Analysis of the Spatial Patterns of Particulate Pollution in the Persistent Haze in Northeast China: a Case Study in Harbin City

p-ISSN: 0972-6268 Nature Environment and Pollution Technology (Print copies up to 2016) Vol. 19 No. 2 pp. 865-871 2020 An International Quarterly Scientific Journal e-ISSN: 2395-3454

Original Research Paper Originalhttps://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2020.v19i02.046 Research Paper Open Access Journal Analysis of the Spatial Patterns of Particulate Pollution in the Persistent Haze in Northeast China: A Case Study in Harbin City

Lei Wang*(***), Jiarong Deng****, Lijin Yang*****, Yunlong Yao**† and Dawei Xu*(***) *College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China **College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China ***Key Lab for Garden Plant Germplasm Development & Landscape Eco-restoration in Cold Regions of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150040, China ****College of Architectural Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin 130012, China *****College of Mining Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin 130012, China †Correspondence author: Yunlong Yao; [email protected]

ABSTRACT Nat. Env. & Poll. Tech. Website: www.neptjournal.com With the help of PM2.5, PM10, and the Air Quality Index (AQI) and other air quality data, the posterior trajectory model of the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT-4) model, Received: 16-07-2019 having researched fire points of the straw in Harbin City, spatial pattern characteristics and genesis Accepted: 05-10-2019 of the persistent haze in Harbin City from 20th October 2016 to 11th November 2016 were analysed. 3 3 Key Words: During the study period, the highest value of PM2.5 reached 1880μg/m , the PM10 reached 1411μg/m , th Spatial Pattern; the daily average concentration was high, and the AQI concentration reached a maximum value on 28 th Particulate pollution; October and 4 November, and the persistent haze phenomenon was the most significant. Besides, the Persistent haze; study found that the haze incident and a large quantity of pollutants due to the concentration of burning HYSPLIT-4; straw around Harbin had a strong connection. The burning of particulate matter had a significant impact Straw burning on the region’s pollution level. The results of this study contribute to the control of particulate pollution in winter cities of developing countries.

INTRODUCTION visibility in the cities has become a prominent phenomenon. Huang et al. (2014) found that fossil fuel combustion and With the rapid industrialization and urbanization in develop- biomass burning is likely to be important for controlling ing countries, air pollution became an increasingly problem- China’s PM2.5 levels and for reducing the environmental, atic issue in daily life (Seinfeld 2004). Serious environmental economic, and health impacts resulting from particulate problems such as air quality, human health, regional climates, pollution. Appel et al. (1985) analysed the PM2.5, PM10, and global climates are influenced by particulate pollution and NO2 concentration changes to explain the phenomenon (Wang et al.2014, Cao 2012). Haze in the country has be- of reduced urban visibility. Marcazzan et al. (2001) studied come a multi-regional environmental disaster that cannot be the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 in different seasons ignored (Li et al. 2017, Fang et al. 2016, Liu et al. 2015, Liang in Milan and found that PM2.5 concentrations were higher in et al. 2015). Harbin City has witnessed severe and persistent th th winter. Kassomenos et al. (2014), Shen et al. (2016), Fang hazy weather from 20 October to 11 November, during et al. (2017) found that during fog and haze, changes in the this time, the heavy air pollution and air quality problems concentration of each pollutant trend is similar and that the caused the visibility of the atmosphere to decrease, and had degree of change of NO2, CO, PM2.5, and PM10 were sim- significant socio-economic impacts, especially on human ilar. Seinfeld et al. (2016) studied the impact of particulate health. Analysing the changing features and causes of haze matter on human beings in an in-depth study by focusing weather in the Harbin area is of great significance for accu- on the relationship between atmospheric aerosol and air rately observing and forecasting hazy weather, and reducing pollution. Gautam (2014) used remote sensing image data disaster loss, and ensuring traffic safety and environmental to study heavy haze phenomena in a given area and studied quality (Ou et al. 2015, Li et al. 2017). the corresponding early warning system to reduce the impact Air quality problems are becoming increasingly prom- of haze on society. Many studies exist on the characteristics inent in many major cities around the world and reduced and causes of haze in China, mainly focusing on the causes 866 Lei Wang et al.

of haze, the weather situation, haze control, haze detection, 2) The trajectories of pollutants are calculated using the haze forecast, and so on (Wu 2008, Wu et al. 2008, 2010, Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Yue et al. 2013). Wu et al. (2016) found that the main fac- Model (HYSPLIT) jointly released by the National tor affecting smog in monitoring points in 74 countries in Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and China was industrial and that the use of motor vehicles and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. The backward domestic gas was also becoming influential factors, and Pu trajectory model is used to trace the source and trend (2017) analysed the trend of PM2.5 in different regions of of air masses during the pollution period because it can China from an economic development perspective. However, handle the meteorological transmission, diffusion, and due to the different situations in different countries, there are settlement at different heights and there are various differences in the time and causes of haze (Fan 2010, Zhang meteorological input fields and physical processes. et al. 2017, Han et al. 2016). The meteorological data were provided by the National Taking Harbin City as an example, this paper analyses Environmental Forecast Center (NCEP) of the United the characteristics and causes of haze pollution from 20th States from the simultaneous global data assimilation October 2016 to 11th November 2016. This paper analyses system (GDAS) data (Zhang et al. 2017, Ge et al. 2017). the air quality status during the pollution period with air 3) The distribution data of the straw fire points in Harbin in quality data and traces the movement of pollutants at different autumn comes from the satellite environmental applica- heights through the backward trajectory mode to trace the tion centre of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, source of the pollutants. Furthermore, this paper also looks which is used to analyse the situation of straw burning into the distribution of straw fire points in Harbin and dis- in the surrounding areas of Harbin. cusses the main causes of haze pollution to provide a basis The downtown area of Harbin (45.64°N -45.86°N, for controlling the impact of haze in Harbin City. 126.47°E -126.81°E) is used as the target of the HYSPLIT model and the GDAS data of 28th October 2016 and 4th MATERIALS AND METHODS November 2016 are analysed retrospectively. The back-push Data Collection and Sample time is set at 72 hours, UTC time is 16:00. The interval time is set to six hours and airth mass monitoringth at three different SO2 trends are roughly the same, the daily concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 from 20 October to 11 November were Based on the data of air quality, Lagrangian hybrid single altitudes is set at 100 m, 500 m, and 1000 m, respectively, to particle orbit 3model,th and the distribution of the straw fire monitor the movement trajectories3. of pollutants at different above 100μg/m ; on 4 November, the average daily PM2.5 reached its maximum of 1880μg/m On 5th November, PM10 points, the spatial pattern and genesis of haze were studied heights. This draws the Harbin City HYSPLIT-4 backward reachedin Harbin its City.maximum of 1411μg/m3, corresponding to an AQItrajectory of 500 model. and severe air quality conditions. After 6th 1) The Air Quality Index (AQI) data and Particulate Matter Air Quality Analysis of the Smog Process November,(PM) the are PM derived2.5 and from PM 10environmental daily average cloud concentrations work plat- showed a downward trend. forms and mainly analyse the air quality status during Analysis of air pollution during the status of the pollution the pollution period. process can be reviewed and the changes and characteristics Fig. 1: The Harbin Air Quality index trend map from 20th October to 11th November.

th th Fig. 1: The Harbin Air Quality index trend map from 20 October to 11th November. th Fig. 2: The daily concentration changes of PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 in Harbin from 20 October to 11 November.

Vol. 19, No. 2, 2020 • Nature Environment and Pollution Technology

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of the Backward Trajectory of Air Mass

Using the HYSPLIT-4 model, GDAS meteorological data, and UTC time, we analysed two of the most severe smog hazes during the study period, with the AQI value reaching 458 at 3:00 AM on 28th October 2016 and 500 at 4:00 PM on

4th November 2016. Using the model, we calculated the 72-hour backward transfer trajectory, as shown in Figs. 3 and 4.

can be understood. China issued the relevant provisions in RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the first half of 2012 in which the Air Quality Index (AQI) Analysis of the Backward Trajectory of Air Mass replaced the original Air Pollution Index (API) and the st relevant provisions were implemented on 1 January 2016 Using the HYSPLIT-4 model, GDAS meteorological data, (China Meteorological Administration 2010). and UTC time, we analysed two of the most severe smog From 20th October 2016 to 11th November 2016, the air hazes during the study period, with the AQI value reaching th pollution in Harbin continued for 23 days. The primary pol- 458 at 3:00 AM on 28 October 2016 and 500 at 4:00 PM on 4th November 2016. Using the model, we calculated the lutants were PM2.5 and PM10. Fig. 1 shows the trend of AQI th th SO2 trendsduring are the rou pollutionghly the period. same, As the shown daily in concentrations Fig. 1, the air quality of PM 2.5 72-hourand PM 10backward from 20 transfer October trajectory, to 11 Novembe as shownr werein Figs. 3 conditions were mildly polluted on 20th, 22th, 23th, 26th, 30th and 4. The red, blue, and green trajectories in the images 3 thth th th 3. above October,100μg/m and; on 11 4 November. November On, the 21 average and 29 daily October, PM2.5 and reached on itsrepresent maximum the air of mass1880 transportμg/m On trajectories 5th November, at the lowPM 10altitude th th th of 100 m and the high altitudes of 500 m and 1000 m in the 8 , 9 , and 10 November, the air3 quality was heavily polluted. th reachedOn its the maximum 24th, 25th, 27of th1411, 28thμg/m, and ,31 correspondth of October,ing andto anon theAQI ofair. 500 As canand besevere seen airin Fig.quality 3, thecondition 100-meters. After low air6 mass th 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th of November, the air quality began at 00:00 on 25 October and moved northeastward th November,status the showed PM2.5 serious and PM pollution10 daily levels.average Among concentrations these, the AQIshowed froma downward Inner Mongolia trend. to the northeast at noon on the 25 . on 4th, 5th, and 6th November, exceeded 500. This is the most It moved southwards along the eastern boundary of Inner th long-lasting and serious haze pollution in Harbin since 20 Mongoliath and enteredth the provinces of Jilin and Liaoning Fig. 1: The Harbin Air Quality index trend map from 20 October to 11 thNovember. October 2016 when the Heilongjiang Provincial Department at noon on the 26 and then the air mass moved north again of Environmental Protection issued a haze red warning. Fig. and finally arrived in Harbin. The 500-meter and 1000-meter 2 shows that from 20th October-11th November, Harbin City’s air masses showed roughly similar movement trends with the (11 monitoring sites: Lingbei Station, Songbei Shangda Sta- declining phenomenon. The 500-meter air mass at 0:00 on th tion, Huining Station, Taiping Grand Park Station, Chengde the 25 rose to 1000 m and then gradually decreased at 0:00 th outside the road, Xiangfang Hongqi Street station, He Ping on the 26 down to 100 m. The height of the 1000-meter air th Road station, Daoli Jianguo Road station, Square East Light mass at 0:00 on the 25 dropped to about 100 m and then at th Station, Hulan Teachers College station, Provincial Academy 12:00 on the 27 , the air mass rose to more than 500 m and moved from Southern Inner Mongolia to the Liaoning area, of Agricultural Station) daily average of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and then turned to the north, eventually reaching Harbin. It and SO2 levels. The NO2 and SO2 trends are roughly the same, th can be seen that part of the heavy haze on the 28th is due to the daily concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 from 20 October to 11th November were above 100μg/m3; on 4th November, the descent of the high air mass, transporting high-altitude 3. pollutants to a low altitude and transporting low-level pol- the average daily PM2.5 reached its maximum of 1880μg/m 3 lutants from other regions to Harbin. In Fig. 4, it can be seen On 5th November, PM10 reached its maximum of 1411μg/m , corresponding to an AQI of 500 and severe air quality condi- that the 100-meter low-level air mass reaches Harbin from th the south from Russia, but in the case of high pressure in tions. After 6 November, the PM2.5 and PM10 daily average concentrations showed a downward trend. Russia, the air mass rises from 0:00 on 1st November, and th th Fig. 2: The daily concentration changes of PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 in Harbin from 20 October to 11 November.

th th Fig. 2: The daily concentration changes of PM2.5, PM 10, NO2 and SO2 in Harbin from 20 October to 11 November.

Nature Environment and Pollution Technology • Vol. 19, No. 2, 2020

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of the Backward Trajectory of Air Mass

4th November 2016. Using the model, we calculated the 72-hour backward transfer trajectory, as shown in Figs. 3 and 4.

The red, blue, and green trajectories in the images represent the air mass transport trajectories at the low altitude of 100 m and the high altitudes of 500 m and 1000 m in the air. As can be seen in Fig. 3, the 100-meter low air mass began at 00:00 on 25onth October 25th October and moved and moved north northeastwardeastward from fromInner Inner Mongolia Mongolia to the to n orthetheast northeast at noon at noonon the on 25 theth. It25 movedth. It moved southwards southwards alongalong the eastern the eastern boundary boundary of Inner of InnerMongolia Mongolia and enteredand entered the provinces the provinces of Jilin of andJilin Liaoningand Liaoning at noon at noonon the on 26 theth and26th and then thethen air the mass air massmoved moved north northagain again and finallyand finally arrived arrived in Harbin in Harbin. The. 500The- meter500-meter and 10and00 -10meter00-meter air masse air masses showeds showed roughlyroughly similar similar movement movement trends trends with withthe declining the declining phenomenon phenomenon. The. 500The- meter500-meter air mass air massat 0:00 at 0:00on the on 25 theth rose25th torose to

1000 1000m and m then and graduallythen gradually decreased decreased at 0:00 at on0:00 the on 26 theth down 26th down to 100 to m 100. The m .height The height of the of 1000 the -1000meter-meter air mass air massat 0:00 at o0:00n on the 25theth drop25th peddrop toped about to about 100 m100 and m thenand atthen 12 :00at 12 on:00 the on 27 theth, 27theth ,air the mass air massrose torose more to morethan 500than m500 and m movedand moved from from

SouthernSouthern Inner Inner Mongolia Mongolia to the to Liaoning the Liaoning area, area,and then and turnthened turn to edthe to north, the north, eventually eventually reaching reaching Harbin. Harbin. It can It be can seen be seen that partthat of part the of hea thevy hea hazevy onhaze the on 28 theth is28 dueth is to due the to descent the descent of the of high the airhigh mass, air mass, transporting transporting high- highaltitude-altitude pollutants pollutants to a to a low altitudelow altitude and transportingand transporting low- levellow- levelpollutants pollutants from fromother oregionsther regions to Harbin. to Harbin. In Fig In. 4Fig, it. 4can, it becan seen be seenthat thethat the

100-meter100-meter low- levlowel- levair elmass air massreaches reaches Harbin Harbin from fromthe south the south from fromRussia, Russia, but in but the in case the ofcase high of pressurehigh pressure in Russia, in Russia, the the air massair massrises risesfrom from0:00 0:00on 1 ston Novemb 1st November, ander , theand air the mass air masscontinues continues to rise to torise a heightto a height of abou of tabou 2500t 2500m at m20:00 at 20:00 on on

JanuaryJanuary 1, the 1,n theit gran itdually gradually declines. declines. At 12 At:00 12 on:00 the on 3 therd November 3rd November, it drops, it drops to about to about 100 m.100 The m. 500The- meter500-meter and and

1000-1000meter-meter air masses air masses move move in roughly in roughly the same the samedirection. direction. They Theymove mo northwardve northward from fromHebei Hebei and Inner and InnerMongolia Mongolia and and are atare a height at a height of abou of tabou 100 tm 100 from m from1st Novembe 1st November-3rd Nor-3vemberrd November at 6:00 at. 6:00The . airTh masse air masscarrying carrying particulate particulate contaminants contaminants did notdid rise not to rise the to original the original altitude altitude when when it reached it reached Harbin. Harbin. The reasonThe reason for the for haze the hazeon th one 4 th ewas 4th becausewas because the high the airhigh air mass masshad been had beenmoving moving at a low at a altitude low altitude and transported and transported the poll theut pollantsut iantsn other in otherareas areasto Harbin. to Harbin.

CombiningCombining the trajectories the trajectories of the of air the masses air masses on 28 onth October28th October and 4andth November 4th November, it can, it becan found be found that thethat high the -highair -air massesmasses are allare r educedall reduced to low to- levellow- levelmovement. movement. The airThe currents air currents transport transport the pollutantsthe pollutants in the in norththe northwesternwestern and and southsouthwesternwestern parts partsof th eof country the country to Harbin to Harbin and the and airborne the airborne pollutants pollutants of Harbin of Harbin to the to lower the lower part ofpart the of s ky,the indicatingsky, indicating that868 partthat of part the of reason the reason for the for haze the weatherhaze weather in Harbin in Harbin wasLei due Wangwas to due etthe al.to regional the regional pollution pollution. .

Fig. 3: The 72 hours back trajectory map on 28th October. Fig. 4: The 72 hours back trajectory map on 4th November.

the air mass continues to rise to a height of about 2500 m at Monitoring and Analysis of the Straw Incineration 20:00 on January 1, then it gradually declines. At 12:00 on Fire Points the 3rd November, it drops to about 100 m. The 500-meter and Heilongjiang Province is a major grain-producing province. 1000-meter air masses move in roughly the same direction. After harvesting, a large number of straw burning incidents They move northward from Hebei and Inner Mongolia and continue to occur. Small particles floating in the air have are at a height of about 100 m from 1st November-3rd Novem- caused serious air pollution in Harbin after long-term heating ber at 6:00. The air mass carrying particulate contaminants and burning a large amount of coal for heating. This article did not rise to the original altitude when it reached Harbin. studies the sources and causes of smog pollution in Harbin The reason for the haze on the 4th was because the high air from 20th October -11th November. As can be seen from Fig. mass had been moving at a low altitude and transported the 2, the AQI reached a peak on October 28th and reached a pollutants in other areas to Harbin. maximum on 4th November (AQI of 500). Table 1 shows the Combining the trajectories of the air masses on 28th Ministry of Environmental Protection satellite environment October and 4th November, it can be found that the high- application centre test data. Table 2 shows that in October and air masses are all reduced to low-level movement. The air November, the number of straw burning stoves in Heilong- currents transport the pollutants in the northwestern and jiang Province were 702 and 715, respectively. Fig. 5 is from southwestern parts of the country to Harbin and the airborne 20th to 31st October, showing the distribution area of straw pollutants of Harbin to the lower part of the sky, indicating burning fire spots in Heilongjiang Province, which totalled that part of the reason for the haze weather in Harbin was 598, accounting for 85% of the total in October. Fig. 6 shows due to the regional pollution. Harbin’s burned fire point distribution area of Harbin from

Table 1: The environmental satellite monitoring of the fire points of straw burning in October 2016.

Sort Province Fire Points Fire Intensity (A/thousand hectares of arable land area) 1 Heilongjiang 702 0.0600 2 Inner Mongolia 100 0.0177 3 Jilin 73 0.0146 4 Liaoning 58 0.0179 5 Shanxi 54 0.0164 6 Xinjiang 35 0.0155 Note: The data of arable land in each province in this statistical table comes from the China Statistical Yearbook 2014.

Vol. 19, No. 2, 2020 • Nature Environment and Pollution Technology ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL PATTERNS OF PARTICULATE POLLUTION IN HAZE 869

Table 2: The environmental satellite monitoring of the fire points of straw burning in November 2016.

Sort Province Fire Points Fire Intensity (A/thousand hectares of arable land area) 1 Heilongjiang 715 0.0611 2 Shanxi 94 0.0286 3 Inner Mongolia 40 0.0071 4 Jilin 39 0.0078 5 Liaoning 25 0.0077 6 Hebei 13 0.0021 Note: The data of arable land in each province in this statistical table comes from the China Statistical Yearbook 2014.

th st th st Fig. 5Fig.: 20th 5:-31 20Figst thOctober.-31 5: st20 October -Heilongjiang31 October Heilongjiang Heilongjiangprovince province straw province burningstraw burning straw fire points burning fire . points. fire points Fig. 6. : 20 Fig. th -31 Fig6:st October20. 6th: -3120 st -Harbin 31October October City Harbin straw Harbin City bur City strawning straw fire burning points. burni fireng firepoints. points.

20th to 31st October, with a total of 52, mainly distributed in fire density distribution area: a total of 715. Fig. 8 shows the Binxian, Bayan County, Acheng District, Tonghe County, 1st to 11th November Harbin Environmental Satellite Moni- Yilan County, Magnolia County, Shuangcheng District, toring straw burning fire density distribution area: a total of Wuchang City, Daoli District, and Hulan District, of which 50, mainly in Bayan County, Bin County, Hulan District, 18 are from the Yilan County, 12 are from the Bin County Mulan County, Shuangcheng District, Yilan County, Acheng and 9 are from the Bayan County. Based on the HYSPLIT-4 District, Songbei District, Tonghe County, and Yanshou model, the source of air pollutants in Harbin was analysed. County. From these, 20 were in the Hulan District, 9 in the Combining the distribution of fire density of straw burning Lan County and Bayan County, and 4 in the Binxian Coun- in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, the main cause of smog pollution in ty. Compared with October, the incineration points around

Harbin on 28th October is the transportation of extraneous Harbin urban area increased significantly in November. air pollutants. From Fig. 3, it can be seen that the wind on According to the backward deduction of Fig. 4, the distri- 25th, 26th, and 27th of October was not conducive to the bution location of straw burning fire spots in Fig. 7 and Fig. spread of pollutants. The straw burning from the northwest 8 resulted in the AQI “explosion table” on November 4 in and southwest areas of Harbin (that is, Shuangcheng, Acheng, Harbin mainly due to the transportation of air pollutants from Daoli, and Hulan) causes the particles to stay in Harbin, thus the northwest and southwest directions. As can be seen from st th st th Fig.exacerbating 7: 1st-11thFig November. 7: the1 -11 extent Heilongjiang November of ambient Heilongjiangprovince air straw pollution. province burning straw fire points. burning fire Fig points.. Fig.8: 1st - 4,11 onthFig November 1st,. 8: 1 2nd,-11 Harbin and November 3rd City days straw Harbin of burning November,City straw fire points. burning the 500-meter fire points. st th Fig. 7 shows thest 1th-11 stNovemberth Heilongjiang Prov- altitude and the 1000-meter altitudes were windless and due Fig. 7 showsFig the. 7 shows1 -11 the November 1 -11 NovemberHeilongjiang Heilongjiang Province Environme Province Environmental Satellitental Monitoring Satellite Monitoring of the straw of burningthe straw burning ince Environmental Satellite Monitoring of the straw burning to the 100-meter low air mass movement, the pollutants in st th fire densityfire distribution density distribution area: a total area of: a715 total. Fig of. 8715 shows. Fig . the8 shows1st to t11heth 1November to 11 NovemberHarbin Environmental Harbin Environmental Satellite Satellite Nature Environment and Pollution Technology • Vol. 19, No. 2, 2020 MonitoringMonitoring straw burning straw fire burning density fire distribution density distribution area: a total a reaof :50, a total mai nlyof 50, in Bayanmainly Count in Bayany, Bin Count County,y, Bin Hulan County, District, Hulan District,

Mulan County,Mulan Shuangcheng County, Shuangcheng District, Yilan District, County, Yilan Acheng County, District, Acheng Songbei District, Di Songbeistrict, Tonghe District, County, Tonghe and County, Yanshou and Yanshou

County. FromCounty these. From, 20 were these in, 20 the were Hulan in District,the Hulan 9 District,in the Lan 9 inCounty the Lan an dCounty Bayan an Countyd Bayan, and County 4 in the, and Binxian 4 in the Cou Binxiannty. County.

Compared Comparedwith October, with theOctober, incineration the incineration points around points Harbin around urban Harbin area urban increased area increasedsignificantly significantly in Novem inber. Novem ber.

According Accordingto the backward to the deductionbackward deductionof Fig. 4, theof Figdistrib. 4, utionthe distrib locationution of location straw burning of straw fi reburning spots infi reFig spots. 7 and in FigFig.. 78 and Fig. 8 resulted in resultedthe AQI in "explosion the AQI "explosion table" on November table" on November4 in Harbin 4 mainlyin Harbin due mainly to the transportdue to theation transport of airation pollutants of air frompollutants the from the northwest northwestand southwest and southwestdirections. directions.As can be Asseen can from be seenFig. 4from, on Fig1st,. 24nd, on, and 1st ,3 2rdnd days, and of 3 rdNovember, days of November, the 500-m eterthe 500-meter altitude andaltitude the 1000 and-m theeter 1000 altitude-meters were altitude windlesss were and windless due to and the due100 -tometer the 100low- meterair mass low movement, air mass movement, the pollutants the pollutantsin in the surroundingthe surrounding area of Harbin area wereof Harbin transported were t ransportedto Harbin. toFu Harthermore,rbin. Fu rthermore,a large amount a large of amountincinerated of incinerated particles remain particles in remain in

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Fig. 5: 20Figth-31. 5st: October20th-31st HeilongjiangOctober Heilongjiang province provincestraw burning straw fire burning points fire. points Fig. . 6 : 20 Figth-31. 6st: October20th-31st Harbin October City Harbin straw City bur strawning fire bur points.ning fire points.

st th st th st th st th Fig. 7: 1 Fig-11. 7 November:st 1 -11th November Heilongjiang Heilongjiang province provincestraw burning straw fire burning points. fire points.Fig. 8 : 1 Fig-11. st8 November: 1 th-11 November Harbin City Harbin straw City burning straw fire burning points. fire points. Fig. 7: 1 -11 November Heilongjiang province straw burning fire points. Fig. 8: 1 -11 November Harbin City straw burning fire points. Fig. 7 showsFig. 7 theshows 1st- 11theth 1Novemberst-11th November Heilongjiang Heilongjiang Province Pr Environmeovince Environmental Satntalellite Sat Monitoringellite Monitoring of the straw of the burning straw burning the surrounding area of Harbin were transported to Harbin. grant support provided by China Postdoctoral Science Founda- fire Furthermore,densityfire densitydistribution a large distribution amountarea: a of areatotal incinerated: aof total 715 . ofparticles Fig 715. 8. showsFigremain. 8 t showshe tion1st tto(Granthe 111stth No.2017M621229),toNovember 11th November Harbin PostdoctoralHarbinEnvironmental Environmental Science Satellite Founda Satellite - in the Harbin, which further intensified the air pollution. tion of Heilongjiang Province (Grant No. LBH-Z17001), the MonitoringMonitoring straw burning straw burning fire dens fireity densdistributionity distribution area: a totalarea: ofa total50,National mai of 50,nly Natural maiin Bayannly Sciencein CountBayan y,Foundation Count Bin County,y, Bin of County, HulanChina District, forHulan Young District, CONCLUSION Scholars (Grant No. 41101177), Philosophy and Social Science Mulan MulanCounty, County, Shuangcheng Shuangcheng District, District, Yilan County, Yilan County, Acheng Acheng District,Program District, Songbei in Heilongjiang Songbei District, Di TongheProvincestrict, TongheCounty, (Grant County, andNo. Yanshou17GLD173, and Yanshou The Air quality in Harbin has been in a poor state since heating. Grant No. 16GLC04), Scientific Research Foundation for the CountyBased.County From on the these. From air , quality20 these were , data20 in were theprovided Hulan in the by District,Hulan the environmental District, 9 in the 9 Lan in the CountyReturned Lan Countyand Overseas Bayan and CountyBayan Chinese ,County and Scholars, 4 ,in and the Heilongjiang 4 Binxian in the Binxian Cou Province,nty. Cou nty. cloud platform, this paper analyses the air quality status of th th the University Strategic Reserve Personnel Abroad Research ComparedHarbinCompared fromwith 20October, with October October, the 2016 incineration theto 11 incineration November points pointsaround2016, pe aroundHarbin- project Harbinurban funded areaurban by increased thearea Heilongjiang increased significantly significantlyProvince, in NovemDoctoral in November. Fund ber. riod (23 days). In this period, 6 days showed mild pollution of Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang Province, University Accordingand According17 todays the showedbackward to the backwardmore deduction serious deduction ofpollution, Fig. of4, Figtheof .distribwhich 4, the ution 4distribth locationution location of straw of burning straw burning fire spots fire in spots Fig. in7 andFig .Fig 7 and. 8 Fig. 8 th Nursing Program for Young Scholars with Creative Talents in November to 6 November was the most serious, with AQIs Heilongjiang Province. resultedexceedingresulted in the 500.AQI in the Through"explosion AQI "explosion the table" backward on table" November trajectory on November 4simulation in Harbin 4 in Harbinmainly mainlydue to the due transport to the transportation ofation air pollutants of air pollutants from the from the of the HYSPLIT-4 model, we found that the straw burning in REFERENCES northwestthe surroundingnorthwest and southwest and area southwest of directions. the Heilongjiang directions. 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