Bees of Maine, with a State Species Checklist
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Iconic Bees: 12 Reports on UK Bee Species
Iconic Bees: 12 reports on UK bee species Bees are vital to the ecology of the UK and provide significant social and economic benefits through crop pollination and maintaining the character of the landscape. Recent years have seen substantial declines in many species of bees within the UK. This report takes a closer look at how 12 ‘iconic’ bee species are faring in each English region, as well as Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Authors Rebecca L. Evans and Simon G. Potts, University of Reading. Photo: © Amelia Collins Contents 1 Summary 2 East England Sea-aster Mining Bee 6 East Midlands Large Garden Bumblebee 10 London Buff-tailed Bumblebee 14 North East Bilberry Bumblebee 18 North West Wall Mason Bee 22 Northern Ireland Northern Colletes 26 Scotland Great Yellow Bumblebee 30 South East England Potter Flower Bee 34 South West England Scabious Bee 38 Wales Large Mason Bee 42 West Midlands Long-horned Bee 46 Yorkshire Tormentil Mining Bee Through collating information on the 12 iconic bee species, common themes have Summary emerged on the causes of decline, and the actions that can be taken to help reverse it. The most pervasive causes of bee species decline are to be found in the way our countryside has changed in the past 60 years. Intensification of grazing regimes, an increase in pesticide use, loss of biodiverse field margins and hedgerows, the trend towards sterile monoculture, insensitive development and the sprawl of towns and cities are the main factors in this. I agree with the need for a comprehensive Bee Action Plan led by the UK Government in order to counteract these causes of decline, as called for by Friends of the Earth. -
(Cytisus Scoparius, Fabaceae) and the Pollination and Reproductive Success Of
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius, Fabaceae) and the pollination and reproductive success of three Garry oak-associated plant species by Jennifer Lynn Muir A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES CALGARY, ALBERTA MAY, 2013 © Jennifer Lynn Muir 2013 Abstract A growing number of studies are observing an effect of invasive species on the pollination and reproductive success of co-flowering plants, over and above direct competition for resources. In this study, I investigate the effect of the invader Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) on the pollinator visitation, pollen deposition, and female reproductive output of three co-flowering members (two native, one exotic) of the critically endangered Garry oak grassland ecosystem on the Saanich peninsula of Vancouver Island. Higher pollinator sharing between native Camassia leichtlinii and Scotch broom increased pollen deposition and fruit set in invaded sites, despite a decreased visitation rate. Conversely, the invader had little detectable effect on the native Collinsia parviflora or the exotic Geranium molle where pollinator sharing was low. This study provides evidence that Scotch broom neither competes for pollination with natives, nor facilitates invasion of other exotics in Garry oak ecosystem remnants. ii Acknowledgements This thesis is the culmination of the efforts of many amazing people, and would not otherwise ever have been completed. First and foremost I am grateful for the freedom, insight and opportunities provided to me by my supervisor Jana Vamosi. Jana’s profound patience, generosity, creativity and lightning fast email response time were integral to keeping my project steadily moving forward. -
Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 Rrun.-Co Lcfcnow!Cdgmencle
ISSN 1010-1365 0 AGRICULTURAL Pollination of SERVICES cultivated plants BUL IN in the tropics 118 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO 6-lina AGRICULTUTZ4U. ionof SERNES cultivated plans in tetropics Edited by David W. Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Panama Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations F'Ø Rome, 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-11 ISBN 92-5-103659-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO 1995 PlELi. uion are ted PlauAr David W. Roubilli (edita Footli-anal ISgt-iieulture Organization of the Untled Nations Contributors Marco Accorti Makhdzir Mardan Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Cascine del Ricci° Malaysian Bee Research Development Team 50125 Firenze, Italy 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Stephen L. Buchmann John K. S. Mbaya United States Department of Agriculture National Beekeeping Station Carl Hayden Bee Research Center P. -
Plant Life MagillS Encyclopedia of Science
MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE Volume 4 Sustainable Forestry–Zygomycetes Indexes Editor Bryan D. Ness, Ph.D. Pacific Union College, Department of Biology Project Editor Christina J. Moose Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose Photograph Editor: Philip Bader Manuscript Editor: Elizabeth Ferry Slocum Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea Assistant Editor: Andrea E. Miller Page Design and Graphics: James Hutson Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Layout: William Zimmerman Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn Illustrator: Kimberly L. Dawson Kurnizki Copyright © 2003, by Salem Press, Inc. All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what- soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115. Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science (1991), Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science, Supplement (1998), Natural Resources (1998), Encyclopedia of Genetics (1999), Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (2000), World Geography (2001), and Earth Science (2001). ∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Magill’s encyclopedia of science : plant life / edited by Bryan D. -
Scottish Bees
Scottish Bees Introduction to bees Bees are fascinating insects that can be found in a broad range of habitats from urban gardens to grasslands and wetlands. There are over 270 species of bee in the UK in 6 families - 115 of these have been recorded in Scotland, with 4 species now thought to be extinct and insufficient data available for another 2 species. Bees are very diverse, varying in size, tongue-length and flower preference. In the UK we have 1 species of honey bee, 24 species of bumblebee and the rest are solitary bees. They fulfil an essential ecological and environmental role as one of the most significant groups of pollinating insects, all of which we depend upon for the pollination of 80% of our wild and cultivated plants. Some flowers are in fact designed specifically for bee pollination, to the exclusion of generalist pollinators. Bees and their relatives Bees are classified in the complex insect order Hymenoptera (meaning membrane-winged), which also includes many kinds of parasitic wasps, gall wasps, hunting wasps, ants and sawflies. There are about 150,000 species of Hymenoptera known worldwide separated into two sub-orders. The first is the most primitive sub-order Symphyta which includes the sawflies and their relatives, lacking a wasp-waist and generally with free-living caterpillar-like larvae. The second is the sub-order Apocrita, which includes the ants, bees and wasps which are ’wasp-waisted’ and have grub-like larvae that develop within hosts, galls or nests. The sub-order Apocrita is in turn divided into two sections, the Parasitica and Aculeata. -
Hymenoptera: Colletidae): Emerging Patterns from the Southern End of the World Eduardo A
Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2011) ORIGINAL Biogeography and diversification of ARTICLE colletid bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae): emerging patterns from the southern end of the world Eduardo A. B. Almeida1,2*, Marcio R. Pie3, Sea´n G. Brady4 and Bryan N. Danforth2 1Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de ABSTRACT Filosofia, Cieˆncias e Letras, Universidade de Aim The evolutionary history of bees is presumed to extend back in time to the Sa˜o Paulo, Ribeira˜o Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil, 2Department of Entomology, Comstock Early Cretaceous. Among all major clades of bees, Colletidae has been a prime Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, example of an ancient group whose Gondwanan origin probably precedes the USA, 3Departamento de Zoologia, complete break-up of Africa, Antarctica, Australia and South America, because Universidade Federal do Parana´, Curitiba, PR modern lineages of this family occur primarily in southern continents. In this paper, 81531-990, Brazil, 4Department of we aim to study the temporal and spatial diversification of colletid bees to better Entomology, National Museum of Natural understand the processes that have resulted in the present southern disjunctions. History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Location Southern continents. DC 20560, USA Methods We assembled a dataset comprising four nuclear genes of a broad sample of Colletidae. We used Bayesian inference analyses to estimate the phylogenetic tree topology and divergence times. Biogeographical relationships were investigated using event-based analytical methods: a Bayesian approach to dispersal–vicariance analysis, a likelihood-based dispersal–extinction– cladogenesis model and a Bayesian model. We also used lineage through time analyses to explore the tempo of radiations of Colletidae and their context in the biogeographical history of these bees. -
Creating a Pollinator Garden for Native Specialist Bees of New York and the Northeast
Creating a pollinator garden for native specialist bees of New York and the Northeast Maria van Dyke Kristine Boys Rosemarie Parker Robert Wesley Bryan Danforth From Cover Photo: Additional species not readily visible in photo - Baptisia australis, Cornus sp., Heuchera americana, Monarda didyma, Phlox carolina, Solidago nemoralis, Solidago sempervirens, Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pringlii. These shade-loving species are in a nearby bed. Acknowledgements This project was supported by the NYS Natural Heritage Program under the NYS Pollinator Protection Plan and Environmental Protection Fund. In addition, we offer our appreciation to Jarrod Fowler for his research into compiling lists of specialist bees and their host plants in the eastern United States. Creating a Pollinator Garden for Specialist Bees in New York Table of Contents Introduction _________________________________________________________________________ 1 Native bees and plants _________________________________________________________________ 3 Nesting Resources ____________________________________________________________________ 3 Planning your garden __________________________________________________________________ 4 Site assessment and planning: ____________________________________________________ 5 Site preparation: _______________________________________________________________ 5 Design: _______________________________________________________________________ 6 Soil: _________________________________________________________________________ 6 Sun Exposure: _________________________________________________________________ -
Importance and Diversity
BEES: importance and diversity Talk Outline Misconceptions about bees What are bees? Bee diversity The importance of bees An impediment to progress in our use of bees Solutions (Canadian-led!) What you can do to help the bees. What do we normally think of when someone says “Bees”? Misconception 1 - Honey Most bees do NOT make honey Megachile pugnata Courtesy Theresa Pitts-Singer Trigona necrophaga Dr. D.W.Roubik Image courtesy of Hans Bansinger Misconception 2 – All Bees Work Hard Many bees are cuckoos that do no work, but lay their eggs inside the nests of other bees Misconception 3 – Hives Few bees nest in hives Most nest in the ground Many nest in stems, beetle burrows in wood or other cavities Misconception 4 – Complex Sociality Honey bees, stingless bees, bumble bees and many sweat bees (and a few others) have queens and workers. Guards at the entrance of a stingless Workers of the giant honey bee bee nest in Kenya form the outside layers of the nest Most bees are solitary Misconception 5 – All Bees Sting Coelioxoides Orphana Very few bees make honey: <4%. A fraction of bee species are social: <8% Even fewer nest in hives: <2.5%. 15% are cuckoos that lay eggs in the nests of other bees. Only females sting and >15% of them cannot sting. Why are we confused about bees? WHAT ARE BEES? Bees are vegetarian digger wasps. Melissodes a long-horned bee Ammophila a sand wasp Photo Steve Buchman Bee Diversity Over 20,214 described species (the 20,000th was described by one of my students in 2013) ➢850 in Canada (according to Cory Sheffield, RSM) Family Stenotritidae: 2 Genera, 21 Species, all Australian Ctenocolletes smaragdinus Colletidae: 63 Genera, 2616 species; 2 Genera, >47species in Canada, >28 species in Ontario Xeromelissa rozeni Colletes sp. -
Unique Bee Communities Within Vacant Lots and Urban Farms Result from Variation in Surrounding Urbanization Intensity
sustainability Article Unique Bee Communities within Vacant Lots and Urban Farms Result from Variation in Surrounding Urbanization Intensity Frances S. Sivakoff ID , Scott P. Prajzner and Mary M. Gardiner * ID Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; [email protected] (F.S.S.); [email protected] (S.P.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-330-601-6628 Received: 1 May 2018; Accepted: 5 June 2018; Published: 8 June 2018 Abstract: We investigated the relative importance of vacant lot and urban farm habitat features and their surrounding landscape context on bee community richness, abundance, composition, and resource use patterns. Three years of pan trap collections from 16 sites yielded a rich assemblage of bees from vacant lots and urban farms, with 98 species documented. We collected a greater bee abundance from vacant lots, and the two forms of greenspace supported significantly different bee communities. Plant–pollinator networks constructed from floral visitation observations revealed that, while the average number of bees utilizing available resources, niche breadth, and niche overlap were similar, the composition of floral resources and common foragers varied by habitat type. Finally, we found that the proportion of impervious surface and number of greenspace patches in the surrounding landscape strongly influenced bee assemblages. At a local scale (100 m radius), patch isolation appeared to limit colonization of vacant lots and urban farms. However, at a larger landscape scale (1000 m radius), increasing urbanization resulted in a greater concentration of bees utilizing vacant lots and urban farms, illustrating that maintaining greenspaces provides important habitat, even within highly developed landscapes. -
Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Species List, Version 2018-07-24
Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Species List, version 2018-07-24 Kenai National Wildlife Refuge biology staff July 24, 2018 2 Cover image: map of 16,213 georeferenced occurrence records included in the checklist. Contents Contents 3 Introduction 5 Purpose............................................................ 5 About the list......................................................... 5 Acknowledgments....................................................... 5 Native species 7 Vertebrates .......................................................... 7 Invertebrates ......................................................... 55 Vascular Plants........................................................ 91 Bryophytes ..........................................................164 Other Plants .........................................................171 Chromista...........................................................171 Fungi .............................................................173 Protozoans ..........................................................186 Non-native species 187 Vertebrates ..........................................................187 Invertebrates .........................................................187 Vascular Plants........................................................190 Extirpated species 207 Vertebrates ..........................................................207 Vascular Plants........................................................207 Change log 211 References 213 Index 215 3 Introduction Purpose to avoid implying -
Annual Variation in Bee Community Structure in the Context Of
Annual Variation in Bee Community Structure in the Context of Disturbance (Niagara Region, South-Western Ontario) ~" . by Rodrigo Leon Cordero, B.Sc. A thesis submitted to the Department of Biological Sciences in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science September, 2011 Department of Biological Sciences Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © Rodrigo Leon Cordero, 2011 1 ABSTRACT This study examined annual variation in phenology, abundance and diversity of a bee community during 2003, 2004, 2006, and 2008 in rec~6vered landscapes at the southern end of St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. Overall, 8139 individuals were collected from 26 genera and sub-genera and at least 57 species. These individuals belonged to the 5 families found in eastern North America (Andrenidae, Apidae, Colletidae, Halictidae and Megachilidae). The bee community was characterized by three distinct periods of flight activity over the four years studied (early spring, late spring/early summer, and late summer). The number of bees collected in spring was significantly higher than those collected in summer. In 2003 and 2006 abundance was higher, seasons started earlier and lasted longer than in 2004 and 2008, as a result of annual rainfall fluctuations. Differences in abundance for low and high disturbance sites decreased with years. Annual trends of generic richness resembled those detected for species. Likewise, similarity in genus and species composition decreased with time. Abundant and common taxa (13 genera and 18 species) were more persistent than rarer taxa being largely responsible for the annual fluctuations of the overall community. Numerous species were sporadic or newly introduced. The invasive species Anthidium oblongatum was first recorded in Niagara in 2006 and 2008. -
The Very Handy Bee Manual
The Very Handy Manual: How to Catch and Identify Bees and Manage a Collection A Collective and Ongoing Effort by Those Who Love to Study Bees in North America Last Revised: October, 2010 This manual is a compilation of the wisdom and experience of many individuals, some of whom are directly acknowledged here and others not. We thank all of you. The bulk of the text was compiled by Sam Droege at the USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab over several years from 2004-2008. We regularly update the manual with new information, so, if you have a new technique, some additional ideas for sections, corrections or additions, we would like to hear from you. Please email those to Sam Droege ([email protected]). You can also email Sam if you are interested in joining the group’s discussion group on bee monitoring and identification. Many thanks to Dave and Janice Green, Tracy Zarrillo, and Liz Sellers for their many hours of editing this manual. "They've got this steamroller going, and they won't stop until there's nobody fishing. What are they going to do then, save some bees?" - Mike Russo (Massachusetts fisherman who has fished cod for 18 years, on environmentalists)-Provided by Matthew Shepherd Contents Where to Find Bees ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Nets ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Netting Technique ......................................................................................................................................