Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)
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(Cytisus Scoparius, Fabaceae) and the Pollination and Reproductive Success Of
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius, Fabaceae) and the pollination and reproductive success of three Garry oak-associated plant species by Jennifer Lynn Muir A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES CALGARY, ALBERTA MAY, 2013 © Jennifer Lynn Muir 2013 Abstract A growing number of studies are observing an effect of invasive species on the pollination and reproductive success of co-flowering plants, over and above direct competition for resources. In this study, I investigate the effect of the invader Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) on the pollinator visitation, pollen deposition, and female reproductive output of three co-flowering members (two native, one exotic) of the critically endangered Garry oak grassland ecosystem on the Saanich peninsula of Vancouver Island. Higher pollinator sharing between native Camassia leichtlinii and Scotch broom increased pollen deposition and fruit set in invaded sites, despite a decreased visitation rate. Conversely, the invader had little detectable effect on the native Collinsia parviflora or the exotic Geranium molle where pollinator sharing was low. This study provides evidence that Scotch broom neither competes for pollination with natives, nor facilitates invasion of other exotics in Garry oak ecosystem remnants. ii Acknowledgements This thesis is the culmination of the efforts of many amazing people, and would not otherwise ever have been completed. First and foremost I am grateful for the freedom, insight and opportunities provided to me by my supervisor Jana Vamosi. Jana’s profound patience, generosity, creativity and lightning fast email response time were integral to keeping my project steadily moving forward. -
Molecular Ecology and Social Evolution of the Eastern Carpenter Bee
Molecular ecology and social evolution of the eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica Jessica L. Vickruck, B.Sc., M.Sc. Department of Biological Sciences Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © 2017 Abstract Bees are extremely valuable models in both ecology and evolutionary biology. Their link to agriculture and sensitivity to climate change make them an excellent group to examine how anthropogenic disturbance can affect how genes flow through populations. In addition, many bees demonstrate behavioural flexibility, making certain species excellent models with which to study the evolution of social groups. This thesis studies the molecular ecology and social evolution of one such bee, the eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica. As a generalist native pollinator that nests almost exclusively in milled lumber, anthropogenic disturbance and climate change have the power to drastically alter how genes flow through eastern carpenter bee populations. In addition, X. virginica is facultatively social and is an excellent organism to examine how species evolve from solitary to group living. Across their range of eastern North America, X. virginica appears to be structured into three main subpopulations: a northern group, a western group and a core group. Population genetic analyses suggest that the northern and potentially the western group represent recent range expansions. Climate data also suggest that summer and winter temperatures describe a significant amount of the genetic differentiation seen across their range. Taken together, this suggests that climate warming may have allowed eastern carpenter bees to expand their range northward. Despite nesting predominantly in disturbed areas, eastern carpenter bees have adapted to newly available habitat and appear to be thriving. -
Annual Variation in Bee Community Structure in the Context Of
Annual Variation in Bee Community Structure in the Context of Disturbance (Niagara Region, South-Western Ontario) ~" . by Rodrigo Leon Cordero, B.Sc. A thesis submitted to the Department of Biological Sciences in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science September, 2011 Department of Biological Sciences Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © Rodrigo Leon Cordero, 2011 1 ABSTRACT This study examined annual variation in phenology, abundance and diversity of a bee community during 2003, 2004, 2006, and 2008 in rec~6vered landscapes at the southern end of St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. Overall, 8139 individuals were collected from 26 genera and sub-genera and at least 57 species. These individuals belonged to the 5 families found in eastern North America (Andrenidae, Apidae, Colletidae, Halictidae and Megachilidae). The bee community was characterized by three distinct periods of flight activity over the four years studied (early spring, late spring/early summer, and late summer). The number of bees collected in spring was significantly higher than those collected in summer. In 2003 and 2006 abundance was higher, seasons started earlier and lasted longer than in 2004 and 2008, as a result of annual rainfall fluctuations. Differences in abundance for low and high disturbance sites decreased with years. Annual trends of generic richness resembled those detected for species. Likewise, similarity in genus and species composition decreased with time. Abundant and common taxa (13 genera and 18 species) were more persistent than rarer taxa being largely responsible for the annual fluctuations of the overall community. Numerous species were sporadic or newly introduced. The invasive species Anthidium oblongatum was first recorded in Niagara in 2006 and 2008. -
Comparative Behavioral Biology of Two Middle East Species of Carpenter Bees (Xylocopa Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
Comparative Behavioral Biology of Two Middle East Species of Carpenter Bees (Xylocopa Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) DAN GERLING, PAUL D. HURD, JR., and ABRAHAM HEFETZ SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 369 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoo/ogy Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. -
Plant Protection Department College of Food and Agriculture Sciences King Saud University P
Plant Protection Department College of Food and Agriculture Sciences King Saud University P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia Tel: +966 1 467 8422 Fax: +966 1 467 8423 E.mail: [email protected] قائمة بعدد البحاث العلمية التي تم نشرها بدأ نشر البحاث بالقسم بعد تأسيسه عام 1965 بست سنوات بعد مرحلة التأسيس وتكوين الكوادر التعليمية والبحثية وذلك عام 1972. تواصل نشر البحاث حتى بلغت مايزيد على 70 بحثا خلل العام 2013. بلغ إجمالي .البحاث المنشورة للقسم منذ تأسيسه 549 بحثا 2013 1. Abdel-Dayem M.S. and Kippenhan M.G. (2013). A New Record of Cylindera (ifasina) rectangularis (Klug) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 67(1):19-21. 2. Abdel-Halim M. Ismail , Ayman A. Owayss , Karem M. Mohanny and Rasha A. Salem (2013). Evaluation of pollen collected by honey bee, Apis mellifera L. colonies at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Part 1: Botanical origin. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 12: 129-135. 3. Abera Belay, W.K. Solomon, Geremew Bultossa, Nuru Adgaba, Samuel Melaku (2013) Physicochemical properties of the Harenna forest honey, Bale, Ethiopia. Food Chemistry. 141 3386–3392 4. Abou-Shaara H., Al-Ghamdi A. and Mohamed A. (2013). A Suitability Map for Keeping Honey Bees under Harsh Environmental Conditions Using Geographical Information System. World Applied Sciences Journal, 22(8): 1099-1105. 5. Abou-Shaara H., Al-Ghamdi A. and Mohamed, (2013). Elemental analysis of eggs for two honey bee races. Iranian Journal of Entomology, 3: 14-17. 6. Al Dhafer, H. Y. Aldryhim, And A. -
An Inventory of Native Bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes)
An Inventory of Native Bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming BY David J. Drons A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Major in Plant Science South Dakota State University 2012 ii An Inventory of Native Bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming This thesis is approved as a credible and independent investigation by a candidate for the Master of Plant Science degree and is acceptable for meeting the thesis requirements for this degree. Acceptance of this thesis does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. __________________________________ Dr. Paul J. Johnson Thesis Advisor Date __________________________________ Dr. Doug Malo Assistant Plant Date Science Department Head iii Acknowledgements I (the author) would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Paul J. Johnson and my committee members Dr. Carter Johnson and Dr. Alyssa Gallant for their guidance. I would also like to thank the South Dakota Game Fish and Parks department for funding this important project through the State Wildlife Grants program (grant #T2-6-R-1, Study #2447), and Custer State Park assisting with housing during the field seasons. A special thank you to taxonomists who helped with bee identifications: Dr. Terry Griswold, Jonathan Koch, and others from the USDA Logan bee lab; Karen Witherhill of the Sivelletta lab at the University of New Mexico; Dr. Laurence Packer, Shelia Dumesh, and Nicholai de Silva from York University; Rita Velez from South Dakota State University, and Jelle Devalez a visiting scientist at the US Geological Survey. -
The Large Carpenter Bees of Central Saudi Arabia, with Notes
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 201: 1–14 (2012)The large carpenter bees of central Saudi Arabia, with notes... 1 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.201.3246 RESEARCH articLE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The large carpenter bees of central Saudi Arabia, with notes on the biology of Xylocopa sulcatipes Maa (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Xylocopinae) Mohammed A. Hannan1, Abdulaziz S. Alqarni1, Ayman A. Owayss1, Michael S. Engel2 1 Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, PO Box 2460, KSA 2 Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049- 2811, USA Corresponding author: Abdulaziz S. Alqarni ([email protected]) Academic editor: Michael Ohl | Received 17 April 2012 | Accepted 16 May 2012 | Published 14 June 2012 Citation: Hannan MA, Alqarni AS, Owayss AA, Engel MS (2012) The large carpenter bees of central Saudi Arabia, with notes on the biology of Xylocopa sulcatipes Maa (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Xylocopinae). ZooKeys 201: 1–14. doi: 10.3897/ zookeys.201.3246 Abstract The large carpenter bees (Xylocopinae, Xylocopa Latreille) occurring in central Saudi Arabia are reviewed. Two species are recognized in the fauna, Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) aestuans (Linnaeus) and X. (Ctenoxylocopa) sulcatipes Maa. Diagnoses for and keys to the species of these prominent components of the central Saudi Arabian bee fauna are provided to aid their identification by pollination researchers active in the region. Fe- males and males of both species are figured and biological notes provided for X. sulcatipes. Notes on the nest- ing biology and ecology of X. -
Carpenter Bees (Xylocopa Virginica) M.H
615 ARTICLE Ergonomic skew and reproductive queuing based on social and seasonal variation in foraging activity of eastern carpenter bees (Xylocopa virginica) M.H. Richards and C. Course Abstract: Reproductive division of labour in social carpenter bees differs from that in classically eusocial insects because reproductive output and ergonomic inputs are positively correlated—dominant females monopolize both foraging and repro- duction. We quantified ergonomic skew in the facultatively social bee Xylocopa virginica (L., 1771) (eastern carpenter bee) based on detailed observations of foraging activity by individually marked females in 2009. Unusually for a univoltine bee, this species exhibits a spring foraging phase during which females feed pollen to other adults, probably as part of behavioural interactions to establish dominance hierarchies. During brood-provisioning, foraging in social nests was dominated by one female at a time, with replacement by a succession of foragers as dominants disappeared and were succeeded by a subordinate. The principal foragers (individuals that did the largest share of foraging in each colony) did 85%–100% of all pollen trips, so contributions to pollen-provisioning by female nest mates were highly uneven. Individual foraging rate was unaffected by group size and total colony foraging effort was a function of the number of foragers per group. Transient females that moved to new nests were as successful in achieving dominant forager status as females resident in their natal nests. This evidence indicates that colony social organisation is based on reproductive queues, whereby the first-ranked bee is the dominant forager and subordinates queue for opportunities to replace her. Key words: foraging behaviour, social behaviour, ergonomic skew, Xylocopa virginica, eastern carpenter bee. -
Xylocopa Virginica)
The Implications of Forager Behaviour for Social Organisation in a Socially Polymorphic Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa virginica) by Chris Course, B.Sc. A Thesis submitted to the Department of Biological Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © Chris Course, 2011 2 Abstract In social Hymenoptera, the division of labour is a major step in the evolution of sociality. Bees, which express many different kinds of sociality, can be classified according to how individuals share or do not share foraging and reproductive activities (Michener, 1974). The large carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica, lives in populations with both solitary and social nests. In social nests, reproduction is controlled by the dominant female, who does all of her own foraging and egg-laying, while the subordinates guard the nest only. This study examined foraging behaviour as a way to classify the social hierarchy. Individual females were marked, measured and intensely observed for the foraging season. It was found that a large number of subordinates forage and likely obtain more reproductive fitness than previously thought. The dominance hierarchy is very likely a social queue, in which bees take turns foraging and egg-laying. 3 Acknowledgements I would like to dedicate this thesis to myself. While at first this may appear a slightly conceited dedication - when I looked back at the monstrosity of this project and thought of all that I have accomplished and had been through, there seemed to be a no more fitting dedicatee, than me. Doing a Master's degree is an interesting and unique decision mostly because in addition to becoming a "real" scientist, it is also a fantastic way to learn a lot about oneself. -
Review Article Large Carpenter Bees As Agricultural Pollinators
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2010, Article ID 927463, 7 pages doi:10.1155/2010/927463 Review Article Large Carpenter Bees as Agricultural Pollinators Tamar Keasar Department of Science Education—Biology, University of Haifa, Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel Correspondence should be addressed to Tamar Keasar, [email protected] Received 12 September 2009; Accepted 9 January 2010 Academic Editor: Claus Rasmussen Copyright © 2010 Tamar Keasar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Large carpenter bees (genus Xylocopa) are wood-nesting generalist pollinators of broad geographical distribution that exhibit varying levels of sociality. Their foraging is characterized by a wide range of food plants, long season of activity, tolerance of high temperatures, and activity under low illumination levels. These traits make them attractive candidates for agricultural pollination in hot climates, particularly in greenhouses, and of night-blooming crops. Carpenter bees have demonstrated efficient pollination service in passionflower, blueberries, greenhouse tomatoes and greenhouse melons. Current challenges to the commercialization of these attempts lie in the difficulties of mass-rearing Xylocopa, and in the high levels of nectar robbing exhibited by the bees. 1.TheRoleofNon-ApisBeesin services. Aspects of these bees’ life-history, social organiza- Agricultural Pollination tion, and foraging ecology are discussed in the context of their potential role as crop pollination agents. Insect pollination of agricultural crops is a critical ecosystem service. Fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of 2. The Biology and Life History of the 115 leading global food crops depends upon animal Carpenter Bees pollination [1]. -
Fire, Grazing, and Other Drivers of Bee Communities in Remnant Tallgrass Prairie
The Revery Alone Won’t Do: Fire, Grazing, and Other Drivers of Bee Communities in Remnant Tallgrass Prairie A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Patrick Pennarola IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE Ralph Holzenthal, adviser April 2019 © Patrick Pennarola, 2019 Acknowledgement: This research was conducted on the colonized homelands of the Anishinaabe, Dakota, and Lakota peoples, who are still here. i Dedication To Anya, for who you are To my child, for whoever you become To Nora, for the courage to see it through ii Table of contents Acknowledgement . .. i Dedication . .. ii List of Tables . .. iv List of Figures . .. v Introduction . .. 1 Bees in decline . .. .1 Tallgrass prairie in Minnesota. .. 5 Bees’ response to management. .. 9 Conclusion . .. .12 Chapter 1: The role of fire and grazing in driving patterns of bee abundance, species richness, and diversity . .. 13 Synopsis. .13 Introduction . .13 Methods . .18 Results. 26 Discussion. 28 Chapter 2: The trait-based responses of bee communities to environmental drivers of tallgrass prairie . .. .51 Synopsis. .51 Introduction . .52 Methods . .57 Results. 68 Discussion. 70 Bibliography . .. 81 Appendix A: Table of species collected . .82 Appendix B: Table of species by traits . .96 iii List of Tables Table 1: Parameters for all linear and generalized-linear mixed-effects models built. 37 Table 2: Wald’s Test χ2 values for terms in generalized linear model of adjusted bee abundance . .38 Table 3: Wald’s Test χ2 values for terms in generalized linear model of Chao 2 estimated species richness . .39 Table 4: F-test values for terms in linear model of Shannon’s H diversity index . -
Historical Changes in Northeastern US Bee Pollinators Related to Shared Ecological Traits Ignasi Bartomeusa,B,1, John S
Historical changes in northeastern US bee pollinators related to shared ecological traits Ignasi Bartomeusa,b,1, John S. Ascherc,d, Jason Gibbse, Bryan N. Danforthe, David L. Wagnerf, Shannon M. Hedtkee, and Rachael Winfreea,g aDepartment of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901; bDepartment of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden; cDivision of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024-5192; dDepartment of Biological Sciences, Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546; eDepartment of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; fDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3043; and gDepartment of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Edited by May R. Berenbaum, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, and approved February 1, 2013 (received for review October 24, 2012) Pollinators such as bees are essential to the functioning of ter- characterized by particularly intensive land use and may not be restrial ecosystems. However, despite concerns about a global representative of changes in the status of bees in other parts of pollinator crisis, long-term data on the status of bee species are the world. Thus, the existence of a widespread crisis in pollinator limited. We present a long-term study of relative rates of change declines, as often portrayed in the media and elsewhere (4), rests for an entire regional bee fauna in the northeastern United States, on data of limited taxonomic or geographic scope. based on >30,000 museum records representing 438 species. Over Environmental change affects species differentially, creating a 140-y period, aggregate native species richness weakly de- “losers” that decline with increased human activity, but also creased, but richness declines were significant only for the genus “winners” that thrive in human-altered environments (14).