• »ii n Df-i MI] a m A • JA TUNDRA. MANAGEMENT The word tundra conjures visions son and Cantwell, Alaska. Miles of of treeless arctic expanses. Here li rolling tundra are dotted with small chens and heath form a dense carpet ponds and lakes set against the back under shrubby hummocks of willow. drop of the glacier-clad Alaska Range. In summer, depressions of sedge- Viewers often see grizzly bears, wolves, marsh vegetation float on waterlogged moose, caribou, foxes, bald eagles muskeg soils over permafrost. In win and trumpeter swans. ter the land is frozen and forbidding. Another fine Alaska BLM area for But tundra, not confined to the Arc wildlife observation and hiking is along tic, has more than one type, each the Mt. Pinnell Trail in the Steese with distinctive plants and wildlife. Mountains Conservation Area. On \\^TCHABLE Alpine tundra and grasslands occur gently rounded upland tundra, the at lower latitudes in high mountain trail climbs to the very tops of the ranges. Tundra soils may be deep and peaks, providing tremendous views boggy in moist locations or thin and of the surrounding valleys and moun rocky with sparse plant life in drier tain ranges. One is likely to see col WILLOW PTARMIGAN. J. JOHNSON/ANIMALS ANIMALS WILDLIFE places exposed to wind. But tundra lared pikas, caribou, moose, hoary and grasslands are fragile and once marmots and a host of tundra birds scarred can take decades to heal. from ptarmigans to water pipits and BLM manages nearly 100 million horned larks. Early summer wild- acres of Alaska, much of it inacces flower displays are outstanding. sible, relatively pristine wilderness. The Steens Mountain Loop in east These lands are mostly vast, treeless ern Oregon offers easy access to expanses of arctic tundra mixed with dramatic alpine grasslands. Glacial • '•V«u.m.T.vi.iJ.wuit.::i scattered stands of white and black U-shaped valleys dotted with cirque spruce called taiga. Wildlife watchers lakes are carved into the flanks of this can also find tundra wildlife in sev fault block mountain. The eastern eral locations on BLM land in the face is an escarpment dramatically lower 48 states. dropping 5,000 feet into the Alvord Desert. At the highest elevations, one can see rosy finches, pikas, elk, prong- The Denali Highway, one horns, bighorn sheep, mule deer, badg of the most dramatic ers, a host of other animals and one drives in America, crosses of the highest golden eagle densities BLM land between Pax- in the Great Basin.
BIG INDIAN GORGE NEAR STEENS MOUNTAIN IN OREGON, C. W. TELFORD
•!WM'M.i.'.i:.lW..Ta
CARIBOU. TOM MAN«ELSEN AN INVITATION COME SEE TO ALL THE WILDLIFE AMERICANS... ON BLM LANDS
" Watchable Wildlife" is a new Bureau of Land Manage ment of wildlife and recreation resources on the public As more Americans turn to the increased between wildlife and do step toward achieving BLM's man ment program designed to increase opportunities to lands. These programs call for more recreational opportu outdoors for pastime activities, they mestic livestock. Many riparian areas agement goals. Watchable Wildlife is photograph, study or simply watch the countless mam nities and greater emphasis on wildlife habitat improve are saturating already popular recrea were degraded, reducing the produc a program signaling BLM efforts to mals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates ment. Riparian areas critical to the survival of so many tion areas. Whether to escape urban tivity of habitats. For some species, balance recreation resources and that live on the 270 million acres of federal land that BLM wildlife species must also be restored and rehabilitated. overcrowding or to seek new adven habitats were fragmented into par wildlife habitat needs with other re administers. But BLM cannot do it alone. tures, increasing numbers are using cels too small and isolated to meet source considerations. s public lands administered by the Bu their needs. In the last 20 to 30 years, BLM and Defenders of 5 Active partnership with Defen The following pages describe some Wildlife have joined in pro ders of Wildlife and other ad reau of Land Management. Interest however, federal and state agencies of the major habitat types and the < ducing these pages to show J vocates for the protection of in wildlife is expanding even faster and many public land users have native wildlife to be seen on BLM z case just a few of the more 5 wildlife and habitat is essential. than general recreation use. Each year, come to realize the importance of lands. For each habitat type, several than 3,000 wildlife species and 5 We have made a commit millions of people are picking up wildlife conservation and manage outstanding viewing areas are high their habitats on BLM-man- ment to wise and sustainable their cameras, binoculars and spot ment. In recent years some restora lighted with the Watchable Wildlife aged lands. Spectacularly di use of our public lands and ting scopes to watch wildlife in natu tion has been undertaken. Much more logo. For more information about verse, these habitats encompass natural resources. With coor ral settings. In response, BLM has is needed. But with public support, these and many other significant view mesas, rock canyons, tower dination and the shared dedi made Watchable Wildlife a key com improvement and recovery are cer ing areas, you may contact the BLM ing mountain peaks, vast sun cation of all Americans, we ponent of Fish and Wildlife 2000 and tainly achievable. offices listed on the next two pages. drenched deserts, pristine can assure sound stewardship Recreation 2000, its strategic plans In recognition of the public's chang lakes, fast-flowing rivers, ever of this magnificent heritage. for managing wildlife habitats and ing priorities, BLM is moving to con This binocular logo, which green forests, ocean cliffs and It is our mutual hope that recreation resources. serve and enhance its fish and wild was designed by Oregon's arctic plains. BLM's Watchable Wildlife pro Many challenges face BLM in life resources, both game and Transportation Depart Through its Watchable gram will foster greater un achieving the goals of Fish and Wild nongame. Providing ment, is being used Wildlife program, BLM is iden derstanding, appreciation and life 2000. Historically, uses of the the public with by state and federal tifying and enhancing areas protection of our nation's wild land have focused primarily on min meaningful agencies to identify where the opportunity to view life. We invite you to watch erals, timber and livestock grazing. ways to enjoy wildlife viewing wild animals is greatest. Watch and enjoy the eagle, the elk, Competition for forage and water wildlife is one locations. able Wildlife is part of BLM's the grizzly and many other Fish and Wildlife 2000 and species, and to help preserve Recreation 2000 programs, in them for the inspiration of tended to improve manage- future generations. CY JAMISON, LEFT, AND RUPERT CUTLER WILDLIFE-WATCHING ETIQUETTE
With wildlife observation and pho lenses. If the animals you • Use the animals' behavior as a Cy Jamison, Director M. Rupert Cutler, President tography becoming significant pas watch are watching you guide. Limit the time you spend with Bureau of Land Management Defenders of Wildlife times, it's important to keep in mind with heads up and ears pointed in your them, just as you would when visit U.S. Department of the Interior the stresses that such activities can direction—or are nervous, you are ing any friend's home. cause wildlife. Careless intruders can probably too close or moving too threaten animals, which then become quickly. Sit quietly or move slowly • Respect the space of others who The Bureau of Land Management is responsible Defenders of Wildlife is a national nonprofit anxious and sometimes develop die away until the behavior changes. Move may be viewing the same wildlife. for managing public lands and resources to serve organization of more than 80,000 members and tary and health problems. casually, calmly and not directly to If you approach too closely, you the needs of the American people. Resources man supporters dedicated to preserving the natural For the well-being of the animals ward the wildlife. Allow animals to will ruin everyone's opportunity for aged under the principles of multiple use and sus abundance and diversity of wildlife and its habitat. and to make the most of your time keep you in view—don't surprise them. natural, relaxed photographs and tained yield include recreation, range, timber, minerals, watershed, A one-year membership is $20 and includes six viewing them, please keep the fol observation. fish and wildlife, wilderness and scenic, scientific and cultural issues of the bimonthly magazine DEFENDERS. To join or for lowing guidelines in mind: • Don't follow, chase or treat wild values. BLM Public Affairs, 1849 C Street, N.W., Washington, further information, write or call Defenders of Wildlife, 1244 animals in any way that might be in DC 20240. 202-343-5717. Nineteenth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20036. 202-659-9510. Adapted with permission from • Watch from a distance with binoc terpreted as harassment, which is un "Etiquette of Wildlife Watching," Col 1990 Defenders of Wildlife ulars, spotting scopes and telephoto lawful. Keep pets in your vehicle. orado Division of Wildlife. WATCHABLE WILDLIFE ... • MONTANA • OREGON 1 S Upper Missouri Wild and Scenic River 1 F North Umpqua Wild and Scenic River A SAMPLER OF LOCATIONS 2 S Rocky Mountain Front 2 F Rogue Wild and Scenic River 3 S Big Sheep Creek-Medicine Lodge 3 S Leslie Gulch Valley 4 C Yaquina Head This is a sampling of BLM Watchable 4 R Howrey 5 T Steens Mountain Wildlife areas, including the locations • ALASKA Island -> 6 R Dean Creek Elk mentioned on the next few pages. z 3 1 Viewing Area 4 For more information on a particular 1 F Campbell Tract Facility P.O. Box 36800 7 R Warner Lakes 2 C Norton Sound and the Seward Peninsula area and the wild species that live Billings, MT 59107 3 C North Slope 2 there, write or call one of the BLM (406)255-2911 P.O. Box 2965 1 4 T White Mountains National Recreation Area state offices listed here. Portland, OR 97208 5 T Dickey Lake Habitat types are coded as follows: (503)231-6274 6 T Denali Highway, Paxson to Cantwell S = Shrublands and Grasslands 7 T Mt. Pinnel Trail 1 R = Riparian 8 R Gulkana River F = Forests • NEVADA D = Deserts 222 West 7th Avenue, #13 C = Coasts 1 S Brown's Knoll Anchorage, AK 99513 • UTAH T = Tundra 2 S Ely Elk Viewing Area 5 (907)271-5555 3 D Goshute Mountains 3 1 S Parker Mountain 4 D Red Rock Canyon 2 S Henry Mountains Recreation Area 3 D Colorado River 5 R Mahogany Creek ^ 4 R Pariette Wetlands • ARIZONA • COLORADO 6 R Ash Springs P.O. Box 45155 P.O. Box 12000 6 Salt Lake City, UT 84145 1 F Mount Trumbull 1 F Georgetown Bighorn Sheep Viewing Area Reno, NV 89520 (801)539-4001 2 S Empire/Cienega Resource Conservation Area 2 S Arkansas River Canyon (702)785-6586 3 D Gila Box Canyon 3 S Sapinero Wildlife Management Area 4 4 R Betty's Kitchen and 1 4 T Powderhorn Primitive Area Interpretive Area 5 D Rabbit Valley- 5 R San Pedro River National Brewster Ridge 4 Conservation Area 6 R Dolores River • NEW MEXICO • WASHINGTON 7 R Unaweep Seep r P.O. Box 16563 1 C Iceberg Point and Point Colville, Phoenix, AZ 85011 3 2850 Youngfield Street 7 3 2 1 F El Malpais National Conservation Area 4 Lopez Island (602) 640-5504 Lakewood, CO 80215 6 2 S Wild Rivers Recreation Area (303) 236-1700 3 D Mescalero Sands P.O. Box 2965 X _ 2 4 D Lower Gila Box 2 5 Portland, OR 97208 Canyon (503)231-6274 5 D Organ Mountains l • CALIFORNIA 3 x 6 R Overflow Wetland Wildlife Area • IDAHO 1 F Butte Creek Forest P.O. Box 1449 6 3 Research Natural Area Santa Fe, NM 87504 1 F Wolf Lodge Bay 1 • WYOMING 2 S Bodie Hills 6 (505)988-6316 5 3 C Mouth of the Mattole 2 S Craig Mountain River Wildlife 1 S Red Canyon and Sinks Canyon Area 4 D Desert Tortoise Management Area 2 2 S Seminoe Road Natural Area 3 S Snake River Birds 3 S Whiskey Mountain Bighorn Sheep Area 5 D Carrizo Plain of Prey Area 4 D Red Desert • NORTH DAKOTA Natural Area 4 R Snake River, 5 R Table Mountain 6 R Cache Creek South Fork 5 Wildlife 7 R Big Morongo Canyon 4 5 R Summit Creek 1 R Alkali Lake Habitat Unit 3 1 2800 Cottage Way, E-2841 3380 Americana Terrace 3 2933 Third Avenue, West P.O. Box 1828 ! Sacramento, CA 95825 Boise, ID 83706 Dickinson, ND 58601 Cheyenne, WY 82003 . 2 (916) 978-4746 (208)334-1406 (701)225-9148 (307) 772-2334
MAPS BY BOB PRATT COASTS
Without ever straying from public gray whales, which often come within land, wildlife watchers can see whales, a few hundred yards of shore. Visitors steelhead trout and Pacific salmon, also can watch the antics of nesting puffins, guillemots, sea lions and seals. seabirds and explore life in the BLM's ocean-front lands encompass tidepools. tidepools, sea cliffs, marshy deltas Unlike the mostly rockbound coast and barrier islands, each with its own of Oregon, the tidal flats of the Mattole characteristic wildlife. River near Petrolia, California, are Whether furiously pounding the particularly attractive to shorebirds, headlands with storm-driven waves which probe the exposed muddy sur or gently flooding and receding in face for invertebrates. Peak opportu estuarine deltas, the tide constantly nities for observing shorebirds come pulls and mixes nutrients from land during autumn migration. It's also and sea, creating some of the richest possible to see gray whales, harbor TUFTED PUFFIN, ART WOLFE wildlife habitats in the nation. Sea- seals and migrating salmon. birds nest securely on shoreline cliffs Alaska has the longest strands of and nearby islands; sea lions haul out BLM coastal habitat. However, get on rocky ledges at low tide to rest ting to them usually requires flying after pursuing their prey; gray whales to a remote village by chartered plane. cruise near the coast on their annual The most extensive coastal fringes YAQUINA HEAD TIDEPOQJ., C. W. TELFORD migrations; and starfish, limpets, sea are found in the west along Norton urchins and other tidepool creatures Sound, the adjacent Seward Penin and plants unobtrusively but tena sula and the North Slope of the ciously live out their lives in the Brooks Range. Between Point Bar vortex of the mixing zone. On BLM row and the Colville River delta along coastal lands where salmon return to the Beaufort Sea, thousands of small spawn, logging is often restricted along ponds and lakes dot the tundra flats. migration streams to prevent sedi Shallow estuaries are protected by mentation and protect water quality. offshore barrier islands. The wide deltas of the many rivers that empty into the sea here are summertime Dramatic Yaquina Head magnets for millions of waterfowl near Newport on the and shorebirds. Bowhead and beluga Oregon coast is quite ac whales swim in nearby coastal waters cessible. Here at the old and an occasional polar bear prowls lighthouse one can watch migrating the shore.
OREGON COAST AT YAQUINA HEAD, C. W. TELFORD
HARBOR SEALS, FRANK S. BALTHIS
CALIFORNIA GRAY WHALE, FRANK S. BALTHIS FORESTS Forest habitats can be dense, al Umpqua River is followed by state most impenetrable woods on gently Highway 138. Both are part of the sloping terrain, open areas of isolated national wild and scenic river sys trees or scattered stands on steep and tem and are good places to view rugged cliffs and rock outcrops. Wild ospreys, bald eagles, spotted owls, life often varies with each forest type. goshawks, black bears, river otters, Most BLM forest habitat—43 million salamanders and other denizens of acres in the intermountain and high- damp forests, as well as several spe desert West—is savanna-like juniper- cies of spawning salmon. Ring-tailed EaKUiUHi pinyon pine woodland. Smaller cats and flying squirrels are active acreages of inland conifer forest and mainly at night. aspen groves are scattered on some A diverse assemblage of wildlife of the higher mountains. In dramatic and habitat types beckons wildlife contrast to the juniper-pinyon for watchers traveling through the Big ests are the large conifer forests blan Sheep Creek-Medicine Lodge Valley keting the landscape in other regions, south of Dillon, Montana. The 50-mile- notably in Oregon, California, Idaho, long valley is bordered by 10,000-foot Montana and Alaska. peaks and features lodgepole pine-fir The most impressive BLM forests forest, willow-lined creeks, aspen are the old-growth stands of giant woodland and sagebrush rangeland. trees. On more than 2 million acres, The valley's outstanding diversity of ancient moss-covered Douglas firs, wildlife includes bighorn sheep, western hemlocks and other trees, moose, elk, deer, black bears, bald some more than 800 years old, pro eagles, numerous other birds of prey vide habitat for wildlife species that and many nongame animals. wouldn't survive without it. The north In mountainous country just west ern spotted owl, pine marten, red- of Denver, the Rocky Mountain big backed vole and marbled murrelet, a horn sheep viewing area at George seabird that nests exclusively in an town, Colorado, offers excellent cient forests, are among more than opportunities for close viewing of 200 old-growth-dependent species. this species, primarily during fall and Large trunks lying on the forest floor winter. Because the bighorns are of mm**- provide essential nutrients for young ten near a posted research site, visi plants and help stop soil erosion. In tors must stay at a distance to avoid streams, they create fish habitat and disturbing ongoing studies. help maintain streambank stability. December and January are best for These trunks and standing snags house watching bald eagles at Wolf Lodge many wildlife species. The new Ani Bay on northern Idaho's Lake Coeur mal Inn program, cosponsored by d'Alene. Mixed stands of western BLM and the U.S. Forest Service, larch, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine PINE MARTEN, MICHAEL S. QUINTON encourages people not to cut down and grand fir surrounding the lake snags but to work with resource man provide between-meal and overnight agers to protect these wildlife shelters. roosts for the 40 to 70 eagles that come here to gorge themselves on spawning landlocked kokanee salmon. The Rogue River in Ore Remains of the salmon that fall to the gon is flanked by stands ground below the trees provide im of ancient trees reached portant food for opportunistic crows by floating the river or and ravens not adapted to capturing hiking the riverside trail. The North fish in the water.
OLD GROWTHpOUGLAS FIRfOREST, TOM AND PAT LEESON. BLACK BEAR, DOUGLAS El. CHADWICK DESERTS BLM manages large expanses in all The Carrizo Plain Natural four major U.S. deserts. Desert sur Area west of Bakersfield, faces, even more fragile than tundra California, features a rem SAN JOAQUIN ANTELOPE SQUIRREL. M. A. CHAPPELL/AA soils, take centuries to recover from nant alkali lake, interior harsh human activity. To protect larger coastal saltbush scrub habitats and portions of the desert, BLM restricts annual grasses. Endangered or threat intensive recreation to certain areas. ened wildlife living here includes the Many resident animals burrow un San Joaquin kit fox, giant kangaroo derground during the daytime, hence rat, blunt-nosed leopard lizard and wildlife watchers will get more sight San Joaquin antelope squirrel. Up to ings early and late in the day. 6,500 sandhill cranes winter in the Waterholes attract animals such as Carrizo in January. Prairie and pere mule deer or bighorn sheep. grine falcons, golden eagles, ferrugi The Great Basin, largest of the nous and rough-legged hawks, bur four deserts, covers much of Nevada, rowing owls and other birds of prey eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, also frequent the plain. western Wyoming, western Colorado Desert tortoises can be seen in the and some of Utah. Situated mostly BLM-designated Desert Tortoise Nat above 4,000 feet, it is considered the ural Area near California City in Kern only "cold" U.S. desert. Winters in County. Near Las Vegas, Nevada, this sagebrush habitat are typically the Red Rock Canyon Recreation snowy. In warmer months, annuals Area offers year-round opportunities and bunchgrasses grow among the to see and photograph desert big shrubs. The area includes the West's horn sheep on a large sandstone es most important winter ranges of mule carpment. The sheep, which inhabit deer, elk, pronghoms, bighorns, bison the cliff faces and talus slopes be and sage grouse. tween 3,000 and 6,000 feet above In southern New Mexico and south sea level, are accustomed to the pres eastern Arizona, the Chihuahuan Des ence of humans. ert gets rain in summer and cool, The spectacular Organ Mountains dry weather in winter. Sneed pin near Las Cruces, New Mexico, are a cushion and Lloyd's hedgehog cacti good place to see Chihuahuan Des DEIErtT BIGHORN SHEEP. JEFF FOOTT grow here, as do the yucca, agave, ert wildlife. Plants on the lower slopes ocotillo, mesquite and creosote bush. and higher-elevation oak-pinyon and The Sonoran Desert, to many the ponderosa pine forest support a wide "classic" desert, covers southwest variety of birds, mammals and reptiles. ern Arizona and the southeastern tip The Chihuahuan and Sonoran des of California. Receiving both sum erts meet in a transition zone in mer and winter precipitation, its low western New Mexico and eastern elevations make freezing tempera Arizona. One of the best areas to see tures rare. This climate supports the plants and animals of both deserts is BLUNT NOSED LEOPARD 1IZARD. JOHN GERLACH/ANIMALS ANIMALS well-known saguaro cactus, as well along the Gila River. Both the Gila as many kinds of small trees such as Box Canyon in Arizona and the Lower the paloverde, ironwood and mesquite. Gila Box Canyon in New Mexico are Northwest of the Sonoran, in south excellent locales to look for moun eastern California and southern Ne tain lions, coatis, javelinas, yellow- vada, is the Mojave Desert. The billed cuckoos, roadrunners, black familiar Joshua tree flourishes here, and zone-tailed hawks and several fed by winter precipitation. endangered fish species.
SAGUAROS IN ARIZONA. JOHN GERLACHVEARTH SCENES PEREGRINE FALCON, R & D. AITKENHEAD/AA •vr.
•"•Jc >ill^~ RIPARIAN LANDS
Though they comprise less than The San Pedro River Na one percent of the land area in the tional Conservation Area, West, riparian areas harbor the great an outstanding ecosys est animal and plant diversity of any tem southeast of Tucson, ~<£y. habitat. These plant communities of mArizona, is the nation's only congres- -=rA ten grow in narrow strips along sionally designated riparian conser i streambanks, seeps, lakes, marshes vation area. Established to preserve u and large springs. Many consider them the best broadleaf riparian ecosystem < the single most important wildlife in Arizona, it harbors more than 350 .V ., *t. - habitat type. One recent study in bird species, including the rare west Arizona and New Mexico found that ern yellow-billed cuckoo and green four fifths of all native vertebrate kingfisher, as well as half the known species were at least partly depend U.S. population of gray hawks. ent on riparian habitat. Springtime visitors to the Mahog •i VERMILLION FLYCATCHER, G. C. KELLEY/TSA River otters and beavers live in any Creek drainage in northern Ne many riparian settings. Alaskan griz vada's Humboldt County watch zly and brown bears forage there for pronghom antelope, mule deer, moun berries, roots and salmon. Ducks and tain quail and sage grouse. Spawning geese need these habitats for nesting cutthroat trout are readily visible in and migration stopovers. In Arizona, the creek. Early in the morning, camp £_t J&KZtY BEAR. JOHNNY JOHNSON/ANIMALS ANIMALS red bats feed and roost in riparian ers in the aspen groves are awakened WMOtTi-Jfj zones. For some desert pupfish spe by thousands of songbirds. -«£->?. 7... '••• cies, the sole habitat is one or two Proposed for national scenic river specific springs. designation, a 30-mile stretch of the «'* 3 Riparian areas are among the most Dolores River corridor in southwest ''^-- •' impacted of wildlife habitats. Only ern Colorado is a complex of riparian, ***• about three percent of Arizona's orig montane, foothill, upper Sonoran and inal riparian endowment, for exam salt desert shrub habitats. The river ple, remains relatively pristine. Even flows between ponderosa pines, cot- in states where impacts have been tonwoods and box elders in a canyon less severe, these zones still may be with walls as high as 2,000 feet. Here substantially depleted. Some experts are river otters, mule deer, elk, desert 'MM® > consider pristine stands of water- bighorns, black bears, turkeys, chuk- BEAVEg, TOM AND PAT LEESC dependent cottonwood-willow, once ars, waterfowl, bald and golden eagles widespread in the West, our rarest and peregrine falcons. natural forest community. The year-round presence of water at i • » FU ' Yet riparian areas are amazingly Big Morongo Canyon in the Mojave '-A \ resilient. BLM's objective is to protect Desert of southern California creates ^*M> ~^vj"v, and restore many of these areas. In a lush habitat that provides excellent some locations, BLM has created new birdwatching opportunities. Ver wetlands. The 9,000-acre Pariette Wet million flycatchers, ladder-backed /J : '•' lands in Utah and 1,700-acre Table woodpeckers, Bell's vireos, summer Mountain Wildlife Habitat Unit in tanagers and 29 species of wood war Wyoming are two of these where blers have been seen here. Noteworthy 'A-' BLM also provides nesting platforms migrants include the black-throated for Canada geese. blue warbler and American redstart.
SAN PEDRO RIVER IN ARIZONA, JERRY SINTZ/BLM RIVER OTTERS, TOM AND PAT LEESON SHRUBLANDS and GRASSLANDS Many types of habitat make up cliffs that supports the greatest nest the vast western shrublands. They ing density of raptors in North Amer range from plant communities of ica, including 200 pairs of prairie high-elevation mountain shrubs with falcons. Each year, nesting raptors thick bunchgrass and forb under- include more than 600 pairs of 14 stories to expanses of sagebrush and species of eagles, hawks, falcons and shadscale carpeting lower elevations owls. Another ten species winter in rwn..w.,.;,:,,,.
MISSOURI RIVER GRASSLANDS IN MONTANA, GEORGE WUERTHNER MULE DEER. R. KOLAR/ANIMALS ANIMAIS