DOCSLIB.ORG

Opium As a Risk Factor for Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers: a Population-Based Case-Control Study in Iran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Opium As a Risk Factor for Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers: a Population-Based Case-Control Study in Iran 2SLXPDVD5LVN)DFWRUIRU8SSHU*DVWURLQWHVWLQDO&DQFHUV Original Article Opium as a Risk Factor for Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Population-based Case-Control Study in Iran Ahmad Naghibzadeh Tahami MSc1,2, Narges Khanjani MD PhD3, Vahid Yazdi Feyzabadi PhD4,5, Masoomeh Varzandeh MD6, Ali- $NEDU+DJKGRRVW0'3K'7 Abstract Background: Gastrointestinal cancers, including esophageal, gastric, liver and pancreatic are relatively common in Iran. Furthermore, consumption of opium and its derivatives (O&D) are considerable. This study, aimed to examine the association between consumption of O&D and the incidence of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancers. Methods: In a matched case-control study in Kerman (located in southeast of Iran), 142 patients with UGI cancers and 284 healthy peo- ple (matched in terms of age, sex and residence (urban/rural)) were recruited. Variables (using O&D, smoking, alcohol use and diet) were collected using a structured questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess the above mentioned association. Results: Opium use was associated with an increased risk of UGI cancers with an adjusted OR 4.0 (95 % CI: 2.2 – 7.0). A very strong dose-response relation was observed between consumption of O&D and the incidence of UGI cancers. (Three consumption levels-none, low and high; OR = 18.7; 95 % CI: 5.5 – 63.3). This dose-response relationship was also strong even in patients with gastric cancers (OR: 9.2; 95 % CI: 2.5 – 33.7). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that opium consumption can be a strong risk factor for UGI cancers in Iran. Keywords: Case-control, Iran, opium, risk factors, UGI neoplasms Cite this article as: Naghibzadeh Tahami A, Khanjani N, Yazdi Feyzabadi V, Varzandeh M, Haghdoost AA. Opium use as a risk factor for upper gastro-intestinal cancers: A population-based case control study in Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2014; 17(1): 2 – 6. Introduction world, with its northern parts especially Golestan province being one of the high-risk regions in the world.5–7 In Kerman province, GI cancers are among the most common cause of deaths in the largest province of Iran, located in the southeast of the country, U the world. Following lung cancer, gastric cancer has the GI cancers is also the most common cancers in recent years with second rank in the world in terms of mortality.1 The UGI an increasing trend; that is, among them, gastric cancer was the tract includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, and pan- most common form among men and the second most common creas.2 In Iran, these cancers are still considered as one of the most form among women.8 In addition, in recent years, the incidence of important cancers and cause of death. In recent years, cancer reg- liver cancer has increased in Iran. It should be also noted that the LVWU\¿QGLQJVLQ,UDQKDYHVKRZQWKDWPRUHWKDQSHUFHQWRI incidence of this cancer in Kerman is around three times higher deaths from cancer are attributable to UGI,3 with gastric cancer, than the national average.9 hepatic and bile duct cancers, and esophageal cancer having the Regular uses of opium have been recognized as a risk factor highest mortality rates among all other cancers.4 for many diseases including some cancers. Previous studies have Moreover, there is obvious geographic diversity in the incidence found some evidence about the association between opium use of UGI cancers in Iran. This shows that the risk factors for these and the risk of many cancers such as larynx, lung and bladder. 10–13 cancers are different in various parts of Iran. Iran is one of the Recently, a few studies have pointed to the association between countries where UGI cancers is higher than the other parts of the opium use, and esophageal and gastric cancer, but generally there LV OLWWOH HSLGHPLRORJLFDO ¿QGLQJV DERXW WKH DVVRFLDWLRQ EHWZHHQ $XWKRUV¶DI¿OLDWLRQV 1Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, In- opium use and UGI cancers.14–17 Nowadays, around 15 million stitute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, 2Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sci- people worldwide take opioids. Opium is traditionally used in ences, Kerman, Iran, 3Enviromental Health Research Center, School of Public many south-central Asian countries, especially Iran, Pakistan, Af- 4 Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, Reseach Center ghanistan and India, as well as in some areas of South-East Asia.16 for Health Services Management, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, 5Department of Health Manage- In Iran opioid use is more prevalent in the northern and southern ment and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical parts.18,19 In a study carried out in Golestan province (north of Iran Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 6Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, where the incidence of esophageal cancer is high) showed that 7 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Research Center for Mod- 16 eling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of 17 % of people aged more than 40 used opioids, and this might Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. contribute to the high rates of esophageal cancer in this area.14 In &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUDQGUHSULQWV Research Center for Modeling in Health, the north of Kerman the incidence of UGI cancers was relatively Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 8 Kerman, Iran. Address: Research Center for Modeling in Health, Kerman Uni- high; and opium consumption is the most common form of drug versity of Medical Sciences, Jahad Blvd, Ebn Sina Avenue, Kerman, Iran. abuse.18 It was found in a study in Kerman that the urine test of Tel: +98-341-2263787, Fax: +98-341-2263857, E-mail: [email protected]. 15 % of the subjects who were referred to one of the major Accepted for publication: 31 October 2013 2 Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 17, Number 1, January 2014 $1DJKLE]DGHK7DKDPL1.KDQMDQL9<D]GL)H\]DEDGLHWDO medical diagnostic laboratories was positive.19 1) teriak (raw opium), 2) shireh (opium sap), 3) sukhte (burned A cross-sectional study conducted in Golestan Province on the opium), 4) heroin. No subject was a sukhteh or heroin user. There- effect of opium use as a risk factor of esophageal cancer, found fore, for analysis we pooled two types of opium use (raw opium that men used opium more than women, and villagers more than and opium sap). Therefore, for analysis, we merged the use of all city dwellers; this may be related to the increased rate of esopha- types of opium together. geal cancer in men and villagers of this region.7 Dietary questionnaire included foodstuff used typically in the The high consumption of opium in Iran especially in Kerman, is Iranians diets especially in this region. All interviews were con- probably due to its adjacency to Afghanistan, the most important ducted at the interviewees’ houses and in a relaxing environment. opium producer in the world which facilitates the availability of If the subject was alive, interviews were mostly conducted face to opium. This fact in addition to the high incidence of UGI cancers, face; otherwise, the closest family member was interviewed. particularly in the northern parts of Kerman Province led us to This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Kerman design a case-control study to explore the possible association be- University of Medical Sciences. Interviews were conducted after tween opium use and the incidence of UGI cancers. taking a verbal informed consent from subjects or their relatives. Materials and Methods Statistical analysis For each exposure (tobacco and opium), the cumulative con- Selection of subjects and controls sumption (average daily use multiplied by the duration of use) In this matched case-control study, 142 patients with UGI can- was calculated, and divided into three subgroups of non-use, low cers (oral cavity, liver, esophagus, stomach, or pancreas) were XVH PHGLDQXVHLQWKHFRQWUROV DQGKLJKXVH !PHGLDQXVHLQ selected from the northern part of Kerman based on the pathologi- the controls). Since median use in controls probably represented cal data records at the cancer registry of Kerman province from the consumption in the entire population, it was considered as the August 2010 to November 2012. Hospital-based information was FXWRIISRLQWIRUFODVVL¿FDWLRQRIWKHDPRXQWRIFRQVXPSWLRQ,QDOO also re-checked to ensure that all eligible patients were detected. analyses, the non-use group was set as the reference group. In order to calculate the sample size, the following assumptions In this study, some subjects started using opioids after the diag- were set: the minimum desired odds ratio of 2, the frequency of nosis of cancer. Thus, to minimize the effect of reverse causality, opium use in the general population 0.2, the ratio of numbers only records of opioid use prior to the disease diagnosis were re- of control per case 2 : 1, the statistical power and the alpha error corded. Because of the low incidence of alcohol use, it was classi- 0.8 and 0.05 respectively. Using these assumptions, a minimum ¿HGLQWRWZRJURXSVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWWKHKLVWRU\RIFRQVXPSWLRQ sample size of 150 was calculated. However, since almost all of subjects were Muslim, the alcohol The patients’ information including the home address, the phone use was very low. number and type of cancer were extracted from their medical records. In this analysis, three outcomes were modeled 1- all cancers, A date was set with cases or their close relatives in advance 2- gastric cancer, and 3- The other cancers (oral cavity, liver, pan- via their phone numbers. For every subject, two neighborhood creas and esophagus). As compared with the other high enough controls were selected, matched in terms of gender and age.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Threat Will Vanish with Increased Deterrence
    WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 16 Pages Price 20,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 39th year No.13265 Thursday NOVEMBER 29, 2018 Azar 8, 1397 Rabi’ Al awwal 21, 1440 Nuclear chief Chinese bank to back Aliasghar Hasanzadeh Actor Mashayekhi warns EU patience is Iran-China transactions named the 2018 AFC celebrates 84th birthday at running thin 2 as of Dec. 2 4 Futsal Player 15 Iranian Artists Forum 16 ICCIMA hosts Iran-S. Korea Threat will vanish with business opportunities conference ECONOMY TEHRAN — The 1st South Korean Ambassador to Iran Ryu deskJoint Conference on Jeong-hyun and several other officials Iran-South Korea Business Opportunities and businessmen. was held at the place of Iran Chamber of Addressing the event, Soltani referred Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agri- to the 51-year-background of the mutual increased deterrence culture (ICCIMA) on Tuesday, the portal economic cooperation between the two of ICCIMA reported. sides saying that Iranian and South-Korean The conference was attended by IC- small and medium-sized companies can See page 2 CIMA Vice President Pedram Soltani, continue and improve their cooperation Iranian Head of Iran-South Korea Joint even under the current U.S.-led sanctions Chamber of Commerce Hossein Tanhaie, against Iran. 4 Iranian company produces brain cancer vaccine HEALTS TEHRAN — Iranian tients for two years now, he said, adding deskscientists have managed that the treatment is funded by the Health to produce brain cancer vaccine, an expert Ministry and executed by Urmia University in immunology whose company is involved of Medical Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Helmand Water Dispute on the Bilateral Relations Between Iran and Afghanistan; an Evaluation
    ISSN 1226-4490 International Journal of Central Asian Studies Volume 15 2011 Editor in Chief Choi Han-Woo The International Association of Central Asian Studies Korea University of International Studies International Journal of Central Asian Studies Volume 15. 2011 Impact of Helmand Water Dispute on the Bilateral Relations between Iran and Afghanistan; an Evaluation Thowhidul Islam International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh Abstract: Iran-Afghan relationship is having a long and flourishing historical background. Both the countries shared in religious, socio-economic, cultural and geo-political experiences with a long border sharing. But considerable tensions also emanated from the fundamental differences between the Afghan Sunnites and the Iranian Shiites Muslims. Since long, Iran was concerned over different disputed issues between the two countries as the political anarchy in Afghanistan, drug smuggling, Afghan refugees in Iran particularly after Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and demarcated border issue. But the most ancient dispute between Iran and Afghanistan is the sharing of water of Helmand River which passed over the two countries. For centuries, many measures have been taken bilaterally, trilaterally or multilaterally, but very little success has been shown. This dispute largely influences Iranian foreign policy. Iran’s policy towards Afghanistan has been founded on its multiple geostrategic interests. To secure its water interests, Iran adopted a paradoxical strategy through legal channels and less legitimate operations too. Iran’s official policy is to reach formal agreements and to pursue the benefits of cooperation. At the same time, Iran has been 114 Thowhidul Islam following multiple and contradictory influential policies in Afghanistan. Iran offered economic, social, and cultural assistance to Afghanistan; pressured Kabul over Afghan refugees and migrant workers in Iran; tried to develop a deep bilateral relationship between Tehran and Kabul; attempted to create a gap between Kabul and the West.
    [Show full text]
  • Drugs Politics
    Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.42, on 25 Sep 2021 at 15:35:17, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/E2EFB2A2A59AC5C2D6854BC4C4501558 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.42, on 25 Sep 2021 at 15:35:17, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/E2EFB2A2A59AC5C2D6854BC4C4501558 Drugs Politics Iran has one of the world’s highest rates of drug addiction, estimated to be between two and seven per cent of the entire population. This makes the questions this book asks all the more salient: what is the place of illegal substances in the politics of modern Iran? How have drugs affected the formation of the Iranian state and its power dynamics? And how have governmental attempts at controlling and regulating illicit drugs affected drug consumption and addiction? By answering these questions, Maziyar Ghiabi suggests that the Islamic Republic’s image as an inherently conservative state is not only misplaced and inaccurate, but in part a myth. In order to dispel this myth, he skilfully combines ethnographic narratives from drug users, vivid field observations from ‘under the bridge’, with archival material from the pre- and post-revolutionary era, statistics on drug arrests and interviews with public officials. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core at doi.org/10.1017/ 9781108567084. MAZIYAR GHIABI is an Italian/Iranian social scientist, ethnographer and historian, currently a lecturer at the University of Oxford and Titular Lecturer at Wadham College.
    [Show full text]
  • Auc28sesbweb.Pdf
    Islamic Coins Session B Begins on Thursday, May 18, 2017 at 14:00 PDT 421. UMAYYAD OF SPAIN: Hisham II, 976-1009, AV dinar (3.24g), al-Andalus, AH390, A-353, Miles-320, citing Muhammad below Islamic Coins obverse & ‘Âmir below reverse, well-centered, evenly struck, lovely VF $800 - 900 422. UMAYYAD OF SPAIN: LOT of 4 lovely dirhams of al-Hakam I Spain & North Africa (796-822), type A-341, al-Andalus mint, AH201, 202, 203, 204, all in extremely fine condition, lot of 4 pieces $300 - 350 423. UMAYYAD OF SPAIN: LOT of 3 lovely dirhams: al-Hakam I (A-341), al-Andalus 197 and 201; and Muhammad I, al-Andalus 254; all in EF condition, lot of 3 pieces $200 - 280 416. UMAYYAD OF SPAIN: ‘Abd al-Rahman I, 756-788, AR dirham (2.30g), al-Andalus, AH154, A-339, VF $80 - 100 424. HUDID OF DENIA: Sayyid al-Dawla Sulayman, 1090-1099, AV dinar (3.91g), Daniya (Dénia), AH483, A-V393, clear mint & date, struck from dies intended for the billon coinage, thus inscribed with the denomination al-dirham, VF, RRR $1,300 - 1,700 This piece appears to be the first known gold coin of the reign of Sayyid al-Dawla Sulayman, likely struck in emergency when only the dirham dies were available, shortly before the Almoravid advance that led to the seizure of Dénia in AH485. 417. UMAYYAD OF SPAIN: al-Hakam I, 796-822, AR dirham (2.73g), al-Andalus, AH184, A-341, superb strike, choice EF-AU $100 - 120 425. DHU’L NUNID OF TOLEDO: Sharaf al-Dawka Yahya I, 1043-1075, BI full dirham (5.19g), Tulaytila (Toledo), ASH46(5?), A-397, VyE-1111, ruler cited with his title Dhu’l-Majdayn, “possessor of the two glories”, lightly porous 418.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Opium in Modern Iran, 1850-1955
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 The Most Sovereign of Masters: The History of Opium in Modern Iran, 1850-1955 Ram Baruch Regavim University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, Economic History Commons, and the Islamic World and Near East History Commons Recommended Citation Regavim, Ram Baruch, "The Most Sovereign of Masters: The History of Opium in Modern Iran, 1850-1955" (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 687. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/687 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/687 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Most Sovereign of Masters: The History of Opium in Modern Iran, 1850-1955 Abstract This study surveys a century of commercial opium production in Iran, from 1850 to 1955. From an insignificant contributor to the global opium market, Iran became within a few decades an important exporter, turning to the market between 5-10% of the entire global production of opium. Opium-poppy cultivation and opium production formed part of a larger process of transition within the agricultural sector to cash-crop production. Under the growing pressure of increasing imports of European manufactured goods and the collapse of the local manual industries, the production of cash-crops, and particularly opium, was intended to balance Iran's trade deficit. The combination of timely political changes in China, technological improvements in steamboat navigation and a high-quality product, enabled the successful integration of Iranian opium within the global opium market.
    [Show full text]
  • Master's Dissertation
    M.A. in International Relations, Department of Political Science Security Studies Master’s Dissertation Security and health threats posed by drug trafficking from Afghanistan to the EU and the Russian Federation and mechanisms of cooperation in combating it: a case-study analysis of the current and future development of the 'Caucasus Route' Candidate: Romina Bulgaru (628562) Supervisor: Carlo Magrassi Co-supervisor: Elena Sciso Rome 2017 1 FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION “MOSCOW STATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (MGIMO-UNIVERSITY), THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA” M.A. in International Relations Program “Governance and Global Affairs” Master’s Dissertation Security and health threats posed by drug trafficking from Afghanistan to the EU and the Russian Federation and mechanisms of cooperation in combating it: a case-study analysis of the current and future development of the 'Caucasus Route' Done by Romina Bulgaru Supervisor: Yulia Nikitina Moscow 2017 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors, General Carlo Magrassi and Professor Yulia Nikitina, as well as my co-supervisor, Professor Elena Sciso, for agreeing to support me in the choice of my topic for this thesis. Additionally, I would like to thank Doctor Simone Pasquazzi for his support and valuable advice. I would like to extend a special thank you to Colonel Cesario Totaro for his enthusiastic support for my thesis topic and for putting me in contact with key experts that provided useful information and advice. Furthermore, I am indebted to the experts of the UNODC, specifically Angela Me, Tofik Murshudlu, Andrea Mancini, Ekaterina Kolykhalova and to Lieutenant Colonel Arturo Sessa, as well as Commissario Paolo Sartori and Lieutenant Colonel Marco Molinari for providing invaluable information and for agreeing to answer my many questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Malaria and Opium Control in Iran
    INTERNATIONAL MAIL POUCH Malaria and Opium Control in Iran GLANCE at two major health develop¬ suffering attacks of malaria during the growing A ments in Iran, achieved in little more than season. For example, along the Caspian Sea a decade, illustrates the dramatic contributions in the north adequate rainfall should have made health workers have made to the well-being of the land particularly productive. But through¬ a people. out history malaria had caused it to be known Iran is one of the many countries with as the "poisonous region." shortages of transportation, communication, DDT spraying commenced in 1947 with the industry, equipment, trained personnel, and ad¬ first demonstration programs supported by the ministrative organization to overcome in its Near East Foundation and the United Nations. coordinated development. In addition, until They showed that the transmission of malaria 1950, malaria and opium addiction prevented a could be controlled rapidly by the in¬ of its spraying large proportion population from func¬ secticide on the walls where Anopheles mosqui¬ tioning effectively. toes, engorged with malarious blood, rested. In 1950 the Iranian Seven Year Plan Or¬ Malaria ganization began a national program of Despite the lack of national statistics, one malaria control. The U.S. Technical Coopera¬ could see that large numbers of workers were tion Administration (now the U.S. Operations A malaria control team from the Iranian Ministry of Health crosses a footbridge near the Caspian Sea. The U.S. International Cooperation Administration supplied sprayers and DDT for such teams. 352 Public Health Reports Fields of opium poppies, once conspicuous near every village in central and southern Iran, had disappeared by 1956.
    [Show full text]
  • Opium in a Time of Uncertainty: State Formation, Diplomacy, and Drug Control in Afghanistan During the Musahiban Dynasty, 1929-1978
    OPIUM IN A TIME OF UNCERTAINTY: STATE FORMATION, DIPLOMACY, AND DRUG CONTROL IN AFGHANISTAN DURING THE MUSAHIBAN DYNASTY, 1929-1978 A dissertation presented by James Tharin Bradford to The Department of History In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of History Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts April, 2013 1 OPIUM IN A TIME OF UNCERTAINTY: STATE FORMATION, DIPLOMACY, AND DRUG CONTROL IN AFGHANISTAN DURING THE MUSAHIBAN DYNASTY, 1929-1978 A dissertation presented by James Tharin Bradford ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities of Northeastern University April, 2013 2 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the role of opium in the political and economic development of Afghanistan from a world historical perspective. My research reveals that the Afghan government’s adoption of American anti-narcotics policy after World War II led it to enforce prohibitions and anti-smuggling laws that proved divisive among rural Afghans, who were both culturally ambivalent toward opium use and increasingly dependent on revenue from the opium trade. In particular, by the late 1960s and 1970s, when the global demand for narcotics exploded, Afghanistan emerged as an ideal source for illicit hash and opium. However, to maintain a steady flow of American money and aid, which it was increasingly dependent, the Afghan government had to enforce the culturally and economically divisive opium laws. More important, the crackdown on the opium trade coincided with broader political conflicts throughout the country.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Drugs and Conflict: the Challenges of Insurgency and State-Building in Afghanistan
    WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/research/westminsterresearch The politics of drugs and conflict: the challenges of insurgency and state-building in Afghanistan Dawood Azami Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © The Author, 2015. This is an exact reproduction of the paper copy held by the University of Westminster library. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Users are permitted to download and/or print one copy for non-commercial private study or research. Further distribution and any use of material from within this archive for profit-making enterprises or for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: (http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] THE POLITICS OF DRUGS AND CONFLICT: THE CHALLENGES OF INSURGENCY AND STATE-BUILDING IN AFGHANISTAN DAWOOD AZAMI A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (LONDON) FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2015 Statement of Authorship I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis, and that the material contained in the thesis is my own work. All sources used are referenced. I further declare that the material contained in this thesis have not been previously submitted for a degree in this o any other university.
    [Show full text]
  • The Famous Sons of Ancient and Medieval AZERBAIJAN
    The Famous Sons of Ancient and Medieval AZERBAIJAN Chingiz QAJAR 1 Shirvanshah Firidun ibn-Firiburz. 2 Contents PREFACE So was Spoken about Zarathustra. ZOROASTER (ZARDUSHT) The King of Manne, a State that Became the Cradle of Animal Style in Art. ULLUSUNU The Amazon Who Defeated King Cyrus the Great. TOMYRIS The Man Who Created Azerbaijan 2,300 Years Ago. ATROPATES The King of Azerbaijan and Armenia, the Father of Antony and Cleopatra's Daughter-in-law. ARTHAVAZD FROM ATROPATENE The Ruler of a Country that Professed Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Islam. JAVANSHIR Mavali-Arabic Language Poet from Azerbaijan. MUSA IBN-BASHSHAR SHAHAVAT Twenty Years Face to Face with the Caliphate. BABEK AL-KHURAMI The First Azerbaijani Poet to Become Known in the Middle East. QATRAN AZERBAIJANI ( TABRIZI) The Holy Shirazian From Shirvan. BABA KUKHI BAKUVI The Outstanding Disciple of Ibn Sina. BAHMANYAR AL-AZERBAIJANI The Leader of the Arabian Scientists. KHATIB TABRIZI The Great Atabey. SHAMS AD-DIN IL -DENIZ The Founder of the Sufi Brotherhood, One of the Most Authoritative In the Islamic World. SHIKHAB AD-DIN OMAR SUHRAVARDI The Philosopher - a Martyr SHIKHAB AD-DIN SUHRAVARDI The King of Poets. ABUL-ALA GANJAVI The Khakan of Poetry . KHAGANI SHIRVANI The Creator of Unique Balms. OMAR IBN-OSMAN KAFI AD-DIN The Zenith of the Islamic Renaissance. SHEIKH NIZAMI GANJAVI (GANJALI) The Great Lady of the Sufi Realm. MEHSET1 GANJAVI The Sheikh of Engineers. AJAMI NAKHCHIVANI The King Renowned for His Herculean Strength. JAHAN PEHLEVAN The Sultan of Azerbaijan. GIZIL ARSLAN The King of The Kingdom of Science. NASIR AD-DIN TUSI The Greatest of the Grand Viziers.
    [Show full text]
  • Aalto, Ein Kunstgriff Der Epik: Fragen Der Mongolischen Heldendichtung
    Aalto, Ein Kunstgriff der Epik: Fragen der Mongolischen Heldendichtung: * IV 274ff Aalto, Intialaisten kielitieteellisestä ajattelusta: Ajatus XIX 5-21 Aalto, The Three Strides of Visnu: Temenos 28 9-13 Abusch, {alaktu| and halakhah. Oracular Decision, Divine Relation: HTR 80 15-42 Abusch, An Early Form of the Witchcraft Ritual {Maqlu^| and the Origin of a Babylonian Magical Ceremony: HSS 37 1-57 Abusch, Ascent to the Stars in a Mesopotamian Ritual. Social Metaphor and Religious Experience: DEOWJ 15-39 Abusch, Etemmu: DDD 588-94 Abusch, Ghost and God. Some Observations on a Babylonian Understanding of Human Nature: SSBRE 363-83 Abusch, Gilgamesh. Classical and Medieval Literature: Criticism 3 365-374 Abusch, Gilgamesh. Hero, King, God and Striving Man: Odyssey 4/2000 32-42, 58-59 Abusch, Gilgamesh's Request and Siduri's Denial, Pt. I: Fs Hallo 1-14 Abusch, Gilgamesh's Request and Siduri's Denial, Pt. II: JANES 22 3-17 Abusch, "He Should Continue To Bear The Penalty of that Case". Codex Hammurabi 3-4 and 13: Fs Fox 1 77-96 Abusch, Magical and medical texts: further joins and duplicates: RA 78 93f Abusch, Ishtar's Proposal and Gilgamesh's Refusal. An Interpretation of the Gilgamesh Epic, Tablet 6, Lines 1-79: HistRel 26 143-87 Abusch, Ishtar: DDD 847-55 Abusch, {Maqlu^|: RlA * Abusch, Marduk: DDD 1014-26 Abusch, Mesopotamian Anti-Witchcraft Literature. Texts and Studies. Part I: The Nature of {Maqlu^|: JNES 33 251-262 Abusch, Mourning the Death of a Friend. Some Assyriological Notes: Talmage MV 53-62 Abusch, Notes on a Pair of Matching Texts.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Control in Iran: a Legal and Historical Analysis Thomas Quinn Fordham University School of Law
    Fordham Law School FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History Faculty Scholarship 1974 Drug Control In Iran: A Legal and Historical Analysis Thomas Quinn Fordham University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Thomas Quinn, Drug Control In Iran: A Legal and Historical Analysis, 59 Iowa L. Rev. 469 (1974) Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarship/796 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The orF dham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of FLASH: The orF dham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. +(,121/,1( Citation: Gerald T. McLaughlin; Thomas M. Quinn, Drug Control in Iran: A Legal and Historical Analysis, 59 Iowa L. Rev. 469 (1974) Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline Tue Mar 20 19:48:12 2018 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at http://heinonline.org/HOL/License -- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected OCR text. -- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your HeinOnline license, please use: Copyright Information Use QR Code reader to send PDF to your smartphone or tablet device Iowa Law Review VOLUME 59 FEBRUARY 1974 NUMBER 3 DRUG CONTROL IN IRAN: A LEGAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Gerald T. McLaughlin* & Thomas 1. Quinn** I.
    [Show full text]