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Serangan Ulat Jengkal (Hyposidra Talaca Wlk.) Pada Bibit Pakoba (Syzygium Luzonense (Merr.) Merr.) Di Persemaian

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Serangan Ulat Jengkal (Hyposidra Talaca Wlk.) Pada Bibit Pakoba (Syzygium Luzonense (Merr.) Merr.) Di Persemaian Agrologia, Vol. 6, No.1, April 2017, Hal. 37-43 Serangan Ulat Jengkal (Hyposidra talaca Wlk.) Pada Bibit Pakoba (Syzygium luzonense (Merr.) Merr.) Di Persemaian 1Hanif Nurul Hidayah1), Arif Irawan1), dan Illa Anggraini 2), 1)Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Manado Jl. Tugu Adipura Raya Kel. Kima Atas Kec. Mapanget Kota Manado Telp : 085697011099 2)Pusat Litbang Hutan. Jl. Raya Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor 1Email : [email protected] ABSTRAK Budidaya tanaman pakoba (Syzygium luzonense (Merr.) Merr.) di persemaian ditemui kendala berupa serangan ulat jengkal (Hyposidra talaca Wlk). Gejala yang ditimbulkan berupa lubang-lubang pada daun terutama daun muda sampai menyerang habis daun-daun bibit pakoba. Serangan hebat dapat menyebabkan kematian bibit. Terdapat lima blok di pembibitan pakoba yang diamati dengan jumlah total bibit sebanyak 1014 bibit. Presentase serangan rata- rata yang diakibatkan oleh ulat ini cukup tinggi yaitu mencapai 49,34 %. Upaya pengendalian serangan ulat jengkal dapat dilakukan dengan cara pendekatan pengendalian terpadu. Penanggulangan hama ulat jengkal yang telah dilakukan di persemaian adalah dengan cara kimiawi menggunakan insektisida berbahan aktif profenofos dengan dosis setengah dari dosis normal. Kata Kunci : insektisida, Pakoba, Persentase serangan, Ulat jengkal Caterpillar Spread (Hyposidra talaca Wlk.) Attack On Pakoba (Syzygium luzonense (Merr.) Merr.) Seedlings In Nursary ABSTRACT Obstace of pakoba (Syzygium luzonense (Merr.) Merr.) cultivation in nursery is twig caterpillar (Hyposidra talaca WLK) attacks. The Pest symptoms was holes in the leaves especially young leaves; twig caterpillar enable to attack all leaves of pakoba seed. Severe attacks cause death of seedlings. There are five blocks in pakoba nursery that were observed; 1014 pakoba seedlings were grown in these blocks. The average percentage of twig caterpillar’s attack was quite high, reached 49.34%. Twig caterpillar has been controlled by integrated pest management. Chemical control to decrease twig caterpillars attack in nursery has been done by using half dose of insecticide profenofos. Keywords: Insecticide, Pakoba, percentage of attacks, twig caterpillar PENDAHULUAN Tanaman pakoba memiliki banyak manfaat (Multi Purpose Tree Species/MPTS). Pakoba merupakan tanaman endemik Bagian daun dan kulit kayu banyak Sulawesi Utara yang memiliki banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai obat tradisional untuk kegunaan. Keberadaannya cukup populer menurunkan kadar gula darah, asam urat, dan terutama dikalangan masyarakat Minahasa memulihkan kondisi setelah melahirkan. Pada dan Bolaang Mongondow. Hasil identifikasi bagian tersebut terkandung senyawa jenis yang dilakukan pada Laboratorium flavonoid, tanin, alkaloid dan saponin Biologi LIPI pada bulan Juli 2016, Pakoba (Hidayah et al. 2015). Senyawa flavonoid dan termasuk dalam family Myrtaceae dengan tanin yang dapat menurunkan kadar gula nama ilmiah Syzygium luzonense (Merr.) darah dibuktikan oleh Studiawan dan Santosa Merr. (2005) pada mencit yang diinduksi Aloksan, tetapi pada penelitian ini menggunakan daun 37 Hidayah, dkk. 2017. Serangan Ulat Jengkal … salam (Euginia polyantha Wight) yang positif hujan 2.500-3.000 mm/tahun, rerata mengandung senyawa flavonoid dan tanin temperatur udara 27oC dan rerata kelembaban Flavonoid merupakan senyawa metabolit udara relatif 73 %. Penelitian menggunakan sekunder tumbuhan yang memiliki aktifitas bibit pakoba berumur tiga bulan. sebagai antioksidan yang berkaitan dengan Respons yang diamati adalah gejala aktivitas anti diabetes dan anti kanker (Jagtap serangan di persemaian, sedangkan data dan Bapat, 2010). Tanaman ini memiliki sekunder meliputi jenis tanah, tinggi tempat, kayu kelas kuat III dengan variasi berat jenis dan iklim. Untuk menghitung persentase antara 0,562 – 0,747. Masyarakat sekitar serangan ulat terhadap bibit pakoba banyak memanfaatkannya untuk bahan baku menggunakan rumus : kayu pertukangan dan untuk pembuatan perahu (Nurrani and Tabba 2012). Pemanfaatan pakoba tidak hanya terhenti ∑ pada daun, kulit kayu ataupun kayunya, = 100% melainkan buah yang dihasilkan dapat Pengambilan∑ contohℎ ulat dan kegiatan rearing dikonsumsi secara langsung atau diolah dilakukan di laboratorium dan di persemaian, menjadi berbagai macam panganan. untuk mengetahui siklus hidupnya. Tingginya pemanfaatan tanaman pakoba oleh Identifikasi jenis ulat menggunakan kunci masyarakat menyebabkan semakin identifikasi dari Borror, et al. (1992). berkurangnya populasi pakoba. Hal ini HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN mendorong untuk dilakukan upaya pengembangan budidaya tanaman pakoba. a. Gejala Serangan Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Ulat (larva) menyerang daun muda dari (BP2LHK) Manado melakukan bibit pakoba pada bagian tepi daun dengan pengembangan pembibitan pakoba di memakannya, hingga tepi daun seperti robek, persemaian. pada serangan berat menyebabkan daun Dalam proses pengembangan berlubang dan pucuk tanaman gundul, pembibitan di persemaian terdapat beberapa sehingga tinggal tulang daun saja (Gambar 1). kendala yang sering dijumpai, salah satunya Bila daun-daun muda dan pucuk telah habis adanya serangan ulat pada bibit pakoba. Ulat maka hama ini akan meningkatkan tersebut makin berkembang dan populasinya serangannya ke daun-daun tua dibawahnya. meningkat, hal ini dipicu oleh banyaknya Dengan demikian bila hama ini menyerang ketersediaan bahan pakan ulat yang melimpah tanaman bibit, maka tanaman tersebut akan yaitu daun muda bibit pakoba dan faktor menjadi gundul (tak berdaun) sama sekali. kelembaban yang cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini Serangan terjadi umumnya terjadi pada bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis ulat dan malam hari hingga menjelang pagi. Ulat persentase serangan ulat pada bibit pakoba mulai aktif merusak tanaman pakoba sejak umur tiga bulan di persemaian. menetas dari telur hingga menjelang prapupa. b. Identifikasi Ulat METODOLOGI PENELITIAN Secara morfologi dan perilaku ulat ini Penelitian dilakukan di persemaian sangat khas, sering disebut ulat jengkal atau Balai BP2LHK Manado pada bulan Januari – ulat kilan, karena cara ulat berjalan dengan Maret 2016. Kondisi biofisik di persemaian berjingkat-jingkat, ulat seperti gerak tangan antara lain beriklim tropis, dengan ketinggian manusia ketika mengukur dengan jengkal tempat 300 m diatas permukaan laut, tipe demi jengkal, yaitu dengan cara ujung tubuh iklim B (Smith dan Ferguson, 1951), curah bagian belakang ditarik ke bagian depan 38 Agrologia, Vol. 6, No.1, April 2017, Hal. 37-43 sehingga tubuhnya melengkung, kemudian kekuningan. Telur diletakkan secara koloni tubuh bagian depan bergerak maju. Ulat tidak teratur pada ketiak daun, bagian bawah bergerak seperti itu karena ulat tidak daun, lekukan buah kakao, ranting, celah- mempunyai kaki pada bagian tengah celah batang atau cabang pada tanaman inang tubuhnya. Apabila ada gangguan maka ulat seperti lamtoro atau kakao. Banyak telur yang akan meluruskan tubuhnya (posisi telentang). dihasilkan imago betina berbeda-beda, Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa ulat berkisar antara 250-700 butir telur. Lama jengkal tersebut jenis Hyposidra talaca Wlk. periode telur dari berbagai berkisar antara 5- Klasifikasi ulat jengkal yang menyerang daun 10 hari. pakoba adalah sebagai berikut : Kingdom : Animalia Filum : Arthopoda Kelas : Insecta Ordo : Lepidoptera Famili : Geometridae Genus : Hyposidra Spesies : Hyposidra talaca Ulat jengkal bersifat polifag, hal ini dapat dilihat bahwa ulat jengkal tidak hanya menyerang bibit pakoba saja tetapi tanaman pertanian dan tanaman perkebunanpun sering diserang. Beberapa hasil penelitian yang Larva menyatakan bahwa jenis tanaman yang sering Larva ulat jengkal yang baru keluar dari diserang ulat jengkal, antara lain pada bibit telur mempunyai ukuran panjang 1,5-2 mm Kranji (Suharti et al, 2015); tanaman Jarak dan lebar 0,2-0,5 mm, berwarna coklat muda. Pagar (Chandra, 2008); tanaman Trembesi Setelah larva berumur satu hari warna tubuh (Juliati et al, 2016); tanaman Sengon menjadi coklat kehitaman dengan bintik- (Dendang et al, 2007), tanaman adas bintik putih pada ruas toraks pertama dan ruas (Siswanto dan Wiratno, 1998), tanaman abdomen pertama sampai keempat. Larva kakao (Setyolaksono, 2014), tanaman teh, yang baru menetas akan menggantung pada tanaman murbai (Nuraeni dan Anggraeni, tanaman inangnya. Karena telur diletakkan 2014) dan lain-lain. secara berkoloni dan waktu menetasnya telur Ulat jengkal dalam perkembang juga hampir bersamaan, sehingga larva juga biakannya termasuk dalam golongan serangga akan menggantung pada tanaman inang Holometabola, yaitu kelompok serangga yang secara berkoloni. Lama periode larva sangat mengalami metamorfosis sempurna. Serangga beragam, yaitu berkisar antara 12-34 hari, ini mengalami empat tahap perkembangan tergantung pada daun yang dimakan oleh yaitu telur, larva, pupa (kepompong), dan larva tersebut. imago. Larva mengalami empat kali ganti kulit. Larva instar awal berwarna coklat kehitaman Telur (Gambar 2). Larva instar akhir berwarna Telur dari ulat jengkal berbentuk bulat coklat sampai coklat keabu-abuan., memiliki memanjang, dengan ukuran panjang 0,75-1 panjang tubuh berkisar antara 70-80 mm mm dan lebar 0,5-0,75 mm (Gambar 1). Telur (Gambar 3). Larva instar akhir dari ulat yang baru diletakkan berwarna bening, jengkal akan turun dari tanaman inang dengan kemudian berangsur-angsur berubah menjadi cara menggantung pada benang liur yang hijau. Warna telur akan berubah warna dihasilkannya atau berjalan melalui ranting, menjelang menetas menjadi coklat
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