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Spain and the Rule of Law Spain and the Rule of Law INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS GENEVA 3Z3A4 1962 IC>ts The International Commission of Jurists is a non-governmental organization which has Consultative Status, Category " B ", with the United Nations Eco- nomic and Social Council. The Commission seeks to foster understanding of and respect for the Rule of Law. The members of the Commission are : JOSEPH T. THORSON Presidcm of the Exchequer Court of Canada (Honorary President) VrV'IAN BOSE Former Judge of the Supreme Court of India CPresidenI) PER T. FEDERSPIEL President of the Consultative Assembly of the Council (Vice-President) of Europe: Member of the Danish Parliament; Attoraey- at-l-aw. Copenhagen JOSfi T. NABUCO Member of the Bar of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Vice-President) SIR ADETOKUNBO A. ADEMOLA Chief Justice of Nigeria ARTURO A. ALAFRIZ Solicitor-General of the Philippines; former President ol the Federation of Bar Associations of the Philippines GIUSEPPE BETTIOL Member of the Italian Parliament; Professor of Law at the University of Padua DUDLEY B. BONSAL United States District Judge for the Southern District of New Yorlc; immediate Past President of the Asso- ciation of the Bar of the City of New York. PHILIPPE N. BOULOS Deputy Prime Minister, Government of Lebanon; former Governor of Beirut; former Minister of Justice U CHAN HTOON Former Judge of the Supreme Court of the Union of Burma A. J. M. VAN DAL Attorney-at-Law at the Supreme Court of the Netheriands ELI WHITNEY DEBEVOISE Attomey-at-Law, New York; former General Counsel, Office of the USA High Commissioner for Germany SIR OWEN DIXON Chief Justice of Australia MANUEL G. ESCOBEDO Professor of Law, University of Mexico; Attorney- at-Law; former President of the Barra Mexicana THUSEW S. FERNANDO Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon; former Attorney- General and former Solicitor-Geniral of Ceylon ISAAC FORSTER First President of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Senegal FERNANDO FOURNIER Attorney-General; President of the Bar Association of Cos'a Rica; Professor of Law; former Ambassador to the United States and to the Organization of American States OSVALDO ILLANES BENITEZ Judge of the Supreme Court of Chile JEAN KRfiHER Advocate at the Court of Appeal, Paris, France AXEL HENRIK MUNKTELL Member of the Swedish Parliament, Professor of Law at the University of Upsala SIR LESLIE MUNRO Secretary-General of the International Commission of Jurists; former President of the General Assembly of the United Nations; former Ambassador of New Zealand to the United Nations and United States PAUL-MAURICE ORBAN Professor of Law at the University of Ghent, Belgium; former Minister; former Senator STEFAN OSUSKY Former Minister of Czechoslovakia to Great Britain and France; former Member of the Czechoslovak Government LORD SHAWCROSS Former Attorney-Genera! of England SEBASTIAN SOLER Attorney-at-Law; Professor of Law; former Attorney- General of Argentina PURSHOTTAM TRIKAMDAS Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court of India; Secretary, Indian Bar Association; sometime Secretary to Mahatma Gandhi H. B. TYABJI Barristor-at-Law, Karachi, Pakistan; former Judge of the Chief Court of the Sind Secretary-General: SIR LESLIE MUNRO. K.C.M.G., K.C.V.O. Former President of the General Assembly of the United Nations Administrative Secretary: EDWARD S. KOZERA Former Lecturer in Governnieni, Columbia University INTERNATIONAJ, COMMISSION OP JIFRISTS, 6, RUI; DU MONT-DE-SION, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND Spain and the Rule of Law INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS GENEVA 1962 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 I. Ideological and historical Foundations of the Regime 5 II. The Single Party System 10 III. The National Syndicalist Community 14 IV. Legislative Power 18 A. Legislative Power of the Chief of State 18 B. The Legislative Power of the People 18 C. The Participation of the Cortes in the Making of Laws 20 (1) Composition, Nomination, and Election of the Cortes 20 (2) The Jurisdiction of the Cortes 20 D. The Legislative Power of the Government ... 22 V. The Powers of the Executive 24 A. Organization and Powers 24 B. Maintenance of Law and Order 25 C. Administrative Law 26 VI. The Judiciary and the bar 30 A. The Ordinary Courts 30 (1) Basic Statutes 30 (2) Appointment of Judges 30 (3) Disciplinary Measures against Judges ... 32 B. Special Courts 33 (1) Labour Tribunals 33 (2) Tribunals for the Protection of the Syndical Organization 35 (3) Military Courts 35 C. Independence of the Judiciary 36 D. Organization of the Bar 37 " " (1) The Colegios 37 (2) Professional Discipline 37 (3) Independence of the Advocates 38 VII. Civil Liberties and Political Rights 40 A. Freedom of Association and Assembly 42 (1) Freedom of Association 43 (2) Regulations Governing Religious Associations 44 (3) Freedom of Assembly 46 1 B. The Free Expression of Ideas and Especially Free- dom of the Press 47 C. Religious Freedom 53 D. The Right of Petition 56 E. Suffrage 58 VIII. Defence of the Regime 60 A. The Law on Public Order of July 30, 1 959 : A Penal Law enforced by the Administration 60 B. Law on Political Responsibilities of February 9, 1939 63 C. Penal Legislation for the Protection of the State and the Defence of the Regime 65 (1) The Penal Code 66 (2) Code of Military Law 70 (3) Decree of September 21, 1960 71 (4) Law for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism of March 1, 1940 72 IX. The Penal Prosecution of Political Offences . 75 A. The Predominant Role played by Military Courts 75 B. Arrest and Preventive Custody 76 C. Defence 78 D. Admission of the Public to Trials 80 E. Appeals 81 X. Conclusions 82 Appendices 1. Labour Charter of March 9, 1938 89 2. Act of July 17, 1942, Creating the Spanish Cortes . ... 96 3. Charter of the Spanish People of July 16, 1945 100 4. Referendum Act of October 22, 1945 104 5. Law of Succession to the Chief of State of June 7, 1947 . 105 6. Law on the Principles of the National Movement of May 1 7, 1958 108 7. Excerpts from the Ceron Trial Ill Part A. Public Prosecutor's Indictment 112 Part B. Speech of Defence Counsel for Ceron ... 123 Parte. The Court's Finding and Sentence 129 8. Letter from the 339 Basque Priests ,. 144 9. Letter of Protest against the Censorship from 350 Spanish Intellectuals 152 INTRODUCTION The International Commission of Jurists now publishes its report on " Spain and the Rule of Law ". The interest of the Commission in Spanish developments dates back many years. Bulletin of the International Commission of Jurists No. 7 of October 1957 deaU with PoUtical Trials in Spain. Bulletin No. 8 of December 1958 commented on new arrests and trial pro- ceedings in that country, wliile Bulletin No. 9 reported in August 1959 on the activities of the Spanish Bar Associations. The then Secretary-General of the Commission visited Spain in April 1960 and estabhshed relationships with members of the legal profession in Madrid, Barcelona and Sevilla. Professor Silverio Coppa of the Rome Bar acted in March 1961 as the observer of the Commission at the trial in Madrid of Professor Tierno Galvan of the University of Salamanca and his eight co-accused. Throughout this period, members of the Judiciary and Bar as well as academic circles in Spain have repeatedly manifested great interest in the activities of the Commission with the result that the Spanish mailing list of the Commission's publications has continued to grow. Two Spanish jurists attended the European Conference held by the Commission in Vienna in April 1957. The Commission is aware of the sufferings and ordeals of the Spanish people during and after the Civil War. It is not for the Commission to pass judgment on the profound divisions which afflicted Spain in 1936 and thereafter and which culminated in the present Government of General Franco. The Commission is concerned with the extent of the observation of the Rule of Law in Spain from 1936 to the present day. On this vital matter the reader will judge for himself from the Report. It is to be profoundly hoped that respect for the dignity and the rights of the individual are about to be accorded a manifest recogni- tion by the Spanish government. Declarations which appear to give some degree of freedom to the Spanish press are mere words if the Government can, as it still does, appoint and dismiss editors and control absolutely both the expression of editorial opinion and the content and format of the news. In time of peace in Spain the constant use of military courts for the trial of many offences which would normally be dealt with by civihan courts is a disturbing breach of the principles of the Rule of Law. The Commission is animated by the sincere wish that the brave and spirited people of Spain with their splendid history and culture, should move towards freedom and prosperity in the European Community. November 1962 Leslie Munro Secretary-General : IDEOLOGICAL AND fflSTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE REGIME The modern Spanish State is the product of a military rebellion which has not failed to leave its mark upon it. On July 24, 1936, several days after the military revolt, led by the Generals Sanjurjo, Mola, Franco, Goded, Queipo de Llailo, Fanjul, Saliquet, Orgaz and Valera, a Junta for National Defence under thepresidency of General Cabanellas was formed at Burgos and assumed all the powers of state in the nationalist zone. This Junta was dissolved, upon its own initiative, by the Decree of September 29, 1936, which transferred its powers to General Franco. The essential provisions of the Decree are as follov/s The Junta for National Defence, created by the Decree of July 24, 1936, and the provisional regime of the combined command, corresponded to a need created by the most urgent demands of the Spanish liberation.
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