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MILITER DAN POLITIK Keterlibatan Purnawirawan Militer Dalam Pilpres Era Reformasi (2004-2014)

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MILITER DAN POLITIK Keterlibatan Purnawirawan Militer Dalam Pilpres Era Reformasi (2004-2014) MILITER DAN POLITIK Keterlibatan Purnawirawan Militer dalam Pilpres Era Reformasi (2004-2014) Skripsi Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos) Oleh Salsabila Larasati NIM: 11141120000007 PROGRAM STUDI ILMU POLITIK FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UIN SYARIF HIDAYATULAH JAKARTA 1441 H/2019 M ABSTRAK Penelitian ini membahas mengenai purnawirawan yang masuk ke dalam dunia politik setelah masa aktifnya di dunia militer dan keikutsertaan purnawirawan militer dalam kontestasi politik yang dapat dilihat sejak tahun 2004, 2009, dan 2014. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor yang membuat purnawirawan militer tertarik untuk memasuki dunia politik, dan mengetahui alasan mengapa purnawirawan militer dapat kembali terpilih menjadi presiden pada tahun 2004. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan studi pustaka dan wawancara yang dilakukan dengan dua orang. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori kekuatan politik, pemilihan umum, dan suksesi politik. Temuan yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini adalah purnawirawan yang masuk ke dalam politik dan ikut dalam kontestasi pilpres adalah Agum Gumelar, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Wiranto, dan Prabowo Subianto. Cara mereka masuk ke dalam politik dan ikut pilpres hampir semua sama, yaitu dimulai dengan menjadi menteri atau posisi tinggi negara lainnya. Kendaraan politik yang digunakan purnawirawan militer melalui parpol untuk mencalonkan diri sebagai capres dan cawapres pun beragam. Seperti Agum Gumelar, kemudian Wiranto dan Prabowo yang juga bergabung dengan parpol. Berbeda dengan SBY yang membentuk partainya sendiri. Setelah mengalami kekalahan, Wiranto dan Prabowo membentuk partainya sendiri. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah purnawirawan militer masuk ke dunia militer dengan berbagai alasan yang dibagi menjadi dua kategori, internal dan eksternal. Purnawirawan militer juga dianggap sebagai solusi untuk memimpin dengan latar belakang yang dimiliki tersebut. Kata Kunci: Purnawirawan, Militer, Pemilihan Presiden, Politik, Partai Politik. v KATA PENGANTAR Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb. Alhamdulillah, puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan atas kehadirat Allah SWT. atas segala rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan skripsi ini. Shalawat serta salam dicurakan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW., rasul yang telah membawa umatnya semua dari kegelapan pada masa yang terang benderang hingga saat ini. Skripsi yang berjudul Militer dan Politik: Keterlibatan Purnawirawan Militer dalam Pilpres Era Reformasi (2004-2014) disusun dalam rangka memenuhi persyaratan untuk mencapai gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos) pada Program Studi Ilmu Politik Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Penulis menyadari betul dalam penyusunan skripsi ini belumlah sempurna, dan masih banyak kekurangan. Tanpa adanya bantuan dan dorongan dari berbagai pihak, penulis menyadari betul penelitian ini tidak dapat diselesaikan dengan baik. Oleh karena itu penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: 1. Prof. Dr. Hj. Amany Burhanuddin Umar Lubis, Lc., M.A, selaku Rektor UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. vi 2. Dr. Ali Munhanif, M.A, selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (FISIP) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Dr. Iding Rasyidin, M.Si, selaku Kepala Program Studi Ilmu Politik FISIP UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 4. Suryani, M.Si, selaku Sekretaris Program Studi Ilmu Politik FISIP UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 5. Drs. Idris Thaha, M.Si, selaku dosen pembimbing dalam penelitian ini. 6. Seluruh dosen pengajar di Program Studi Ilmu Politik yang telah memberikan ilmu yang bermanfaat bagi penulis selama kuliah. 7. Jenderal TNI (HOR) (Purn.) Agum Gumelar, M.Sc dan Drs. Andi Alfian Mallarangeng yang telah menyempatkan waktunya untuk menjadi narasumber wawancara dalam penelitian ini. 8. Ahmad Arsani dan Suprabawati Sunaryo selaku orang tua penulis serta Alisha Janitra dan M. Hayel Raudha selaku adik yang selalu mendukung dan mendoakan. 9. Keluarga Besar H. Ma’ruf bin Siung – Hj. Asmanah binti H. Usman dan Keluarga Besar Sunaryo Sastrodiningrat – Sumarni. 10. Anisa Syifa Fauziah, Dian Fitria Hasanah, Tias Nofia Rofiqoh, Abduh Suthadiwirya, Bagus Mauladanu, Faisal Darma, dan Teuku Tajul Muda Lamkawan, sahabat yang telah menemani sejak masa sekolah. 11. Ahmad Faruq, Andre Kabakov Saputra, Chusnul Chotimah, Denny Rachmat Ghaffari, Joko Lelono, M. Andhika Yusmana, M. Earvin Qushairy, M. Fariz, vii M. Reza Rizki, Oktavia Dwi Sucipto, Reni Rentika Waty, Robith Billah Anshori, Rudi Saputra, yang sudah menemani sejak awal perkuliahan. 12. Nadya Nurul Milla, Berllyana Harintowati, yang sudah memberikan dukungan penuh kepada penulis. 13. M. Jayakarta, Randy Andita, Shonyo Darmawan, dan sahabat PMII KOMFISIP 2014 lainnya. 14. Seluruh teman bimbingan skripsi, yang selalu mengingatkan. 15. Dan seluruh teman serta kerabat yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu namun telah memberikan segala dukungan dan doa kepada penulis dalam proses penyelesaian skripsi. Tanpa adanya mereka, penulis tidak yakin penelitian ini dapat selesai dengan baik. Penulis berterima kasih dengan sepenuh hati, semoga Allah SWT. membalas kebaikan mereka. Namun demikian, penulis bertanggung jawab penuh atas segala kekurangan dalam penelitian ini, kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat penulis harapkan. Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb. Jakarta, 11 Oktober 2019 Salsabila Larasati viii DAFTAR ISI LEMBAR JUDUL ......................................................................................... i LEMBAR PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME .............................. ii LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING ............................................. iii LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PANITIA UJIAN SKRIPSI .......................... iv ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... v KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................... vi DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................. ix DAFTAR SINGKATAN ............................................................................... xi BAB I PENDAHULUAN .......................................................................................... 1 A. Pernyataan Masalah .......................................................................... 1 B. Pertanyaan Masalah .......................................................................... 7 C. Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................... 7 D. Tinjauan Pustaka ............................................................................... 8 E. Metode Penelitian ............................................................................. 10 E.1. Jenis Penelitian ........................................................................ 10 E.2. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ...................................................... 11 E.3. Teknik Analisa Data ................................................................ 11 F. Sistematika Penulisan ....................................................................... 13 BAB II LANDASAN TEORI DAN KONSEP ......................................................... 15 A. Kekuatan Politik ................................................................................ 15 A.1. Militer sebagai Kekuatan Politik ............................................. 16 A.2. Militer dalam Politik ................................................................ 18 B. Pemilu ............................................................................................... 22 B.1. Fungsi Pemilu .......................................................................... 24 B.2. Jenis Sistem Pemilu ................................................................. 25 B.3. Pilpres dalam UU .................................................................... 28 C. Suksesi .............................................................................................. 30 D. Partisipasi Politik .............................................................................. 32 ix BAB III KARIER MILITER DAN POLITIK PURNAWIRAWAN MILITER ... 36 A. Agum Gumelar: Dari Kodam ke Gubernur Lemhanas ...................... 36 B. SBY: Ketua Fraksi ABRI yang Melaju ke Istana ............................. 38 C. Wiranto: Pangab RI dan Menkopolsuskam ...................................... 43 D. Prabowo: Panglima Kostrad menjadi Pengusaha ............................. 45 BAB IV KETERLIBATAN PURNAWIRAWAN MILITER DALAM PILPRES ERA DEMOKRASI ....................................................................................... 49 A. Pasca Militer ..................................................................................... 49 B. Pengalaman Kepemimpinan ............................................................. 54 B.1. Memiliki Bekal Kepemimpinan sejak Masa Pendidikan ........ 54 B.2. Mempunyai Pengalaman di Pemerintahan .............................. 55 B.3. Menjalankan Dwifungsi ABRI ................................................ 56 C. Pemilu ............................................................................................... 57 C.1. Proses menuju Pemilu ............................................................. 57 C.2. Tingkat Kepercayaan Masyarakat pada Purnawirawan Militer ...................................................................................... 60 BAB V PENUTUP .....................................................................................................
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