Uticaj Različitih Tipova Dodatne Hrane U Poluintenzivnoj Proizvodnji Mlađi Šarana (Cyprinus Carpio) Na Strukturu I Dinamiku Ribnjačkog Ekosistema

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Uticaj Različitih Tipova Dodatne Hrane U Poluintenzivnoj Proizvodnji Mlađi Šarana (Cyprinus Carpio) Na Strukturu I Dinamiku Ribnjačkog Ekosistema UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU POLJOPRIVREDNI FAKULTET Miloš D. Ćirić Uticaj različitih tipova dodatne hrane u poluintenzivnoj proizvodnji mlađi šarana (Cyprinus carpio) na strukturu i dinamiku ribnjačkog ekosistema doktorska disertacija Beograd, 2013 UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE Miloš D. Ćirić The effect of different supplemental feed types in semi-intensive production of common carp fry (Cyprinus carpio) on the structure and dynamics of pond ecosystem Doctoral Dissertation Belgrade, 2013 KOMISIJA ZA ODBRANU DOKTORSKE DISERTACIJE MENTOR: Dr Zoran Marković, redovni profesor Poljoprivredni fakultet Univerzitet u Beogradu ĈLANOVI KOMISIJE: Dr Nada Lakić, redovni profesor Poljoprivredni fakultet Univerzitet u Beogradu Dr Vesna Poleksić, redovni profesor Poljoprivredni fakultet Univerzitet u Beogradu Dr Gordana Subakov-Simić, docent Biološki fakultet Univerzitet u Beogradu Dr Zorka Dulić, docent Poljoprivredni fakultet Univerzitet u Beogradu Datum odbrane:_____________________ Doktorska disertacija je realizovana na Katedri za odgajivanje i reprodukciju domaćih i gajenih ţivotinja Instituta za zootehniku Poljoprivrednog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu u okviru projekta ''UnapreĊenje poluintenzivne proizvodnje šarana (Cyprinus carpio) u odrţivoj akvakulturi'' (EB: TP-20047) Ministarstva prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije i FP7 projekta ''ROSA - Reinforcement of sustainable aquaculture'', a pod rukovodstvom mentora prof. dr Zorana Markovića. Posebno ţelim da se zahvalim prof dr. Zoranu Markoviću kao mentoru i rukovodiocu projekata na prilici koju mi je pruţio za usavršavanje na polju nauĉnog istraţivanja, kao i na poverenju, korisnim savetima i saradnji pri izradi ovog rada. Veliko poštovanje i zahvalnost dugujem prof. dr Nadi Lakić na snaţnoj podršci i na tome što je svoje izuzetno statistiĉko znanje i nauĉno iskustvo tako nesebiĉno i strpljivo podelila sa mnom. Dr Gordani Subakov-Simić se zahvaljujem na korisnim savetima i velikoj pomoći i razumevanju bez kojih ne bih uspeo da ovladam analizom fitoplanktona. Svoju veliku zahvalnost dugujem dr Zorki Dulić na pomoći pri odreĊivanju zooplanktona i spremnosti na konstruktivnu diskusiju o mnogim nauĉnim pitanjima. Posebno se zahvaljujem prof. dr Vesni Poleksić na paţljivom ĉitanju teksta i korisnim sugestijama koje su znaĉajno unapredile kvalitet ovog rada. Koristim priliku da se zahvalim dr Ivani Ţivić i Katarini Bjelanović na pomoći prilikom analize makrozoobentosa i Zoranu Bjelanoviću na pomoći u realizaciji uzorkovanja. Posebno se zahvaljujem upravi ribnjaka ''Kapetanski rit'' - direktoru Krumu Anastasovu i vlasniku ribnjaka Zoranu Rajaku, bez ĉije dozvole i razumevanja ne bi bilo moguće realizovati istraţivanje i mr Stanku Ĉiĉovaĉkom na savesnom voĊenju eksperimenta. Renati Relić, Boţidaru Raškoviću, Ljubici Todorić, Milanu Spasiću, Daliboru Vukojeviću, Dejanu Boškoviću, Marku Stankoviću, Zorici Radović i Zoranu Jovanoviću se zahvaljujem na dobroj saradnji i pomoći prilikom uzorkovanja. Ţelim da se zahvalim dr Milki Vidović, direktorki Centra za ekologiju i tehnoekonomiku NU IHTM na podršci i razumevanju tokom pisanja doktorata, kao i kolegama sa Katedre za algologiju, mikologiju i lihenologiju Biološkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu na prijateljskom odnosu i pomoći u statistiĉkoj obradi podataka primenom programa Canoco for Windows 4.5. Dugujem veliku zahvalnost dr Jeleni Kolarević na velikoj podršci i korisnim sugestijama prilikom pisanja nauĉnog rada. Posebno se zahvaljujem svojim roditeljima na koje sam uvek mogao da se oslonim i bratu uz ĉiju sam dobrotu i odnos prema radu sazrevao. Na kraju, najveću zahvalnost dugujem svojoj supruzi uz ĉije razumevanje i ljubav nijedan poduhvat nije suviše teţak. UTICAJ RAZLIĈITIH TIPOVA DODATNE HRANE U POLUINTENZIVNOJ PROIZVODNJI MLAĐI ŠARANA (CYPRINUS CARPIO) NA STRUKTURU I DINAMIKU RIBNJAĈKOG EKOSISTEMA REZIME Dobro poznavanje kompleksnih ekoloških odnosa u toplovodnim ribnjacima vaţan je preduslov uspešne šaranske proizvodnje u poluintenzivnom sistemu uzgoja. Poslednjih godina dolazi do intenziviranja proizvodnje šarana u Jugoistoĉnoj Evropi (Srbiji, Bosni i Hercegovini, Hrvatskoj, Bugarskoj i Rumuniji) kroz sve širu upotrebu koncentrovane hrane, peletirane i ekstrudirane, umesto ţitarica. Intenziviranje proizvodnje ovih riba nosi sa sobom promene u strukturi i dinamici ribnjaĉkog ekosistema. U periodu od juna do oktobra u devet ribnjaĉkih objekata na ribnjaku ''Kapetanski rit'' na severu Srbije ispitivan je uticaj tri razliĉita tipa dodatne hrane za dvogodišnju šaransku mlaĊ na fiziĉke i hemijske osobine vode, strukturu fitoplanktonske, zooplanktonske i bentosne zajednice ribnjaka i rast šarana. U istraţivanju su korišćena tri tipa dodatne hrane: kombinacija ţitarica u zrnu (kukuruz, pšenica i jeĉam), komercijalna peletirana i komercijalna ekstrudirana hrana sa 25% proteina i 7% masti. Pored toga, analizirana je priroda i jaĉina meĊuzavisnosti razliĉitih komponenata ribnjaĉkog ekosistema primenom analize redundantnosti (RDA). Tip dodatne hrane nije statistiĉki znaĉajno uticao na pokazatelje kvaliteta vode, izuzev na tvrdoću vode, ali je znaĉajno uticao na brojnost cijanobakterija, zooplanktona, bentosnih organizama i rast šaranske mlaĊi. Tako su jezera sa razliĉitim tipom dodatne hrane bila ujednaĉena u pogledu kvalitativnog sastava fitoplanktonske i zooplanktonske zajednice, dok su se znaĉajna odstupanja javila u kvantitativnom sastavu planktona. Cijanobakterije su bile dominantna grupa fitoplanktonskih organizama u svim jezerima, ali je u proseku njihova brojnost bila najmanja u grupi jezera u kojima je riba hranjena peletiranom hranom. TakoĊe, proseĉna brojnost Cladocera i Copepoda je u jezerima sa peletiranom hranom bila znaĉajno veća u odnosu na jezera sa ţitaricama i ekstrudiranom hranom, a brojnost makrozoobentosa je bila veća u odnosu na jezera sa ţitaricama. Rast dvogodišnje šaranske mlaĊi je bio znaĉajno manji u objektima u kojima je korišćena kombinacija ţitarica u odnosu na zimovnike sa dodatkom peletirane i ekstrudirane hrane izmeĊu kojih nije bilo znaĉajnih razlika. Rezultati analize redundantnosti (RDA) su pokazali da je na kvalitet vode (fiziĉke i hemijske osobine) i rast šaranske mlaĊi više uticalo prisustvo planktonskih organizama i makrozoobentosa nego obrnuto. Pored toga, ovo istraţivanje je pokazalo da je prisustvo prirodne hrane (zooplanktona i makrozoobentosa) u sistemu sa srednjom gustinom nasada šarana znaĉajno veće u onim ribnjacima u kojima je riba hranjena peletiranom dodatnom hranom. Konaĉno, upotreba proteinske (peletirane i ekstrudirane) dodatne hrane u uzgoju dvogodišnje šaranske mlaĊi sa stopom hranjenja od 2% i srednjom gustinom nasada ribe nije dovela do znaĉajnog povećanja rastvorenog amonijaka i opterećenja organskom materijom u vodi zimovnika u odnosu na zimovnike u kojima je korišćena niskoproteinska hrana u obliku ţitarica. Pored toga, moţe se reći da korišćenje peletirane proteinske hrane u poluintenzivnoj proizvodnji šaranske mlaĊi moţe da pomogne uzgajivaĉima da osim boljeg rasta ribe, odrţe i prirodni potencijal ribnjaka za buduću proizvodnju. KLJUČNE REČI: šaran, poluintenzivan sistem proizvodnje, ribnjaĉki ekosistem, peletirana hrana, ekstrudirana hrana, fitoplankton, zooplankton, makrozoobentos NAUČNA OBLAST: Zootehnika UŽA NAUČNA OBLAST: Primenjena zoologija i ribarstvo UDK BROJ: 639.31.043 (043.3) THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SUPPLEMENTAL FEED TYPES IN SEMI- INTENSIVE PRODUCTION OF COMMON CARP FRY (CYPRINUS CARPIO) ON THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF POND ECOSYSTEM ABSTRACT Good understanding of complex ecological relationship in carp ponds is an important prerequisite for successful common carp production in semi-intensive system. In recent years it has come to an intensification of carp production in South-East Europe (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Bulgaria and Romania) through the wider use of industrially compounded feeds, pelleted and extruded, instead cereals. Intensification of production of these fish carries with it changes in the structure and dynamics of the pond ecosystem. The study was conducted from June to October 2009 in nine earthen fishponds at the carp farm ''Kapetanski rit'' in the north of Serbia. The influence of three different supplemental feed types for the two-year carp fry on the physical and chemical properties of water, structure of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic pond communities and carp growth was examined. Three types of supplemental feed were used: a combination of cereal grains (corn, wheat and barley), commercial pelleted and commercial extruded feed with 25% of proteins and 7% of fat. In addition using the redundancy analysis (RDA), the nature and strength of the interdependence of various components of pond ecosystems was analysed. The type of supplemental feed did not significantly affect the quality of water, except the hardness of water, but had a significantly effect on the abundance of cyanobacteria, zooplankton, benthic organism and the growth of carp fry. Thus ponds with different type of supplemental feed seemed more uniform in terms of the qualitative composition of the phytoplankton and zooplankton communities, while significant discrepancies occurred in the quantitative composition of these communities. Cyanobacteria were the dominant group of phytoplankton organisms in all ponds, but on average their numbers were the lowest in the group of ponds in which pelleted feed was used. Also, the average number of Cladocera and Copepoda in the ponds with pelleted feed was significantly higher than
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