Introduction..........................................................1 Endnotes................. 7 1 The Influence of the Royal College of Art on Education...... 11 Endnotes............. 32 2 The Influence of the Royal College of Art on Art............. 47 Endnotes...................................................... 64 3 The Influence of the Royal College of Art on Design.........84 Endnotes ..... 115 4 The Influence of Government on the Royal College of Art....136 4.1 The Influence of Government on the Royal College of Art During the Principalship of Augustus Spencer 1900-20.••137 The Departmental Committee on the Royal College of Art.146 Teacher Training............................................ 152 Student Conditions at the Royal College of Art..........153 The Recommendations of the 1911 Report................... 155 The Advisory Council for Art Education...................157 Proposed Royal Commission on the Royal College of Art..157 The Accommodation of the Royal College of Art...........158 Endnotes ............................. 164 4.2 The Influence of Government on the Royal College of Art During the Principalship of William Rothenstein 1920-38............................................... 171 Departmental Committee of the Board of Education 1929..184 The Appointment of Percy Jowett as Principal............ 188 Endnotes............... 200 4.3 The Influence of Government on the Royal College of Art During the Principalship of Percy Jowett 1935-48....... 206 The Hambleden Committee 1935.............................. 207 New Administrative Support and Registrar 1939...........210 The Effects of the Second World War...................... 211 The Board of Education and Student Health...... 213 Post War Reorganisation of Art and Craft Education 215 Committee on Industrial Art Education 1943........... ...218 The Weir Committee Report. •••••••••..••••••............ 219 The Findings of the Interdepartmental Committee.........220 The Royal College of Art Returns to London.............235 The Retirement of the Principal Percy Jowett........... 236 Endnotes •••••..........................................243 4.4 The Influence of Government on the Royal College of Art During the Principalship of Robin Darwin 1948-50....... 252 The Need for Re-Organisation at the College............. 254 Darwin arrives at the Royal College of Art.............. 256 The New Constitution. •. • .................................. 263 Darwin forces staff changes................................268 The move towards independance............................. 272 Negotiations with the Treasury............................ 280 Negotiations with the Ministry of Works............... ..282 The College Gains Independence......................... ...282 Endnotes..................................................... 285 Summary. ................... 293 Table 1: State Aid for Art- incidental expenditure...298 Table 2: State Aid for Art - graph..................... 299 Endnotes ............................ 300 Conclusion. ......... 301 Endnotes .................. 347 List of Plates................... ... ............................ 358 Plates............... 362 Bibliography...................................................... 407 Board of Education Papers. ....................... 407 Board of Trade Papers .......................... 415 Secondary Source Material.................. ....416 Appendices Introductory Note................. 425 Appendix A The Government School of Design and its Scuccessors....... 426 Endnotes ...... 440 Appendix B Members of the Board and Ministry of Education 1900-45....442 Appendix C Royal College of Art 1900-1950:Questionnaire Results.....444 Copy of Questionnaire. ............. 445 Introduction to the Results of theQuestionnaire.... ....... 450 Table A Number of Responses by Year of Entrance to R.C.A..452 Table B Number of Diplomates of the R.C.A. Total....... ...453 Table C Number of Diplomates by Subject Area............... 454 Table D Number of Diplomates by Gender.............. 455 Table E Total Number of Diplomates by Subject Area: graph.456 Table F Total Number of Diplomates by Gender: graph....... 457 Pre Art School Education.............. ....................... 458 Junior and Elementary Schools.............................. 458 Secondary Schools............................................ 459 Higher Grade and High Schools.......... ................... 459 Technical and Trade Schools...................... 460 Grammar Schools•••••........... ••••......461 Private and Public Schools.............................. ..463 Private Tutition............ •••••....... 464 Convent Schools........ ••••.......................... 464 Church of England Schools...................................464 County Schools............. 465 Other types of school.........................