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Cestopisné Fejetony N. Kazantzakise: Peloponés

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Cestopisné Fejetony N. Kazantzakise: Peloponés Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav klasických studií Bakalářská diplomová práce 2014 Iva Ivančicová Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav klasických studií Novořecký jazyk a literatura Iva Ivančicová Cestopisné fejetony N. Kazantzakise: Peloponés Bakalářská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. et Mgr. Markéta Kulhánková, Ph.D. 2014 2 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. ……………………………………………………………… 3 Poděkování Zde bych ráda poděkovala Mgr. et Mgr. Markétě Kulhánkové, Ph.D. za vedení práce, cenné rady a podnětné připomínky. 4 Obsah 1.Úvod ................................................................................................................................................6 2.Žánrové zařazení ..............................................................................................................................7 2.1.Fejeton ......................................................................................................................................7 2.2Cestopis .....................................................................................................................................7 2.3. Charakteristické rysy fejetonů z Peloponésu .............................................................................8 3. Cesta na Peloponés ....................................................................................................................... 10 3. 1. Předchůdci Nikose Kazantzakise ........................................................................................... 10 3.2. Vznik cesty ............................................................................................................................ 11 3.3.Vlastenectví ............................................................................................................................ 13 4. Jednotlivá místa ............................................................................................................................ 16 4.1. Korint (Κόρινθος) .................................................................................................................. 18 4.2. Patra (Πάτρα) ......................................................................................................................... 18 4.3. Andravida (Ανδραβίδα) .......................................................................................................... 19 4.4. Kyllini (Κυλλήνη) .................................................................................................................. 19 4.5. Olympie (Ολυμπία) ................................................................................................................ 20 4.6. Karytaina (Καρύταινα) ........................................................................................................... 22 4.7. Megalopoli (Μεγαλόπολη) ..................................................................................................... 23 4.8. Tripolis (Τρίπολη) .................................................................................................................. 23 4.9. Sparta (Σπάρτη) ...................................................................................................................... 24 4.10. Mystra (Μυστράς) ................................................................................................................ 25 4.11. Argos (Άργος) ...................................................................................................................... 26 5.Cesta k novému Řecku ................................................................................................................... 27 5.1. Problémy novořecké civilizace .............................................................................................. 27 5.2. Osobnosti nového Řecka ........................................................................................................ 32 6. Politické postoje............................................................................................................................ 35 6.1. Fejetony jako součást propagandy .......................................................................................... 35 7.Další cestopisná tvorba N. Kazantzakise ........................................................................................ 39 7.1. Přehled významných zahraničních cest Nikose Kazantzakise .................................................. 40 7.2.Charakter vybraných cest ........................................................................................................ 42 7.2.1.Kypr ................................................................................................................................. 42 7.2.2.Rusko ............................................................................................................................... 42 7.2.3.Japonsko .......................................................................................................................... 43 7.2.4.Španělsko ......................................................................................................................... 43 8. Závěr ............................................................................................................................................ 45 9. Περίληψη ...................................................................................................................................... 47 10. Seznam použité literatury ............................................................................................................ 48 5 1. Úvod Hlavním tématem této bakalářské diplomové práce jsou cestopisné fejetony Nikose Kazantzakise, zaměřené na Peloponés. Cílem je tyto fejetony čtenáři představit a následně osvětlit jejich podstatu. Cestopisné fejetony Nikose Kazantzakise v sobě skrývají mnohem víc, než by se na první pohled mohlo zdát. Jejich pochopení nám může pomoci ve správném výkladu jeho další tvorby. Tento všestranný řecký spisovatel strávil převážnou část svého života v zahraničí, což velmi ovlivnilo nejen jeho myšlení, ale i jeho tvorbu. Své dojmy z cest prezentuje formou cestopisných fejetonů, které byly nejdříve publikovány v tisku a později se jim dostalo i knižní podoby. V úvodní kapitole stručně charakterizujeme pojmy cestopis a fejeton a posléze se snažíme o žánrové zařazení Kazantzakisových textů. Ve třetí se zabýváme tím, co předcházelo samotné cestě na Peloponés. Uvádíme v ní některé řecké spisovatele, kteří byli také tvůrci článků popisujících jejich vlastní cesty po vlasti, a mohli tak Kazantzakise ovlivnit. Zde se také zabýváme vnitřním rozpoložením, v němž se autor nacházel před svojí cestou do Řecka. Čtvrtá kapitola se dotýká jednotlivých míst na Peloponésu, která během své cesty navštívil. Současně popisuje i některé zajímavé situace, ke kterým během jeho návštěvy došlo. V páté kapitole popisujeme problémy novořecké civilizace, tak jak je vidí krétský autor. Kazantzakis, stejně tak jako i jiné osobnosti generace 30. let, se dotýká zásadního tématu spojeného s otázkou identity řeckého národa. Zabýváme se zde tedy otázkou národní identity, tak jak na ni nahlíží právě Kazantzakis. Představujeme tři osobnosti, které Kazantzakis považuje za ideální zástupce nově se rodící řecké společnosti. V neposlední řadě si všímáme autorových politických postojů, zejména jeho přístupu k režimu Ioannise Metaxase, který byl toho času v Řecku nastolen. Další pasáž se věnuje i zbývající cestopisné tvorbě krétského autora. Je předložen stručný přehled autorových cest s tím, že se posléze podrobněji věnujeme vybraným cestám a jejím specifikům. Díky tomu jsme schopni v závěru popsat charakteristické rysy Kazantzakisových cestopisných fejetonů. Následuje krátké shrnutí v řeckém jazyce. V předkládané práci se objevují ukázky z knihy Na cestách: Peloponés, které uvádíme v monotonickém přepisu, ačkoliv původně byl použit systém polyfonický. 6 2. Žánrové zařazení Vzhledem k tomu, že hlavním tématem této diplomové práce jsou cestopisné fejetony Nikose Kazantzakise zaměřené na Peloponés, věnujeme následující kapitolu charakteristice jednotlivých pojmů „fejeton“ a „cestopis“. V jejím závěru se pokusíme do této charakteristiky zařadit cestopisné fejetony z Peloponésu. Cestopisnou tvorbu Nikose Kazantzakise je celkově složité žánrově vymezit. Jeho tvorba je velice pestrá, bohatá jak po obsahové, tak po formální stránce. Poměrně často se stává, že se jednotlivé žánry prolínají. Ani v řeckých pramenech se o jeho tvorbě nemluví jednotně. V této práci používáme souhrnné označení „cestopisné fejetony“ nebo jen „fejetony“ anebo mluvíme o „knize“, čímž máme na mysli knižní podobu cestopisných fejetonů Na cestách: Peloponés (Ταξιδεύοντας στο Μοριά). 2.1. Fejeton Pojem fejeton označuje samostatný prozaický žánr, který všímavým způsobem vyjadřuje atmosféru doby. Označení může sloužit i pro rubriku věnovanou drobné beletrii, popřípadě celou kulturní přílohu. Funkce fejetonu je pobavit čtenáře, kriticky zhodnotit určité téma, vyjádřit se k aktuálním událostem nebo představit určitou skutečnost či věc. Tematicky není fejeton ničím omezen. S publicistikou ho spojuje momentální aktuálnost. Díky pestrosti motivů může fejeton přecházet krom jiného v cestopisnou črtu, reportáž, historický exkurs i v drobnou studii nebo se tyto žánry mohou prolínat.1 Fejeton kolísá mezi literaturou a novinářstvím. Pisatel si satiricky nebo ironicky pohrává s dojmy ze společnosti nebo črtá tvářnost společnosti
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