Status Report TEA PESTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT WITH BIO-PESTICIDES

Seema Wahab'

ABSTRACT The increasing demand for higher productivity of tea results in its intensive cultivation, which increases the pressure from insect pests on this crop. Chemical pesticides, irrespective of their toxicity status, are being extensively applied. Their various detrimental effects become apparent in the ecosystem including residues in made tea. Bio-control agents such as parasites, predators, and fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens have strong potential to act as effective alternatives to chemicalpesticides. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compile all available information on biocontrol research on tea around the world as well as in lndia. This information will not only he$ to focus the possibility of using these agents against tea pests, but also will identify the gap of biopesticidal research for designing the future thrusts. Department of Biotechnology Government of lndia has played a catalytic role and supported several projects on the management of tea pests and,diseases in Indian tea.

Keywords: lndia; tea productivity; pesticide residues; biocontrol agents; biocides

INTRODUCTION application of safer pesticides could lead to Tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] 0. Kuntz) has a special reduction of problems associated with pesticide place as export-oriented crop. Being a perennial application including residues and overall cost of grown as monoculture, tea provides a congenial made tea (Hazarika et al., 1994a; Hazarika etal., permanent habitat to different pests (Chen and 2001 ). Chen, 1989; Muraleedharan, 1992; Hazarika etal., 1994a, 2001). Insect pests attack all parts of tea SURVEY OF NATURAL ENEMIES OF TEA plant vk. root, stem, leaf, flower and seed causing PESTS 10-15% loss in yield (Hazarika etal., 2001). In order Survey and identification of natural enemies of tea to ward off the severity of pests, chemical pesticides pests were conducted by several workers from have been used extensively which also affect different parts of the world (Hazarika etal., 2001). natural enemies, encourage development of In Sri Lanka, Cranham (1966a) enlisted predators resistant pests and secondary pest outbreaks, and parasites associated with tea pests, and cause health hazards to applicators and leave Danthanarayana (1967) studied the interactions of undesirable residues in made tea (Hazarika etal., parasitoids and pests. Identification and description 1994a). Pesticide residues in made tea seriously of spider fauna associated with tea leafhoppers was affect the exportability of Indian tea. Likewise health reported from China (Zhang, 1993) and lndia hazard to the consumers are also a matter of great (Hazarika et al., 2001; Hazarika and Chakraborti, concern. In this context the demand of biological 1998). control as a component of integrated pest management (IPM) along with need based Rao etal. (1970) catalogued predators, parasitoids and a few fungal pathogens of key pests of tea. Das (1974. 1979).. DreDared . two directories of 'Adviser. Department of Biotechnology. The Government of lndia, Block 2 (7'Tloor). CGO Complex. Lodi Road. New Delhi - 110003. and parasitoids of pests of tea, India. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] trees and ancillary crops. Sarma (1979) reviewed extensively the literatures The red slug caterpillar (Eterusia magnifica - on biocontrol of tea pests from Indian sub continent. Zygaenidae) can be efficiently controlled by He catalogued a few parasitoids belonging to braconid, Apanteles taprobanae and Exorista Braconidae, Euplophidae and Tachinidae as well heteresiae (Cranham, 1966a; Ozawa, 1994). Takagi as predators and pathogens of limacodids. Biology (1978) identified Arnhenophagus chionaspidis, and distribution of predators and parasitoids of Archenomus bicolor and Thomsonisca typical as insect and mite pests of tea were studied by parasitoids of white peach scale ~Pseudaaulacas~is Muraleedharan et a/. (1988) from south lndia. The pentagona). Arrhenophagus chionaspidis, problems and prospects of biocontrol as an Prospaltella (Encarcia) berlesei and Mariella camesi alternative to pesticides in northeast Indian tea were also identified as parasitoids of same insects plantation were discussed by Borthakur et al. (1992) (Ozawa, 1994). A few hymenopteran wasp and Hazarika etal. (1994a). Somchoudhury et a/. parasitoids of brown scale (Saissetia coffeae) and (1995) identified 38 species of predatory mites of Coccus viridis were also identified from Sri Lanka red spider mite from northeast lndia. Several (Cranham, 1966b). predatory mites belonging to Phytoseiidae (e.g. Amblvseius spp., Typhlodromalus sip. and The thought of biocontrol research on tea is not Typhlodromips cumulus) were recorded from tea only confined on native parasitoids and predators, areas in Kenya (Sudoi, V., 1989a, 1989b). but also the probability of importing such agents and release after augmentation is getting attention. PARASITES OF TEA PESTS During 1935-36 a parasitoid Macrocentrus Several workers like Cranham (1966a) and homonae was introduced from Java, Indonesia to Muraleedharan and Selvasundaran, (1986) bring complete suppression of the tortricid (Homona highlighted the importance of parasites against tea coffearia), a serious pest of tea in Sri Lanka (Evans, pests in Sri Lanka. Afew species of egg parasitoids 1952; Gadd, 1941) and is regarded as a classical of leaf eating caterpillar (Teleonomus euproctidis - example of biological control of tea pest (Cranham, Scelionidae) on a lymantrid pest (Euproctis 1966b). Conservation of biocontrol agents is pseudocaspersa) were recorded in China (Wang, essential; however, mass production and release 1981). A few important tortricid species of tea and of effective biocontrol agents would bring more their larval parasitoids were described in Australia, success for tea pest management. Attempts in this India, Japan, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka by direction are not at all satisfactory. several researchers (Muraleedharan and Selvasundaram, 1986; Danthanarayana and PREDATORS OF TEA PESTS Kathiravetpillai, 1969; Lu, 1993; Cranham, 1966a; The use of predators in controlling tea pests is also Gadd, 1941; Evans, 1952; Takagi, 1978; an effective method of plant protection. Huddleston, 1983; Danthanarayana, 1967). Mzhavanade (1984) released 500 adults of Kodomari (1995) recorded Trichogramma C~yptolaemusmontrouziere per ha of tea which was dendrolimi as one of the common egg parasitoids sufficient for controlling Camella scale. Kokhreideze of tortricids, cossids and tussock moths. The tea (1981 ) recorded predatory efficiency of common lasiocampid was parasitized by Trichogramma earwig adult, Forficula auricularia, as 40-75 aphids chilonis (Hazarika etal., 1995a). Apanteles sp., an per day. important larval parasitoid of the geometrid, was used to control looper caterpillar of tea in China Natural enemies present in Kenya include Scymnus (Ning et a/., 1995). moreletti(Coccinelidae), Xanthogramma aegyptium Tea Pests

(Syrphidae) and Aphytis sp. (Aphelinidae), whereas Borthakur and Das, 1987). Amblyseius giganticus X. aegyptium is found more efficient under green and A. rhabdus are good predators of house condition (Sudoi et a/., 1996). Sudoi and phytophagous mite (Gupta, 1980; Ray and Gupta, Rotisch (1997) mass-reared X. aegyptium and 1983). Predatory mite fauna and prey-predator observed that a larva consumed 10 aphids per day. relationship were studied by Somchoudhury etal. In a survey on spiders in China, a few species of (1995). The green lacewing is an important predator salticids and liocranids as predators of leaf hoppers of all stages of soft bodied insects. Its predatory were identified by Zhang (1993) and marked efficacy on tea aphid (Toxoptera auranti~),red spider Evancha albaria, Jotus minutus and Telamonia mite (Oligonychus coffae) and tea mosquito bug bifurcilinea as dominant salticids, and Clubiona (Helopeltis theivora) were observed by Hazarika et comgata, C. japonica as dominant clubionids. Four a/. (1996). anthocorids were identified to predate on thrips (Muraleedharan and Ananthakrishnan, 1978). MYCOPATHOGENS FOR TEA PESTS Sudoi (1987) listed a few spiders, coccinellids and The fungal- infection is often observed on tea Dests. syrphids as predators of Scirtothrips sp. along with The basic requirements for fungal growth are high some entomogenous fungi. Two species of humidity, rainfall and moderate temperature. A few phytoseiid mites, that predate on Ceroplastes mycoparasites are abundantly found on scale cerifera, were observed by Lai (1993). Some other insects, such as Aschersonia sp. on Fiorina theae, predatory mites like Amblyseius rhabdus, A. Saissetia coffeae, S. formicarii. Duarium sp. and deleoni, Amblyseius sp., Tydeus sp., Acarus sp. Fusarium sp. on E theae, and Septobasidium sp. and an undescribed mite were also reported to on Velataspis sernulata. Verticillium lecanii was predate upon Acaphylla theae and Calcarus considered as an important pathogen of Coccus carinatus (Muraleedharan and Chandrasekhar, viridis in Sri Lanka (Cranham, 1966a). 1981). Oomen (1982), while studying population dynamics of the scarlet mite in Indonesia, observed In China, Beauveria bassiana was used to control that there were two species of insects and 22 species a few pests of tea successfully. B. bassiana (strain of phytoseiid mites, which preyed upon other mites. 871) when used @ 100-200 million sporesll at 7.5 to 15.0 Kglha gave more than 95% mortality of the Das (1974) recorded llspecies of Coccinellid brown weevil (Myllocerus aurolineatus) on lothday predators, six species of syrphid predators and one of spraying (Wu and Sun, 1994). Wu etal. (1995) species of antlion that feed on active form of tea sprayed 15-30 kg of the fungus @ 1-2 X 1O8 spores1 aphid. Many predators and parasitoids were ml suspension and had about 80% control of the recorded on the nymphs and adults of Helopeltis weevil in the field. In China, formulation of this theivora Waterhouse (Miridae), which is a very fungus was prepared in order to apply it in notorious pest of tea in northeast India. Among combination with synthetic pyrethroid and these predators a spider, Oxyopes sp., preying organophosphorous insecticides in the soil for mantids and reduviids was dominant (Barbora and controlling M. aurolineatus during October - Singh, 1994). Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998) December, a period when adults emerge from the' forwarded opinion about the probable utilization of soil (Sun et al., 1993). spiders for controlling jassids and thrips - two common pests of tea. Three coccinellids and three The role of another pathogen, Entomopthora sp. in predatory mite species were found to feed on red natural control of Cerace tetraonis was established spider mite and scarlet mite (Borthakur, 1981; by Debnath and Das (1995). Likewise, Poecilomyces carneus caused 37% mortality to the a suspension containing lo6 granular bodieslml, field population of the mole cricket (G~yllotalpa controlled 90% of the 4minstar larvae of the species africana), a minor pest of tea in the nurseries with LD,, as 2.63 X lo4 GB (Yang et al., 1994). (Hazarika et a/., 1994b). Earlier, Cranham (1966b) checked outbreak of nettle grubs by spraying GV and Bacillus Barua (1983) reported the occurrence of Aspergillus thuringiensis in Sri Lanka. sp. on dead aphids. The potentiality of utilizing Verticillium lecanii, Beauveria bassiana, Aegertia NPV occurrence on the 5Ih instar larvae of bunch weberri and Entomophthora sp. against scale caterpillar (Andraca bipunctata) as well as on looper insects were reported by Barua (1983) and Hazarika caterpillar (Bazura suppressaria) in northeast India et a/. (1994b). Water suspensions of some plant was reported by Hazarika etal. (1995~). NPV, a products and Verticillium lecanii containing 3% potent source of biopesticide, has tremendous Sandovit E were sprayed in field and gave marginal scope in controlling lepidopteran tea pests. control of red spider mite (Hazarika et a/, 1995b). Hazarika et a/. (1995~)reported for the first time that the NPV efficiently controlled the bunch VIRAL PATHOGENS FOR TEA PESTS caterpillar (Andraca bipunctata) in field condition. The potency of polyhedral virus ill controlling Hazarika and Puzari (2001) observed 80-100% lepidopterous insect of tea is countable. Spraying control of pest population by using B. bassiana in of polyhedral suspensions on the field resulted 98% H. theivora, V. lecanii in 0. coffeae and NPV in mortality of the caterpillars, which also contributed Bazura suppressaria. toward possible infection to the next generation (Gan, 1981). Shi (1985) and Qi et a/. (1985) had BACTERIAL PATHOGENS FOR TEA PESTS not only confirmed pathogenicity of BsNPV on The epizootics potency of pathogens on tea pests Bazura suppressaria but also the protection of large is not yet exploited fully (Barua, 1983). However, a area of tea from its attack in Jiangxi, China. NPV few bacterial disease outbreaks were reported in was reported earlier from the tea geometrid lepidopteran pests (Hazarika et a/., 1994a). (Ectropis oblique) by Zhu et al. (1981) who also Commercial formulation of 6. thuringiensis like Dipel contributed towards its histopathology and mode was used for the control of tortricid caterpillar in of action. Hu et a/. (1997) managed E. obliqua by tea field of Japan. (Kodomari, 1993). He also spraying 7.25 X lo9- 1.5 X 101° PlBlmm in the prepared a suspension by mixing GV and NPV for field. In Argentina, Sosa-Gomez et a/. (1994) controlling the pest. created artificial epizootics on a field population of a sphingid (Penagonia lucasilus) by applying NPV. EFFORTS MADE BY DEPARTMENT OF The virus also caused severe infection to BIOTECHNOLOGY (DBT), THE GOVERNEMENT Adoxophyes privatana (Tortricidae) and could kill OF INDIA TOWARDS MANAGEMENT OF TEA larvae up to 80-93% within 15-40 days (Liang et PESTS a/., 1981). Kodomari (1993) reported effectiveness Biotechnology has great potential in biocontrol. of GV on tea tortrix in Japan, which was originally Taking cognizance of need to take the technology collected from an oriental species (Homona of biocontrol from lab to land, DBT has supported magnanima) by Sato et a/. (1980). A highly a major programme to study the biological control infectious and specific to tea limacodid, Darna trima of crop pests, disease and weeds. Under this major GV (DtGV) was identified from China. The programme a national R & D network programme baculovirus was of 281 X 73.5 nm in size; spraying was established in 1989 with the main objectives I Tea Pests

of developing better product formulations as well development activities on tea. This centre has as to develop cost effective, commercially viable sufficient infrastructure facilities for conducting mass production technologies of various biocontrol research on various fields of plant protection agents. This R & D network programme is a including IPM and biocontrol. Considerable continued activity of the DBT. Besides, this DBT progress has been made for the control of pests has also launched several other programmes for and diseases of tea at AAU and TES, Jorhat which large scale adaptation of biocontrol based IPM are highlighted hereunder by citing a few examples.

technologies and their adoption by the farmers. (i). . A new improved medium for mass production During- 1994-95 a goal- oriented time bound Mission of Beauveria bassiana has been developed Mode programme was launched on development, which is of great significance. The medium is production and efficacy demonstration of biocontrol designed to produce 39.33 x lo7sporeslml agents. Subsequently, during 1998-99, a major R and showed high pathogenicity to insects 8 D programme on INMIIPM was launched in the (85% mortality). country on the use of biological resources for INPM (ii) 80-100% control of pest population was for increasing the agricultural productivity in the observed by using B. bassiana in Helopeltis existing crop ecosystem of different states theivora, Verticillium lecanii in Oligonychus representing various agroclimatic zones. Due to coffeae and NPV in Buzura suppressaria. pesticide residues, Indian consignments of (iii) Infection of NPVs (AbNPV and BsNPV) was plantation crops were not accepted outside the detected for the first time in the bunch country and this has affected the export of this caterpillar (Andraca bipunctata) and looper agricultural commodity drastically. Keeping in view caterpillar (Buzura suppressaria) in tea. the export potential of plantation crops (tea, coffee Crysoperla carnea and Trichogramma chilonis and rubber) and other crops like cotton, basmati were also identified as potential predator and rice, fruits (mango, apple, citrus) spices (ginger, parasitoid of soft-bodied pests and eggs of turmeric, black pepper and cardamom) etc. several several lepidopteran pests of tea crop. projects were generated and supported under (iv) A few entomopathogens namely Beauveria various programmes by DBT. The main aim is to bassiana, Verticillium lecanii and develop1 generate the technology packages1 Paecilomyces sp. were also isolated from tea capable modules, which are cost effective, pests. The feasibility of B. bassiana and V. sustainable and eco-friendly in different ecosystem. lecanii in controlling tea insect pests was established by field application and DBT has played an important role in supporting demonstration. It was recorded that V. lecanii several projects on pest and disease management could kill 70-80% tea aphid and 70% tea of tea crop. The projects are already underway on coccid, and thus could protect 83% of the the development of microbials and plant based infested tea seedlings. pesticides for controlling various pests of tea at (v) TV clones released by TES were screened Assam Agricultural University (AAU), Tocklai against 0. coffeae and H. theivora and Experimental Station (TES), Regional Research resistant clones were identified. Laboratory (RRL), Jorhat and many other (vi) Aqueous and solvent extracts of various organizations. AAU is situated in the major tea belts plants were also tested against tea pests. of India; it has the distinction of not only offering Extracts of Linostoma decundrum and graduate and post graduate degrees, but it has Phlogacanthas sp. were found to show been also involved in pursuing research and prominent insecticidal activity against 0. coffeae. Further, characterization and replanting purpose through control of root structure-activity determination of its bioactive diseases. molecule is being continued for bringing the (xii) Besides, several demonstration camps were active molecule to pesticidal formulation in organized in different tea estates located commercial scale. throughout northeast lndia and a technical (vii) For the first time 28 species of spiders were brochure on the use of biopesticides in tea recognized as potential naturally occurring crop for diseases management has been biocontrol agents against several pests of tea brought out. crop and a booklet of "Spider Complex Of Tea Ecosystem" was prepared. The spider fauna CONCLUSIONS from tea ecosystem was surveyed and Among plantation crops, tea has dominance on identified subsequently which have international export market. Lots of innovative potentiality for use as predators of tea pests. researches are needed to accelerate its production (viii) Scientists of different centres were also with 100% safety assurance. Pesticide load in tea provided several training cum demonstration production is too high, which gives to several programmes on the potentiality and problems like residues, health hazards, insect usefulness of biopesticides in tea crop resistance, increase in cost of production etc. protection for the purpose of popularization Presence of residues in made tea at above MRL of the biopesticides application in tea garden. results in rejection of Indian tea in international The concept of 'Biological control' among the market. tea growers of Assam and West Bengal was popularized. The endeavor of the research Agricultural pests are developing resistance to team of AAU is quite appreciable for its many synthetic agrochemicals, and new synthetic outstanding contribution in development of chemicals are being registered at a slower rate than biopesticides in the context of present-day anti in the past. This situation has helped open the pesticidal campaign. market for a new generation of microbial pesticides. (ix) BIOCON (Trichoderma biocide) and BIOTOK Bacterial and viral pathogens need to be exploited (Bacillus biocide), two biopesticide in the future. Similarly, pesticide resistant strains of formulations, were developed at TES, Jorhat. predators and parasitoids have also great potential Tea growers of north east lndia are using in this ecosystem where pesticides are applied these biocides successfully for controlling extensively. Genetic engineering can be exploited certain root, stem and black rot diseases of for developing tea clones resistant to pests. tea crop. (x) Trichoderma biocide (BIOCON) was provided Therefore, to reduce the pesticide load and thereby to 74 member gardens of Tea Research minimizing residue problem, the use of Association from the production unit of TES biopesticides may play a crucial role as a established under these projects, along with component of IPM of tea crop. The work on its application technology. biological control of tea pests is still in its infancy in (xi) TES covered 24 tea estates throughout India; its success will create a long lasting impact Assam for assessing biological control of stem on the commercial tea cultivation. The priority1thrust and root diseases of tea. Success has been areas of biocontroll biopesticides were already achieved in reducing the rehabilitation period identified by DBT. There is an urgent need for of tea from 2 years to 3-6 months for undertaking basic and applied research in respect I Tea Pests

of mass multiplication of biopesticides, product TRA, Tocklai Experimental Station, Jorhat, development, and also the introduction, pp. 118-130. conservation and augmentation of biocontrol agents. Borthakur, M. and Das, S. C. (1987). Studies on acarine predator of phytophagous mite on Petch's experience in Sri Lanka left with a somewhat tea in North East India. Two and a Bud 34 pessimisticview of biological control (Petch, 1925). (1&2): 21-24. According to him, "No fungus disease has ever Chen, Z and Chen, X. (1989). An analysis of the exterminated an insect or prevented an epidemic world tea fauna. J. Tea Sci. 9 (1): 13-22. (outbreak). That such diseases do kill off large Cranham, J. E. (1966a). Monographs Of Tea numbers of insects periodically and so exercise a Production In Ceylon : Insect And Mite Pests considerable natural control is undoubted but it has Of Tea In Ceylon And Their Control. Tea not yet been possible to improve on nature in this Research Institute of Ceylon, Talawaklle. respect". Perhaps the situation has not much Cranham, J. E. (1 966b). Tea pests and their control. changed since then. Therefore, detailed Ann. Rev. Entomol. 11: 491-514. investigations, which require both time and money, Danthanarayana, W. (1967). Tea entomology in are necessary to interpret the complex host- perspective. Tea Quart. 38 (2): 153-177. pathogen interactions and to develop appropriate Danthanarayana, W. and Kathiravetpillai, A. (1969). technology to overcome the well-documented Studies on the ecology and causes of constraints to successful implementation in the field outbreaks of Ectropis bhurmitra Wlk. as compared to the laboratory situation so that a (Geometridae), the twig caterpillar of tea in viable alternative to conventional chemical control Ceylon. J. Appl. Ecol. 6 (2): 311-322. can be worked out. Das, S. C. (1974). 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