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PDF Osoa Deskargatu EUSKARAREN BATASUNA LA UNIFICACION DE LA LENGUA VASCA L UNIFICATION DE LA LANGUE BASQUE iker-5 EUSKARREN BATASUNA LA UNIFICACION DE LA LENGUA VASCA L UNIFICATION DE LA LANGUE BASQUE Koldo Zuazo Zelaietak egina Servicio Editorial Argitarapen Zerbitzua UNIVERSIDAD DEL PAIS VASCO EUSKAL HERRIKO UNIBERTSITATEA EUSKALTZAINDIA Real Academia de la Lengua Vasca Académie de la Langue Basque BILBO 1988 Servicio Editorial Argiterapen Zerbitzua UNIVERSIDAD DEL PAIS VASCO EUSKAL HERRIKO UNIBERTSITATEA REALEUSKALTZAINDIA ACADEMIA DE LA LENGUA VASCA ACADÉMIE DE LA LANGUE RASQUE © Koldo Zuazo Zelaieta EUSKAL HERRIKO UNIBERTSITATEA/UNIVERSIDAD DEL PAIS VASCO REAL ACADEMIA DE LA LENGUA VASCA/EUSKALTZAINDIA ISBN 84.8547946-7 Legezko Gordailua BI-2061-1988 Fotokonposaketa RALI, S. A.-Particular de Costa, 12-14 -48010 BILBAO Amado moldiztegia Mazarredo, 35 - 48009 BILBAO VI AURKIBIDEA ATARIKOA. 11. orr. EUSKAL HERRIAREN EZAUGARRI OROKOR ZENBAIT. 17. orr. I. HIZKUNTZAZ KANPOKO INDARREN ERAGINA. 1.1. Indar banatzaileen eragina. 27. orr. 1.1.1. Euskal Herria herri puskatua. 27. orr. 1.1.2. Euskara eta administrazioa. 39. orr. 1.1.3. Euskara eta irakaskuntza. 50. orr. 1.1.4. Euskara eta Eliza. 61. orr. 1.1.5. Euskara eta hiriguneak. 70. orr. 1.1.6. Euskara eta komunikabideak. 72. orr. 1.2.II Indar bateratzaileen eragina. 74. orr. HIZKUNTZA BARRUKO INDARREN ERAGINA. 2.1. Euskalkiak. 87. orr. 2.1.1. Leiçarraga. Azular. Oihenart. Etcheberri. 87. orr. 2.1.2. Manuel de Larramendi (1690-1766). 88.orr. 2.1 3. Louis-Lucien Bonaparte (1813-1891). 91. orr. 2.1.4. Bonaparteren erizpideak euskalkiak sailkatze orduan. 96. orr. 2.1.5. Bonaparteren ondorengoak. 98. orr. 2.1.6. Euskalkiak eta hiztunak. 101.orr. 2.2. Euskalkien arteko elkar-ulergarritasuna. Bizkaieraren auzia. 102.orr. 2.2.1. Euskalkien arteko elkar-ulergarritasuna. 102. orr. 2.2.2. Bizkaieraren nortasun berezia. 107. orr. 2.3. Euskalkiei buruzko jarrerak. Prestigioaren eragina. Literatur euskalkiak. 146. orr. 2.3.1. Euskalkiei buruzko jarrerak. Prestigioaren eragina. 146. orr. 2.3.2. Euskalki eta hizkeren arteko lehiak. Aurreritzi linguistikoak. 158. orr. 2.3 3. Literatur euskalkiak. 174. orr. 1 III. EUSKARAREN STANDARDIZAZIOA XX. MENDERA ARTE. 3.1. Lehen jarrera mota Erdarek euskara ordezkatzea. 179. orr. 3.2. Bigarren jarrera mota Sorterriko hizkeraz baliatzea. 180. orr. 3.3. Hirugarren jarrera mota: Irtenbideren bat bilatu nahia. 182. orr. 33.1. Idazle zuberotarrak. Leiçarraga. Joannes dEtcheberri. 182. orr. 3.3.2. Aita Manuel de Larramendi. 187. orr. 3.3.3. Larramendiren girokoak: Mendiburu eta Cardaberaz. 196. orr. 3.3.4. Juan Antonio Moguel. 200. orr. 3.3.5. Moguelen ondorengoak. 209. orr. IV. ORTOGRAFIAREN KODIFIKAZIOA XX. MENDERA ARTE. 4.1. Lehen aroa: XIX. mende aurretikoak. 219. Orr. 4.2. Bigarren aroa: XIX. mendeko lehen erdialdekoak. 225. orr. 4.2.1. Iparraldean. 225. orr. 4.2.2. Hegoaldean. 233. orr. 43. Hirugarren ama: XIX. mendeko bigarren erdialdekoak. 239. orza. 43.1. Iparraldeko eta atzerriko arauemaileak. 239. r. 43.2. Hegoaldean. 247. orr. 4.4. 1901-1902ko batzarrak. 261. orr. V. EUSKARAREN STANDARDIZAZIOA XX. MENDEKO LEHEN ERDIALDERA ARTE. 5.1. Sarrera. 277. orr. 5.2. Standardizazioaren aurkakoak. 281. orr. 53. Standardizazioaren aldekoak. 296. orr. 53.1. Hizkuntz-eredu jakinik proposatzen ez dutenak. 296. orr. 53.2. "Jatorrizko euskarara" itzultzea proposatzen dutenak. 303. orr. 533. Hizkuntz-eredutzat bizkaiera proposatzen dutenak 308. orr. 53.4. Hizkuntz-eredutzat gipuzkera proposatzen dutenak. orr.309. 53.4.1. Gipuzkera huts-hutsean proposatzen dutenak. 309. orr. 53.4.2. Gipuzkera osotuaren aldekoak. 317. orr. 53.43. Gipuzkera eta lapurteraren arteko hautsi-mautsi baten aldekoak. 323. orr. VI. EUSKARAREN STANDARDIZAZIOA XX. MENDEKO BIGARREN ERDIALDEAN. 6.1. Sarrera. 331. orr. 6.2. Standardizazioaren aurkakoak. 334. r. 63. Standardizazioaren aldekoak. 336. orr. 63.1. Gipuzkera eta Gipuzkera osotuaren aldekoak. 336. orr. 63.2. Nafar-lapurtera literarioaren aldekoak. 343. orr. 633. Ameriketako euskararen aldekoak. 346. orr. 63.4. Lapurtera klasikoaren aldekoak. 351. orr. 63.5. Euskara osotuaren aldekoak. 366. orr. 63.6. Erdialdeko euskalkietan oinarritutako ereduaren aldekoak. 370. r. 2 VII. EUSKARAREN KODIFIKAZIOA XX. MENDEAN. 7.1. Ortografiaren kodifikazioa. 377. orr. 7.2. Kultur hitzen ortografia. 394. orr. 73. Morfologiaren kodifikazioa. 401. orr. 73.1. Deklinabidearen kodifikazioa. 401. orr. 73.2. Aditzaren kodifikazioa. 403. orr. ONDORIO OROKORRAK. 409. orr. BIBLIOGRAFIA. 415. orr. 3 AINTZIN SOLAS Historiak erakusten digu aldakorrak direla hizkuntzak. Ez balitz hala izan, latinez mintzatuko ziren oraindik mendebaleko Europan, Erromanoen hizkuntzaren uhainak estali baitzituen kolonizatu zituzten eremuak eta, zuen indarrarekin bizi ziren lengoaiak suntsitu. Bainan hiztunek berek, emeki emeki, bai fonetikaren aldetik, bai morfologiaren eta sintaxiaren aldetik, aldatu zuten mailegatu zuten mintzaira eta bertze batzu sortu: italianoa, frantsesa, espainola, portugesa, okzitanoa, katalana. Azken mila urte hauetan aldakuntzak izan dituzte hizkuntza horiek eta estaduek dituzten indarreri esker (administrazioa, erakaskuntza eta abar) arautze aroan sartu dira, salbu okzitanoa eta katalana, ez dutelakotz izan estadu baten legeen eragina. Euskal Herriak, bereziki "saltus vasconum" deritzanak, atxiki du lehengo mintzaira zaharra, nahiz latinaren perekak utzi dizkion herexa ezagunak, bereziki hiztegian, morfologia eta sintaxiari esker salbatzen zuela bere nortasuna. Eguneroko mintzairatik literatura mallara igan da euskara XVI. mendean, Bernat Etxeparekoak argitaratu zuelarik bere olerki bilduma "Linguae vasconum primitiae" deitua. Argi eta garbi ikusten zuen nahi balinbazuen mintzaira batek iraun, idazkerari esker eginen zuela: "Eta causa honegatic guelditzen da abataturic eceyn reputacione vague eta berce nacione oroc vste dute ecin deusere scriba dayteyela lengoage hartan nola berce oroc baitute scribatzen beryan" ldeia bera errepikatzen zuen "Contrapas" olerkian: 5 Berce gendec vste çuten Ecin scriba çayteyen Oray dute phorogatu Enganatu cirela. Heuscara lalgui adi mundura. Euskaldun guziek ulert dezazkete Etxepareren olerkiak ez baita hanbat aldatu euskara. Bainan zatikatua izanez Euskal Herria historiak jarri dion mugarekin, iparraldeko eta hegoaldeko idazleek hartu dute menperatzaileen ortografia, inguratzen gaituzten bi hizkuntza nagusiena. Nahiz ez den ortografia hizkuntza idatzi baten azala baizik, hiruz pa lau mendez ortografia ez berdin batean idatzi da. Lan eder honetan, Koldo Zuazo Zelaietak ederki aztertzen ditu zer izan diren euskararen historian hizkuntzaz kanpoko eta hizkuntzaz barruko indarren eraginak. Jadanik XVII. mendean Axular batek aitortzen zuen sakabanatze hori, ziolarik: "Eztituzte euscaldun guztiec legueac eta azturac bat, eta ez euscarazco minçatçea ere, ceren erresumac baitituzte different. Bada esquiribatceaz denaz beçan batean ere ez naiz eguiteco gabe. Ceren bada hunetan ere differentcia". Orduz geroz hiru mende baino gehiago iragan dira eta, mendez mende, batasunerako bide hertsi, patartsu eta nekearen bihurgune guziak aztertu ditu Koldo Zuazo Zelaietak, neurtu aurrerapenak, izartu atzerapenak, idazle guzien iritziak agertuz nahiz euskaldunenak nahiz atzerritarrenak. Historia luze horren zoko-moko guztiak ikertu ditu sakonki eta zientifikoki, ez baita sekulan alderdikari izan, gauzak agertzen zituela ziren bezala. Boileau frantses idazleak lausengatzen zuen Malherbe olerkaria oihukatuz: "Enfin Malherbe vint... " erakusten zuela idazle honen eragina frantsesaren normalkuntzan. Gisa berean erran dezaket: "Azkenean etorri zen Euskaltzaindia ". 6 Nahiz ez zen berehalakoan sortu, Euskaltzaindiak bere lehenbiziko biltzarretan hartutako xedeak agertu zituen: ortografia arautzea, hiztegia eratzea eta euskara bateratzea, Campión eta Broussain-i eskatuz lan bat: "Informe de los señores académicos A. Campión y P. Broussain a la Academia de la lengua vasca sobre unificación del euskara". Nehork ez ditu ukatuko orduz geroztik egin diren aurrerapenak eta irakurleak hobeki ulertuko du nola, mende honen bigarren erdialdean, bereziki 1968-tik honarat, Euskaltzaindiak bote dituen 1920ean hartu zituen xedeak, ortografia arautuz, deklinabidea, erakusleak eta aditz laguntzaileak bateratuz. Oroit naiz nerekin Bordeleko Unibertsitatean zagolarik Koldo Zuazo Zelaieta, galdegin zidala tesiaren zuzendari izaitea onartuko nuen. Pozik eman nion nere baimena eta pozik entzun nuen tesiaren irakurtzea, "Apto cum laude" saristatu zutelarik Koldo Mitxelena, Pello Salaburu, Maite Etxenike, Patxi Altuna eta Patxi Goenaga epai mahaikoek. Agertzera doa lan eder, sakon eta aberats hau, jalgitzen da kanpora. Euskararen bateratzeko bide luzea argitzen du, Euskaltzaindiaren eragina denbora berean. Jean HARITSCHELHAR Bordeleko Unibertsitateko katedradun ohia Euskaltzain buru ordea 7 SARRERA Euskararen standardizazioaren nondik-norakoa aztertzea da lan honen helburu nagusia. Standardizazioaren asmo hau, hain zuzen ere, oso aspaldidanikoa izateaz gainera eztabaida-iturri oparoa ere izan denez gurean, bere osotasun eta zabaltasun guztian begiratzen ahalegindu gara. Hizkuntzak giza-multzoen tresna direlarik, giza-multzook bizi dituzten baldin- tzek maiz utzi izan dute aztamarik hizkuntzen bilakabidean eta, bagaude, euskararen standardizazioari dagokionean ere nabaria dela euskal komunitatean gertatu diren gorabeheren eragina delako auzi honetan. Zazpi atal nagusitan bereizi dugu geure lanau, lehenbizikoan hizkuntzaz k an- poko indarrak aipatze eta neurtzeari ekiten diogularik. Euskal
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