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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87181-5 - Being Byzantine: Greek Identity Before the Ottomans Gill Page Index More information Index Acciajuoli, Florentine family Anchialos 119 family estates in the Peloponnese 194, 202, Ancona, Anconans 82, 83 208, 231–232 Andravida, town in the Peloponnese 198, 199, Nerio 140, 247, 256 232, 234 Nicholas 195, 207, 208, 222 Andronikos I Komnenos, emperor 36–37, 39, 69, Achaia, principality of 177, 178 73, 75, 82, 91 Angevin rule, 110, 153–154, 185–186, 205–209, Andronikos II Palaiologos, emperor 138–139, 216, 221–223, 241, 244, 248, 256, 263, 265 141, 142, 145, 160 art and architecture 224, 232–239 foreign policy 110–111, 134 churches and religion 196–199, 217, 226, 240 religious policy 110, 273 conflict with Byzantine Romans 23, 108, 138, truce with Achaia 186, 222, 226, 227 140, 168 Andronikos III Palaiologos, emperor 138–139, initial conquest 4, 5, 187 142, 144–146, 150–151, 156, 166, 207 land tenure 191–194, 232 Andronikos IV Palaiologos, emperor 144, 245, law and administration 188–190, 195–196, 246 203–204, 223, 231–232 Anjou, Angevins 125, 138, 151, 166, 174, 219, 299, Romans in army 199–200, 231 and see Achaia, principality of and settlement in 201–203 Charles I of Anjou Villehardouin rule 118–120, 182, 187–188, Ankara, battle 243, 246 264–265 Anne of Savoy, empress 139 Akova, castle in the Peloponnese 201, 202, 206 Anthony IV, patriarch of Constantinople Akropolites, George, historian 25 274–275 conflicting ethnic and political identities 98, Antioch 32–33, 35, 38, 56, 78, 268 100, 104, 106, 115, 121, 147 Apokaukos, Alexios, statesman 139 forms of self-identification 23, 99–107, 113, Aquinas, Thomas 171 121, 123, 124, 147, 150, 166, 168 Araklova, castle in the Peloponnese 200, 201 identifications of the other 130–132, 134–136 Archipelago, duchy of the 3–4 life 94–97, 109, 177 Aristotle 12, 64, 111 outlook 96–98, 129, 145, 157, 272–273, 287 Armenia, Armenians 29, 33, 55, 57, 67, 89, 92, Alamanikon 39, 40 289 Alans 132, 133, 135, 295 Arsenios, patriarch of Constantinople 124, 135, Albanians 135, 239, 253, 256 274 Alexios I Komnenos, emperor 28–32, 65, 75, 90, Asen I, king of Bulgaria 131 182, 191 Asia Minor approach to crusades 31–32, 34, 35, 68, 78 border zone 41, 81, 117, 122, 157, 158, 161, 163, Alexios II Komnenos, emperor 36–37, 39, 73, 139 164, 222 Alexios III Angelos, emperor 2, 38, 81, 94, 95, 187 conquered by Turks 29, 30, 32, 39, 110, 115, 118, Alexios IV Angelos, emperor 2–3, 216 279, 280 Alexios V Mourtzouphlos, emperor 74, 216 under the Komnenoi 32–33, 36 Amykli, see Nikli military aristocracy of 28, 29 323 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87181-5 - Being Byzantine: Greek Identity Before the Ottomans Gill Page Index More information 324 Index Asia Minor (cont.) Boniface of Montferrat, ruler of Thessaloniki in Pachymeres 111 4–5, 80, 87, 95, 183, 187, 220 part of the empire 4, 37, 55, 78, 94, 104, 115, Briel, Geoffrey de, lord of Karytaina 204–205, 134, 213, 214 213, 217, 231, 260, 261 Assizes of Romania,the191, 193–195, 199, 202, Briel, Geoffrey de, claimant to Karytaina 200, 203, 226 219, 266 Athens Brienne, Gauthier de, duke of Athens 205, 219, ancient 128 220 bishopric of Michael Choniates 73, 76, 86 Bulgaria, Bulgarians lordship, duchy 4, 5, 140, 192, 205, 213, 218, attacks on the empire 29, 37–39, 119 219, 247, 256 attacks on Latin territories 4, 5, 78 Aydin Turks 139, 142, 174, 221 as contrasting ethnicity 42, 48, 89–91, 103, 123, 130, 132, 133, 135, 157, 165, 172–174, 290, Baldwin I, Latin emperor 3, 4, 79–80, 87, 220, 292, 294, 299 270 fellow Christians 49, 53–55, 58, 170 Baldwin II, Latin emperor 4, 96, 101, 185, 214 independent state 40, 73, 95, 101, 102, Balkans 104–105, 139, 154–156, 173, 251 independent states in 38, 39, 139, 140, 172, 243 part of the empire 29–30, 36–39, 54, 58, 115, 213 Cairo, Mamluk 163, 165, 169, 172, 275, 278 Balsamon, Theodore, patriarch of Antioch 56 casaux de parc¸on 186, 222, 226, 227 barbaros, barbarism 22, 27, 282 Castelneuf, castle in the Peloponnese 222 in Akropolites 103, 130–132, 135, 172, 292 Catalan, Catalans in Choniates 89–92, 130, 173, 289, 290 activities in southern Greece 138, 205, 219, 220 in the Chronicle of the Morea 220–221, as contrasting ethnicity 117, 122, 128, 132, 134, 301 161, 169, 295 contrasted with Hellen 65–66, 89, 91, 128 mercenaries to the empire 110–111 criteria of 43–46, 91, 129–133, 136, 256, 269 Catherine de Valois, Latin empress 178, 206–207 in Gregoras 172–176, 296 Centurione Zaccaria, prince of Achaia 263 in Kantakouzenos 173–176, 299 Chalkokondyles, Laonikos, historian 244 in Manuel Palaiologos 256, 301 Chamaretoi, Peloponnesian family 183, 187, 189, in Mazaris 256–257, 302 198 in Pachymeres 132–134, 172, 294–295 Charlemagne, western emperor 45, 47 Barlaam, monk 170 Charles I of Anjou, king of Sicily 109, 185, 219 Basil II, emperor 28, 54, 191 Chios 150, 151, 158, 163–169, 244 basileus 45, 47, 59, 274, 282 Chlemoutsi, castle in the Peloponnese 201 in Akropolites 99, 101, 155, 291 Chomatianos, Demetrios, archbishop of Ochrid in Choniates 77, 79, 155, 156, 287 188, 189, 198 in the Chronicle of the Morea 180, 210, 260, Choniates, Michael, bishop of Athens 49, 72–73, 274, 300 86, 218 in Gregoras 148, 153, 155–157, 295 Choniates, Niketas, historian 25, 72, 270 in Kantakouzenos 148, 149, 153, 155–156, conflicting ethnic and political identities 297 79–80, 83–85, 146 in Pachymeres 112, 115, 120, 155, 293 forms of self-identification 76–89, 99, 102, Bayezid I, Ottoman sultan 243, 246, 252 105, 123, 127–128, 146, 150, 153, 155, 245, Bekkos, John, patriarch of Constantinople 273 115–116, 122 identifications of the other 16, 89–92, 114, 130, Benedict XII, pope 226 133, 135, 137 Benjamin of Tudela, traveller 182 life 72–74 bilingualism in the Peloponnese 200–201, outlook and style 61, 74–76, 92–93, 112 223–225, 229, 258, 261–262 Christianity, Orthodox Black Death 140, 208, 239, 266 as alternative ethnicity 83–84, 114, 170–172, Black Sea 37, 118, 119, 133, 135, 141, 157, 195, 244 252–253, 273, 278, 280 Blemmydes, Nikephoros, writer 94, 129 as Roman ethnic criterion 2, 46, 48, 49, 53–58, Bohemond of Taranto, Norman prince 31, 68 67, 86–87, 124–125, 159, 268, 271, 276 Boiotia 5, 202, 213 criteria of 55–57 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87181-5 - Being Byzantine: Greek Identity Before the Ottomans Gill Page Index More information Index 325 Chronicle of the Morea Daimonoiannis, Peloponnesian 189, 191 Aragonese 178, 201, 204, 206, 228–229 Dandolo, Enrico, doge 3, 40 French 178, 179, 195, 200, 201, 203, 216, 218, despotate of the Morea (despotate of Mistra) 222, 226–229, 231, 239 225, 241, 265–266 Greek 25, 178–181, 209–221 culture 238, 244–245, 255, 279 anti-Greek? 179, 211, 215–217, 240–241 ruled by the Kantakouzenos family 140, 154, conflict between ethnic and political 167, 207–208 identities 212 ruled by the Palaiologos family 26, 209, Hellen 218 243–244, 246–249, 254, 263 identification of others 218–221, 277 Digenes Akrites 41, 49, 52, 58, 62 later versions 179, 217, 223, 248–249, diglossia 258–264, 266 Byzantine Roman 60–61, 63, 70, 127, 129, Roman identification 210–218, 274, 276 253–255, 257, 269 Italian 178 modern Greek 60–61 civil war Directorium ad faciendum passagium first 139, 142, 145, 146 transmarinum 225 second 139–140, 145, 146, 166 Doukas, historian 244 Clari, Robert de, crusader and writer 75 Doxopatres, Peloponnesian 187, 231 Clement VI, pope 169, 171 dynatoi 190–191, 194, 282 Clermont, council at 31 dytikos 103, 115, 282 Conrad II de Hohenstaufen, western emperor 34 Elis, region of the Peloponnese 202, 206, 232 Constantine the Great, emperor 2, 45, 59 emperor, imperial rule, as Roman ethnic Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, emperor 77 criterion 1, 46–49, 85, 120, 122, 155–156, De administrando imperio 42, 45–47, 62, 66, 274 69, 78, 164 English 128, 132–133, 295 De ceremoniis 62 Ephesos, council of 57, 59 Constantine VIII, emperor 28 Epiros, Epirots Constantine X Doukas, emperor 28, 29 conflict with Nikaia 95–96, 98, 101–103, 105, Constantine Tich, king of Bulgaria 119 107, 109, 157 Constantinople 46 ‘despotate of’ 4, 5, 95–96, 98, 104, 125, 129, capture in 1204 1, 3, 27, 72, 74, 91, 146, 130, 134, 142, 174, 184, 188–189, 200, 207, 216 213, 217, 219, 226, 265 Latin 74, 78, 94, 106–107, 113, 136, 177 people of, as contrasting ethnicity 115, recapture by the Romans 96, 101, 108, 109, 165–169, 215, 275 114, 117, 184 province of the empire 138, 139, 150–153 relationship with provinces, see prejudice region 208, 233, 278 siege 243, 246 ‘ethnic’ 11–12 taken by Ottomans 1453 243, 244 ethnicity content analysis 22–23 definitions 11–13, 20–22 Corfu 34, 81 ethnic criteria 13, 17–18, 22–23 Corinth, city in the Peloponnese 34, 182, 197, and nationalism 15–17 198, 202, 205, 208, 227 role of tradition 14–15, 24 Coron, town in the Peloponnese 182, 198 as subjective belief 13–14 Crete, Venetian 190, 199, 280 ‘us and them’ 13, 18–19, 22 crusades, crusaders 27 ethnonym, ethnic names 14, 19, 22, 24, 47, 65, First Crusade 30–32, 68, 221 126, 129 Second Crusade 34–35, 69 ethnos 22, 27, 41–42, 92, 135, 221, 282 Third Crusade 38, 69, 73, 87 Eustathios, archbishop of Thessaloniki 45, 47, Fourth Crusade 1–3, 74, 87, 89–91, 290 65–66, 69, 75, 77 states 35, 56, 68, 87, 90, 134, 197, 199, Evia 4, 5, 192, 202, 219 202 Cumans 30, 73, 89, 90, 130–131, 135, 158–161, 163, Ferrando of Majorca 205 173, 290, 292 feudalism 192–193 Cyprus, Latin 115–116, 196, 197, 199, 233 filioque 56–57, 97, 110, 125 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
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    THE SHROUD IN GREECE by Noel Currer-Briggs British Society for the Turin Shroud Monograph no. 1 © 1988 Cover: The Sainte Face of Laon (see p.9) THE SHROUD IN GREECE page 2 A few weeks after my book The Shroud and the Grail had gone to press, Father Kim Dreisbach drew my attention to an article by Brother Bruno Bonnet-Eymard entitled "Le Saint Suaire à l'épreuve de la science", of which an English translation was published in The Catholic Counter-Reformation no. 171, September 1984. In this Brother Bruno draws our attention to a paper by Baron Joseph du Teil published in the Proceedings of the National Society of Antiquaries of France in May 1902, in which the baron suggests that the Shroud was brought directly from Greece to Lirey some time between 1316 and 1325 by Agnes de Charpigny, the wife of Dreux de Charny, the elder brother of Geoffrey I de Charny, founder of the church at Lirey. Baron du Teil based this theory on a statement by the Duc de Beauffremont, a descendant of the de Charnys, which in turn was based on the duke's interpretation of a much earlier statement by Philibert Pingonius, the 16th. century historian of the House of Savoy. If Baron du Teil's guess is correct, then the theory advanced by Ian Wilson and myself identifying the Templars' so-called idol with the Shroud must be wrong, since the Order was disbanded in 1307, at least ten years before du Teil says the relic was brought to France from Greece by Dreux de Charny and Agnes de Charpigny.
  • Propaganda and Denominations of the Byzantine Successor States and the Crusader States (1204-1261) an Essay on the Political History of the Empire in Exile

    Propaganda and Denominations of the Byzantine Successor States and the Crusader States (1204-1261) an Essay on the Political History of the Empire in Exile

    Propaganda and Denominations of the Byzantine Successor States and the Crusader States (1204-1261) An Essay on the Political History of the Empire in Exile Michiya NISHIMURA Introduction In 1204, the fourth crusaders finally captured Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Between 1204 and 1261, the empire was compelled to be in exile. Territory of the former empire was divided into the Crusader states and the Byzantine successor states. During this period, these states were allied and conflicted with each other in several ways.1 Concerning their monetary policy, most states were minting previous Byzantine denominations. These denominations were the gold nomisma hyperpyron, the electrum aspron trachy, the billon aspron trachy, the tetarteron and the half-tetarteron (both copper). These were introduced in the fiscal year of 1092/93 by the emperor Alexius I Comnenus (1081-1118). Prior to 1204, the monetary system with these denominations had been effectively well-balanced.2 Even in the present days, the monetary circulation of this period remains a complicated issue. As there are many written and archeological sources, contradictions between them make it difficult to explain this issue. From different researches, many scholars assume that various denominations (those of the Byzantine successor states, the Crusader states, the former 1 G. Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, trans. J. Hussey, New Brunswick, 1969, pp.418-450. 2 M. F. Hendy, Coinage and Money in the Byzantine Empire, 1081-1261, Washington D.C., 1969. Idem, Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and the Whittemore Collection: Vol.4, Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081-1261, Washington D.C., 1999.