Riding Equipment from the Principality of Achaea (1205-1428)

Eleni Barmparitsa

RIDING EQUIPMENT FROM THE PRINCIPALITY OF ACHAEA

H χρήση του αλόγου στην προβιομηχανική εποχή κα- The use of the horse in pre-industrial societies improved θόρισε πολλαπλές ανθρώπινες δραστηριότητες: παρα a series of human activities, including production pro- γωγικές διαδικασίες, μεταφορές, τη διεξαγωγή του πο- cesses,transportation, and military activities. Recent ex- λέμου. Σε δυο επίκαιρες θέσεις του Πριγκιπάτου της cavations at two important sites in the Principality of Αχαΐας, τα κάστρα Χλεμούτσι και Γλαρέντζα, πρόσφα Achaea (1205-1428), the castles of Chlemoutsi and τες ανασκαφές έφεραν στο φως μια σημαντική συλ Glarentza in Western Peloponnese, revealed a signifi- λογή στοιχείων ιπποσκευής. Πρόκειται κυρίως για σπι cant collection of riding equipment. The collection con- ρούνια που συνδέονταν με αστούς της Γλαρέντζας, οι sists mainly of spurs for the citizens of Glarentza who οποίοι είχαν την ιδιότητα του ιππότη και πέταλα αλό held the status of knight,(1205-1428) as well as horseshoes for war γων και ημιόνων. horses and pack animals.

Λέξεις κλειδιά Keywords

Φραγκοκρατία, άλογα, σπιρούνια, πέταλα, δυτική Πελο- Frankish period, horses, spurs, horseshoes, Western Pelo- πόννησος, Χλεμούτσι, Γλαρέντζα, Πριγκιπάτο Αχαΐας. ponnese, Chlemoutsi, Glarentza, Principality of Achaea.

* Dr. Archaeologist, [email protected] REB

1 2 he Principality of Achaea was the largest of a se- moutsi andLa Morée Glarentza, franque. which Recherches were historiques, constructed topographi in the Οι Φράγκοι στο Αι- ques et archéologiques sur la principauté d’Achaïe (1205-1430) γαίοries ,of 1204-1500 states formed in Greece after the Fourth Crusade 13th century at the westernmost tip of the Peloponnese, in 1204, which resulted to the sack of ConstantinopleΟι Με- Pariswere the Principality’s administrativeCastles and of economicthe Morea byταμορφώσεις the knights της ofΠελοποννήσου Western Europe (4ος-15ος. The αι.) castles of Chle centres (Figs 1, 2). 2 Δίπτυχα 1 120/1 (2008), 139-157. Ead., «La place de la Morée franque dans M Το φράγκικο Πριγκιπάτο της la politique de Charles Ier d’Anjou (1267-1285)», 69 (2011), ** I express my gratitude to Mr. Chris J. Milnes for the editing of Αχαΐας (1204-1432). Ιστορία, οργάνωση, κοινωνία 81-109Byz. kimy text. D Γλαρέντζα ‒ Clarence Clarentza, une A. Bon, 2 For the historyThe of the Principality: P. Lock, and ville de la Morée latine, XIIIe-XVe siècle The Cambridge, Athens 1998. History Α. Lambropoulou of the Byzantine ‒ Α. Empire, Panopou c.- (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 213), lou500-1492, «Η Φραγκοκρατία και το Δεσποτάτο του Μορέως»,F 1969, 320-328, 602-629. K. Andrews, , (ΕΙΕ, «Επιστή- rev. ed. G. R. Bugh, Princeton 2006 , 146-158. Ε. Sarandi-Mendelo- μης Κοινωνία», Ειδικές Μορφωτικές Εκδηλώσεις), Athens 2000, vici, «Ἡ μεσαιωνικὴ ΓλαρέντζαViewing »,the Morea. 2Land (1980-1981), and People 61-71. in 59-87. . DourouMélanges-Eliopoulou de l’École, française de Rome, Moyen Âge O.the Schmitt, Late Medieval «Zur Geschichte Peloponnese der Stadt Glarentza im 15. Jahrhun , Thessaloni dert», 65 (1995), 98-135. D. Athanasoulis ‒ A. Rally (eds), 2005, with previous bibliography. . Jacoby, «After the Fourth , Athens 2005. A. Tzavara, CrusadeΔΧΑΕ : Latin Empire of Constantinople the Frank- (Institut Hellénique ish States», d’Études Byzantines et Post-byzantines de Venise, Tommaso Flan , ed. J. Shepard, Cambridge 2008, 759-778. . Sampso ghini 3), Venice 2008. D. Athanasoulis, «The Triangle of Power: nis, «L’administration de la Morée par Charles Ier d’Anjou Building Projects in the Metropolitan Area of the Crusader Prin- (1267-1285). L’apport majeur d’une source délicate: les registres cipality of the Morea», ΔΧΑΕ_37_13_Barmparitsa.inddangevins», 239 , ed. S. E. J. Gerstel, (Dumbarton9/5/2016 12:26:23 μμ

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Fig. 1. The castle of Chlemoutsi, aerial photograph.

Fig. 2. The castle of Glarentza, aerial photograph.

ΔΧΑΕ

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nova francia»

Chronicle of Morea

In the 13th century, when the Principality was run 3 Chronicleby the Villehardouin family from Champagne, the court of Achaea, described as « , was thought by the contemporary Westerners to capture the chivalric 4 ideals that are reflected in the main written source of that period, the , a verse narrative about the conquest of the Byzantine Peloponnese by 5 the Franks, which survives in four language versions . According to the information drawn mainly from the 6 , the cavalry was a key part of the Principal- ity’s Frankish army . Additional data derived from sig- illography indicate that horses symbolised the strength Fig. 3. Seal imprint of prince Philip of Savoy (1301-1305). and dominance of its ruling class (Fig. 3). Horse equipment during the Late Middle Ages included direction and control gear (mouthpiece, bridles, 7 spurs), gear used by the rider (saddle, stirrups), pro- tective gear for the animal (armour) as well as various decorative elements (fittings,Un palais bells). dans The la ville. horse’s Le Palais gear entaileddes rois de a Majorque great cost à Perpignan. Leather and iron were the most preferred materials and were used in different varia- Regesta Honorii Papae III tions depending on the economic strength of the horse’s 8 owner. Precious metals, which may be suggestedMediterranean by the iconography or referred to in sources, were not found OaksHistorical Symposia Review and Colloquia), Washington, D.C. 2013Studies, 111-151, on the withCrusader extended States bibliography. and on Venetian Id., «Clermont-Chloumoutzi. Expansion Le châ- in the excavations, meaning that they were most prob- 3 9 teau-palais francsThe d’Achaïe», Chronicle of Morea: Historiography in Cru- ably recycled . The use of various metal objects (buck- sader Greece , eds P. Passarius ‒ A. Catafau, 1, les, fittings, bells, rings, decorative mounts) which may The Chronicle of Morea. A History in Political Verse Relating Perpignan 2014, 337-357. be connected to the horse’s equipment as well as to the the Establishment of Feudalism, ed. P.in Pressutti, Greece by 2, theRome Franks 1895, in item the 5006.Thirteenth D. Jacoby, Century «Knightly Values andLondon Class Consciousness in the rider’s attire, is also difficult to determine . Crusader Chronicle States of Morea of the Eastern Mediterranean», Being By- The excavations that took place between 2000 and zantine. Greek Identity Before the Ottomans 4 1 (1986), 158-186 (= D. Jacoby, 2005 in the castles Glarentza and Chlemoutsi by the Ar- The Chronicle of Morea , Aldershot 1989, no. chaeological Service of the Greek Ministry of Culture, I). T. Shawcross, , Oxford – New York 2009, 6, 21-22 and passim. under the supervision of the archaeo logist Dr. Demetrios Byz Athanasoulis revealed, amongst other things, a set of ob- Chronicle of Morea ver jects associated with the gear and control of the horses, Sigillographie de , ed. J. J. Schmitt, 1904. Especially for hence confirming the close relationship that medieval thel’orient latin Paris as an historical source, G. Page, Le cheval dans les sociétés antiques , Cambridge Univer etknights médiévales had with them, also established from the chi DOP valricParis romances of the time. 5sity Press 2008, 177-242. Shawcross, , 8 A C Manuel d’archéologie française depuis les temps méro 6op.cit. (n. 3). M.-H. Blanchet ‒ G. Saint-Guillain, «A propos d’un The finds included sets of spurs, spur buckles and Βυζαντινά vingiens jusqu’à la Renaissance Le costume Paris ouvrage récent sur la Chronique de Morée: Contribution au dé- fittings excavated from the funerary ensembles of the 7bat», 83 (2013), 13-35. , op.cit. (n. 4), . 858, 1069, 1145. J.-J. Schwien ‒ Y. Jeannin, «Loger, nourrir, équiper le cheval: ΔΧΑΕ G. Schlumberger ‒ F. Chalandon ‒ A. Blanchet, 9un essai de synthèse pour la seconde partie du Moyen Âge dans , 1943, 185-186, pls ΙΧ.2, ΧΧΙ.2. l’Est de la France et ailleurs», N. Oikonomides, «The Contents of the Byzantine House from , ed. S. Lazaris (Bibliothèque de l’Antiquité tardive the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Centuries», 44 (1990), 211 n. 22), 2012, 115, 117. 45. . Babuin, «Ο ίππος και η εξάρτησή του κατά την ύστερη . Enlart, ΔΧΑΕ_37_13_Barmparitsa.inddβυζαντινή 241 εποχή», 27 (2007), 119-152. , ΙΙΙ, , 1916, 250.9/5/2016 12:26:23 μμ

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13 Glarentza cathedral, from a pottery depository found rino Sanudo Torsello reveals that prince Geoffrey II of at the eastern gate of the city as well as from the site Villehardouin (1228-1246) maintained in his court, on a 10 of its fort (Fig. 2). Spurs and additional fittings are permanent basis and at his own expense, eighty knights dating from the late 13th to the early 15th century, as with golden spurs . established by the excavation context and the subsidi- A set of twelve spurs, recovered primarily from bur- ary finds mainly coins and pottery shards . Most horse- ial layers in the graves of Glarentza, are important ex- shoes were excavated from the inner enclosure of the amples of riders’ gear and demonstrate that the graves 11 Chlemoutsi castle (Fig. 1). However, no information of the cathedral were intended for the members of the could be drawn regarding the horses’ armour, probably Principality’s upper classes who had attained the status because of the main use of organic materials which were of knighthood. These spurs were mostly made of gilded more suitable in hot climates . iron (Figs 4, 5). Two intact copper alloy samples were The use of spurs while riding was ancillary and is also found (Figs 6, 7). linked to the growing use of horses and the finalisation All the excavated spurs are variants of the same nomos 12 The 14 Numismaticof saddlery Chronicle equipment by the 9th century. During the type, with a revolving six-point or eight-point rowel, LateΓλαρέντζα Middle Ages, in additionA to serving the practical a type which according to the information gathered so 10 needsA of the rider, spurs indicated social status and, if far, was found in Greece by the end of the 13th century clad with gold,28ο wereΣυμπόσιο also ΧΑΕseen (Αθήναas chivalric 2008) symbols . Ma- onwardscenary . The iron spurs are a little smaller compared Ιστορία της Ρωμανίας ed to the copper ones, with a length ranging from 11.3 cm For the finds of the recent excavations at Glarentza, D. Atha- 15 nasoulisF ‒ J. Baker, «Medieval Clarentza, The coins 1999-2004, to 12.65 cm and a plate thickness of 1.2 to 1.8 cm. The with additional medieval coin finds from theByzantine of Elis»,and Mod - respective bronze ones have an average length of 14.2 ern Greek Studies 168 (2008), 241-301. AthanasoulisByzantinische ‒ Rally, 11 cm13 and are thinner, with an average plate thickness of Waffen. Ein, op.cit Beitrag (n. zur2), 44-49 byzantinischen ( . Konstantinidou Waffenkunde ‒ A. Rally).von den AD Chronika Anfängen bis zur lateinischen Eroberung 0.7 cm . Almost all of them have copper fittings (hooks) . Rally, «Η εφυαλωμένη κεραμική από τη θέση “Φρούριο” στη 14 Γλαρέντζα», , 79-80. , London 1980, 18-19. Babuin, «Ίππος», op.cit. (n. 7), 136. During Le the cheval Middle dans Byzantine les sociétés period antiques the horses et médiévales were protected Μαρίνος Σανούδος Τορσέλλο, , . Ε. in the vital parts of their bodies with pieces of felt, Parisiron, leather or Papadopoulou, (ΕΙΕ/ΙΒΕ Πηγές 4), Athens 2000, 105.15-16. horn, J. . Haldon, «Some Aspects of Byzantine Military TechnolChroni- Iron spur, today in the Byzantine Museum of Athens, was ogycle offrom Moreathe Sixth to the Tenth Centuries», excavated from the medieval site of Akraifnion in Boeotia, 1 (1975), 20, 22, 38. T. G. Kolias, Greece, and is dated to the end of the 13th century, Ch. Κoilakou, Chronicle of Morea «Ακραίφνιον», 5335 (1998)o Συμπόσιο B1 ΧΑΕ ,(Αθήνα 106-108, 2015) pl. 61β. Sim- (Byzantina Vindobon- ilar unpublished spur was excavated at the site of Aghia Triada, ensia 17), Vienna 1988, 51-55. Id., «The Horse in the Byzantine Thebes (Ephorate of Antiquities of Boeotia / Medieval Collection, World», , ed. S. cat. number: 5130). For the informationG I Massonexpress myHorse gratitude Man Lazaris, (Bibliothèque de l’Antiquité tardive 22), 2012, 92. to the archaeologist in Giannis Vaxevanis. SimilarCountry spurs Life have Annual been Βυζαντινά Σύμμεικτα The Medie Babuin, «Ίππος», op.cit. (n. 7), 139. According to the 15revealed in the grave of a knight at the church of Episcopi at E M theThe rival troops were Iron striking withA arrows the hors- valNikli Horse (Tegea), and D.its Athanasoulis,Equipment c. «1150-1450Από την Τεγέα στο Νίκλι. Νέα es of the Frankish army, thus disorganising the Oxoniensia cavalry, which στοιχεία για την πελοποννησιακή πρωτοβυζαντινή London πόλη και το was the main unitGies of the F Gies army, Life in a Medieval Castle, op.cit. (n. μεσαιωνικό κάστρο», Early Gothic Manuscripts, 17-18. (I) 4), ver. 1069, 1144-1145.L By 1272, theMedieval cavalry Technology of the Principality and So- 1190-1250.Rowel spurs A Surveyin early of depictions Manuscripts originating Illuminated from in several the British sites cial Change Isles London 12of Achaea was mainly using uncovered or partly armoured war of Western Europe appear of modest dimensions, rather thin, with horses, J. Wilskman, «The Conflict between the Angevins and the deeply curved sides and small rowels, see . , « - Byzantines in Morea in 1267-1289: A Late Byzantine Endemic agement Medieval Renaissance Italy», War», Chaucer’s Knight: 22 (2012),The Portrait 44-45 .of a Medieval Mer- 1952, 188. B. M. CrusaderA. Ellis, «Spurs Manuscript and spur Illumination fittings», at Saint-Jean . . Jope, « Tinning of Spurs: Continuous Prac- , ed. J. Clark, (Medie tice from the Tenth to the Seventeenth Century», 21 val Finds from Excavations in London 5), 1995 (repr. (1956), 35-42. J. ‒ . , , New Woodbridge 2004), 128. N. Morgan, ΔΧΑΕ York 1974, 166-169. . White Jr., , Oxford 1962, 150. Since early 12th century only the , 1982, 130-133 no. 85, fig. 282. The same type of ear- anointed knights earned the right to wear golden spurs and the ly rowel spurs was depicted in illuminated manuscripts created Crusaders are thought to maintain the rituals of their places of or- in Acre and Lombardy and dating to the last quarter of the 13th ΔΧΑΕ_37_13_Barmparitsa.inddigin, T. Jones, 242 century, J. Folda, 9/5/2016 12:26:24 μμ

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Fig. 4. Glarentza, from the graves of the cathedral. Rowel spur, gilded iron, end of 13th – middle 14th century (Inv. Number: HM485). Fig. 5. Glarentza, from the graves of the cathedral. Rowel spur, gilded iron, end of 13th – middle 14th century, drawing (Inv. Number: HM487). 5 6 Fig. 6. Glarentza, from the graves of the cathedral. Rowel spur, copper, middle 14th – early 15th century, drawing (Inv. Num- ber: HM776). Fig. 7. Glarentza, from the graves of the cathedral. Rowel spur, copper, middle 14th – early 15th century, drawing (Inv. Num- ber: HM777).

d’Acre, 1275-1291

and small buckles that attach them to the rider’s shoes evolution. More precisely, from the end of the 13th to (Figs 4, 6-13). the mid 14th century, the spur shanks ended in a circu- ΔΧΑΕ Regarding the spurs found in Glarentza, it can be lar and a rectangular hole respectively (Figs 4, 5). Two traced a typological development in the way the strap small rivet attachments joined to the circular hole (Figs was attached, which also constitutes a chronological 4, 12). The attachment located on the exterior side of the , Princeton 1976, 188-192 no. 10, 199-200 no. foot, retained the leather strap. The strap went around ΔΧΑΕ_37_13_Barmparitsa.indd 243 9/5/2016 12:26:25 μμ 19, figs 71, 188. the rider’s footwear, passed through the rectangular hole of the other shank and fastened with a buckle. The buck- ΛΖ΄ (2016), 239-250 243 ELENI BARMPARITSA

Fig. 8. Glarentza, from the graves of the cathedral. Spur buckle, le was suspended from the second rivet attachment of copper, late 13th – early 15th century, drawing (Inv. Number: the circular hole . The majority of the iron spurs from HM484). Glarentza was of that particular kind, and could hence be dated from the late 13th century (Figs 4, 5). However, from the mid 14th century onwards, most spurs had two leather straps, passing over and under the footwear of the rider and joined themselves to the 17 shanks with separate rivet attachments. This marked a change in the edges of the shanks, each of which now included two small holes alongside one another (Figs 6, 7). The one hole restrained the small buckle . Intact bronze spurs of Glarentza fall in this category, hence indicating 18 that they date from the mid 14th century.

Predominantly iron rowel spurs are often found in Fig. 9. St. Nicholas at Trianta, from the graves of the nave. excavations in the Eastern Mediterranean dating from 19 Spur buckle, copper, late 13th – early 15th century, drawing the late 13th century onwardscastrum. Gold-plated and deco- (Inv. Number: HM489.β). Archéologies rated16 spurs were an indispensable complement to the de Provence et d’ailleurs. Mélanges offerts à Gaëtan Congès et Gé- rardupper Sauzade, class male BAP attireSupplément during the Late Middle Ages and 17 are depictedekos in various forms of art . Ellis, «Spurs»AEMΘ, op.cit. (n. 15), 127-130, fig. 95, 133-134 no. 323, fig. 91. Ibid., 127-128,ΠΑΕ 139 no. 333, 335, 141-142 no. 341. M.-L. LaharieLa

18‒ J.-C. Tréglia ‒ M. Brion, «Le de Montpaon (Fontvieille, Bouches-du-Rhône). ObservationsLe Palais préliminaries», des rois bulgares pendant le deuxième royaume bulgare (XIIe-XIVe siècle) Céramique, objets domestiques et armement, 5 parures(2008), et757-758, tissus fig. 7.7-8. Ν. Ζ ‒ Ch. Bakirtzis, «Μονή Αγίου Γεωργίου PăcuiulΒρανοκά lui- στρουSoare. »,2. Aşezarea 10 Βmedievală (1996), 847-863,(secolele especially XIII-XV) 854, fig. 14. Ν. Moutsopoulos, «Ἀνασκαφὴ στὸν ὀχυρὸ βυζαντινὸ οἰκισμὸ τῆς Ρεντίνας», 1987 (1991), 154, pl. 103στArtistes,. J. Nikolova, artisans « et vieproduction domestique artistique et l’armement au Moyen dans Âge, Colloquele Palais deinternational, Carevec d’après Cen- Fig. 10. Glarentza, from the graves of the cathedral. Spur buck- letre matérielNational archéologique de la Recherche», Scientifique, Université de Rennes le, copper, late 13th – early 15th century, drawing (Inv. Num- II – Haute-Bretagne, 2-6 mai 1983 , II: Paris ber: HM901.β) Η Ρόδος από, ed.τον C. 4ο Târnov αιώνα, Sofiaμ.Χ. μέχρι 1974, την 309-310, κατάληψή fig. 120. της P. από Diaconu τους ‒Τούρκους S. Baraschi, (1522) ens no ed La, ΙΙ ,France Bucharest aux 1977,Portes 215 de l’Orient:pl. ΧΧΙΙ 4-6.Chypre F. Caillaud, XIIème «Scribla:-XVème lesiècle matériel Paris métallique d’un site calabrais fortifié (Xe-XVe siècles)»,

Ευφρόσυνον. Αφιέρωμα στον Μανόλη Χατζηδάκη , ed. X. Barral I Altet,S II, 1986, 313, Perkins 318 fig. 4. E. Kollias et al., Byzantine Wall Paintings of Crete Amari Province Papers of the British School at Rome The Church of the Archangel 19 , Ath- 2004, 64, fig. 74 . 44. J. Charles-Gaffiot ( .), , 1991, 50. Ellis, «Spurs», op.cit. (n. 15), 133-150. XXVb. Σ. Παπαδάκη-Ökland, «ΔυτικότροπεςΔΧΑΕ τοιχογραφίες του The rowel spur can be traced in the art of the Angevin king- 14ου αιώνα στην Κρήτη. Η άλλη όψη μιας αμφίδρομης σχέσης;», dom of Naples as well as the regions of the Greek peninsula under , 2, Athens Latin occupation, by the first third of the 14th century, . Bridges 1992, 504-505, pl. 31, fig. 264a. I. Spatharakis ‒ T. Van Essenberg, ‒ J. Ward , «Some Fourteenth Century Neapolitan Military , IΙI: , Leiden ΔΧΑΕ_37_13_Barmparitsa.inddEffigies», 244 24 (1956), 172, pl. 2012, fig. 70. A. Lymberopoulou, 9/5/2016 12:26:26 μμ

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In most cases, individual small buckles and rivet attachments, which served to fasten the spur to the rider’s footwear, were also found together with the spurs. The buckles excavated at the Glarentza cathedral are all Fig. 11. Glarentza, from the graves of the cathedral. Spur fitting, made of copper and are a variation of a simple type copper, late 13th – early 15th century, drawing (Inv. Number: with an elongated attachment shank and a circular or HM821) oval frame on which a thin pin is attached (Figs 7-10). The larger buckles usually have rectangular attachment shanks which are fastening to the leather straps through pins or hooks. Spur equipment also includes the different strap attachments, which fall into two categories: those that join the spurs’ metal shanks to the straps (Figs 4, 11, 12), and those that are placed at the end of the leather strap to protect it from getting worn out (Fig. 13). The simple typology and the strong similarity ob- Fig. 12. Glarentza, from the graves of the cathedral. Spur fit- served between most of the copper spur attachments ting, copper and iron joint, late 13th – early 15th century, draw- that were excavated at Glarentza, along with the need ing (Inv. Number: HM903.β). to immediately repair those objects that were of great practical utility, leads us to the assumption that the simplest among the rivet attachments could have been produced locally. Gilded iron spurs from the same funerary ensembles of the cathedral must have come from the same workshop, as well as the buckles and the attach- mentsLes associated peintures muraleswith them. byzantines The buckles des églises and de the Longanikos fasten- –Laconie 20 ing accessories with rosette decoration possibly belong to the same pair of spurs (Figs 10, 12). By the first decade of the 15th century, the neck of Fig. 13. Glarentza, from the graves of the cathedral. Spur fitting, the rowel spurs startsΠΑΕ to become longer and thinner . copper, late 13th – early 15th century, drawing (Inv. Number: HM805). the church of St. George in Longanikos, dated by 1374/5, O. Chas- soura, ‒, Athens 2002, 178-180, fig. 5. A rowel spur of signifi- cant diameter can be Dictionarydiscerned in of the the depiction Middle Agesof a military saint on horseback fromM the church of Agioi Asomatatoi at Flomochori Michael at Kavalariana. Art and Society on Fourteenth century London 20in Mani, Ν. Drandakis ‒ E. Dori ‒ S. Kalopissi ‒ M. Panagiotidi, Venetian-dominated Crete «Artistes,Ἔρευνα artisansστὴ Μάνη et production», 1978artistique (1980), au Moyen 144-148. Âge, For Colloque the in- formationinternational, I express Centre myNational gratitude de la to Recherche the archaeologist Scientifique, Michalis Uni- AD Kappas.versité de Rennes II – Haute-Bretagne, 2-6 mai 1983 The long neck of the rowel spurs was probablyΏρες Βυζαντίου meant to. Έργα help inκαι the Ημέρες control στο of Βυζάντιο the armored, Η Πολιτεία horses, as του it couldΜυστρά slip, Μυστράςunder the, joints of the armor , 3, «Cavalry, , European» (C. . Gillmor). R. Emmerson, «Design for mass pro- ΔΧΑΕ duction: monumental brasses made in ca. 1420-1485», , London 2006, 107-108, 367 fig. 33. Babuin, «Ίππος», op.cit. (n. 7), 136-137. Α.-Μ. Kasdagli, «Τρεις ταφόπλακες της Ιπποτοκρατίας στη Ρόδο», 44-46 (1989- , ed. X. Bar- 1991), Meletes, 191-193, pl. 77. In the Peloponnese region, a rowel ral I Altet, IIΙ, Paris 1990 . , fig. 20-23, 25 ΔΧΑΕ_37_13_Barmparitsa.inddspur is depicted 245 in a miracle of saint George on horseback, from 9/5/2016 12:26:26 μμ

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Although more practical spurs with short necks also ex- isted during that period, the absence of spurs with long necks in the burial layers of Glarentza is an additional 21 clue which establishes their upper date limit maximum circa 1400, evidence which coincides with the historical inference regarding the town’s decline during the first Fig. 14. Andravida, church of St. Sophia. Compact iron horse- quarter of the 15th century . shoes for mules, late 13th – early 15th century, drawing (Inv. Number: HM472). Iron horseshoes adapted with nails to protect the horse’s hoof, were an important innovation allowing for a safer tread on uneven ground and thus improving travelling 22 conditions, allowing heavier cargo to be carried at a greater distance, increasing performance in agricultural activities and ensuring greater security when conduct- 23 ing military operations . The first reference to the use of iron horseshoes is made in an anonymous military hand- book of the 6th century Byzantine period, although their use became widespread during the 9th century . shanks Twelve horseshoes that came mostly from excava- much more widespread (Figs 15-18). The subsidiary tion sections at the castles of Chlemoutsi and Glarentza pottery finds allow us to date them from the late 13th to areΑύγουστος divided 2001 in two– Ιανουάριος categories 2002 basedh on their typology. the early 15th century.

In the eastern Mediterranean, during the Late Mid- The first category includes compact «oriental-type» 24 Morée franque Djadovo.25 Bulgarian, Dutch, Japanese Expedition Medieval horseshoes, used until recently in Greece for the shoe- Settlementdle Ages, andwe Necropocome acrosslis (11th-12th a type Century) of semicircular horse- ing of mules (Fig. 14). Similar horseshoes, dating from shoe of rectangularPernik section, made of heavy iron plate. the 9th century onwards, originated inΖώα Greece και Περιβάλand the- At leastThe two Fortress attachment of Ras holes Tvrđava are Ras arranged along the λον στο Βυζάντιο (7ος-12ος αιώνας) I Belmont Castle. The 21 . These horseshoes often had thicker or fold- GBalkans . Semicircular horseshoes, used on horses, were Excavation of a Crusader Stronghold in the Kingdom of Jerusa- lem 22 (ex ibition catalogue), eds A similar unpublished horseshoe is exhibited at the Museum of P. Kalamaraτὰς δέ γε‒ Α. βάσεις Mexia τῶν, Athens ποδῶν2001, τῶν 130ἵππων fig. καὶ154. αὐτὰς ὁμοίως Byzantine Civilisation of Thessaloniki. Additional, B. D. Borisov, σιδηροῖςSchmitt, πετάλοις «Glarentza κατησφαλίσθαι», op.cit. (n. 2), 134Three. Bon, Byzantine Military, , 1, op.cit.Treatises (n. ed2), 324. , TokyoThe Quarterly 1989, 123, of S. Lazaris, «Rôle et place du cheval dans l’AntiquitéΕπιστημο tardive:- figthe. De 144.partment J. Čan gova,of Antiquities , III,in PalestineSofia 1992, 185, fig. 174.1. M. νικό Συμπόσιο στη μνήμη Νικολάου Β. Δρανδάκη για τη βυζα- 23Questions d’ordre économique et militaire», Popović, ‒ , Belgrade 1999, 260 ντινή Μάνη, Καραβοστάσι Οιτύλου, 21-22 Ιουνίου 2008 Hama: Fouilles et Recherches 1931- , eds . Αnagnostakis ‒ Τ. 25fig. 223.1-2, 6-7. Α. Grey, «The Metalwork», . Kolias ‒ Ε. Papadopoulou, (EIE/IBE, Διεθνή Συνέδρια 21), 1938 Les petits objets médiévaux sauf les verreries et poteries Athens 2011, 252-253. , eds R. P. Harper ‒ D. Pringle (British Academy Monographs « … La veterinaria antica in Archaeology 10), Oxford 2000, 134, fig. 11.3.38. e medievale. Testi greci, latini, arabi …»,e romanzi, Atti del II Conve- C. N. Johns, «ExcavationsRas at Pilgrims’ Castle, ‘Atlit, (1932- gno internazionale,, . G. T. Dennis Catania (CFHB 3-5 ottobre25), Washington 2007 , D.C. 1985, 56- 1933); Stables at the South-West of theḤ Suburb», ‘Atiqot 59. See also, G. Α. Pikoulas, «Βυζαντινά λιθόστρωτα», 5 (1936), 42-43 fig. 8, 48 fig. 15.12-13. G. Ploug ‒ E. Oldenburg ‒ E.Srednjovekovni Hammershaimb Stalać ‒ R. , eds Ε. Thom– Medievalsen ‒ F.Stalać Løkkegaard, P. Εleftheriou ‒ Α. Mexia, Sparta 2008-2009, 82 and n. 4. S. Laza- , IV:3, ris, «Considérations sur l’apparition du fer à clous: Contribution à (Nationalmuseets Skrifter, Større Beretninger VII), Copenhagen ΔΧΑΕ 24l’histoire du cheval dans l’Antiquité tardive», 1969, 58, fig. 22.2, 23.1. Nikolova, «Carevec», op.cit. (n. 18), 312 fig. 122. Popović, , op.cit. (n. 24), 260 fig. 223.3-5. J. Rosen, , eds V. Ortoleva ‒ «Crusader-period Horseshoes from orbat Bet Zeneta», M. R. Petringa, (Biblioteca di Sileno 2), Lugano 2009, 284-285. 39 (2000), 100 fig. 30.7-12. Grey, «The Metalwork», op.cit. (n. 24), A compact horseshoe of the 9th-12th century is exhibited at 134, fig. 11.3.39. D. Minić ‒ O. Vukadin, ΔΧΑΕ_37_13_Barmparitsa.inddthe Byzantine 246 Museum of Athens, Lazaris, op.cit. (n. 23),. fig. 6. , Belgrade 2007, 127 fig. 81.3-4. M. Brmbolić,9/5/2016 12:26:27 μμ

ΛΖ΄ (2016), 239-250 246 RIDING EQUIPMENT FROM THE PRINCIPALITY OF ACHAEA (1205-1428)

Fig. 15. Chlemoutsi. Iron horseshoe, late 13th – 14th century Fig. 17. Chlemoutsi. Iron horseshoe, late 13th – 14th century, (Inv. Number: HM1111). drawing (Inv. Number: HM1162.α).

Fig. 16. Kardiakafti. Iron horseshoe, 13th – early 15th century, Fig. 18. Chlemoutsi. Iron horseshoe, 14th – early 15th century, drawing (Inv. Number: HM978). drawing (Inv. Number: HM1316.α).

ological Studies in the Southern Section of Trapezitsa The Me-

The Vršac Castle dieval Town 27 Archaeological Studies in the Southern Section of Trapezitsa The Medieval Town 26 ed edges which formed a heel at the back of the hoof, in Western Europe, forming a group whose typology is b S M H E hence facilitating the animal’s gait, an element which characteristic of the Late Middle Ages . A M was used progressivelyHesperia less after the endno of the Middle The horseshoes of the Frankish sites in the prefecture Ages . SimilarḤ horseshoes were found at the same time , 1: The Medieval Horse and its Equipment c. 1150-1450 Ḥ , Belgrade 2009, fig. 49.1-2. Horseshoes of similar 27 , Veliko Turnovo 2015, 614-616 no. 1470, 1479-1486, typology with those from Elis province were found Londonduring exca- 1503-1508, 1524, 1534. D.D Rabovyanov, in vation works in two boeotian sites under the administrationArchae of- Frankish Crusades , 1: , Veliko

26the Duchy of Athens, Κoilakou, «Ακραίφνιον», op.cit. (n. 14), Turnovo 2015, 614-616 no. 1470, 1479-1486, 1503-1508, 1524, 1534. 106-108, pl. 61 . . E. J. Gerstel ‒ . Munn ‒ . E. Grossman ‒ . Clark, op.cit. (n. 26), 88-91, 96-97. The excavation finds from BarnesΔΧΑΕ ‒ . H. Rohn ‒ . Kiel, «A Late Medieval Settlement at the crusader estates confirm the information extracted from the Panakton», 72/2 (2003), 147-234, 165 . 25, fig. 14. contemporary sources about scheduled transportation of horse- Rosen, « orbat Bet Zeneta», op.cit. (n. 25), 100 fig. 30.10-11. shoes from Europe to the eastern Mediterranean, resulting to the J. Clark, predomination of a common typology, Rosen, « orbat Bet Zene- (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 5), 1995 ta», op.cit. (n. 25), 204. . Jacoby, «Aspects of Everyday Life ΔΧΑΕ_37_13_Barmparitsa.indd(repr. Woodbridge 247 2004), 75-123, 87, 89. D. Rabovyanov, Acre», 4 (2005), 92 and n. 96. 9/5/2016 12:26:29 μμ

ΛΖ΄ (2016), 239-250 247 ELENI BARMPARITSA

of Elis that have survived almost intact can give us some indication as regards the size of the horses that were used. However, these conclusions should be treated with caution, as studies on modern horses have proven that 28 there is no distinct proportion between the height of the horse and the size of their hoof. Pack-horses with a big- Fig. 19. Chlemoutsi. Iron buckle for the fastening of the saddle, ger build usually have larger hooves than those of taller late 13th – 14th century (Inv. Number: HM1112). riding horses . With these facts in mind, we observe that the maximun width of the opening in the aforementioned horseshoes ranges from 8.1 to 14 cm, with an average of 10.87 cm (Figs 15-18). Measurements taken from contemporary horses, which are roughly between 1.52 and 29 1.68 meters tall, showed that the width of their hooves is around 12 to 14 cm, leading to the conclusion that only larger-sized medieval horseshoes could meet the needs of a typical modern horse . Consequently, most medieval horses must not have been taller than 1.50 m. The measurements of horseshoes used by the Franks in the prefecture of Elis support similar experimental finds, leading to the conclusion that the medieval horse would be con- sidered, based on current data, relatively small. The adaptation of saddlery equipment comprises Fig. 20. Chlemoutsi. Iron fitment for bridles, 13th – early 15th buckles and fittings usually made of iron. Two finds century (Inv. Number: HM154). from the castle of Chlemoutsi were probably used to se- cure the leather harness that crossed the horse’s belly and chest. An iron buckle stands out because of its large dimensions and, according to the subsidiary pottery finds, dates from the late 13th-14th century (Fig. 19). The

identification Oldof theHorseshoes buckle’s use as a probable pieceThe of Mesaddlerydieval Horseequipment is mainly based on its dimensions but also on the material from which it is made. Since 30 Roman period and the ManuelLate Middle d’archéologie Ages, romaine works of art use of riding equipment that adequately covered func- ris 28 depicting riders illustrate how large buckles were used tional needs and become standardized. to fasten the saddle straps, passed across the horse’s Another hasp, made of a rectangular section iron 29 31 belly . This is relevant in demonstrating the diachronicThe Medi- plate,Djadovo is roughly triangular in shapePopovi withRas bevelled cor- 30 evalI. G.Horse Sparkes, and its Equipment c. 1150-1450, Aylesbury 1976, 24. Clark, ners (Fig. 20). It served as sliding clasp, ensuringKnights flex- , op.cit. (n. 26), 29. of the Holy Land. The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem ibility31 in adjusting leather straps or hooks while the Ibid., 29-32, 97-100. R. Cagnat ‒ V. Chapot, , II, Pa horse was in motion . 1920, 293 fig. 515. For medieval examples see, The Morgan Riding was, among other things, an element of social Library, MS. M638, fol. 13r (Paris, ca. 1244-1254), http://ica. Clark ‒ Egan ‒ Griffiths, op.cit (n.ΔΧΑΕ 30), 61, no. 49-50, fig. 45. themorgan.org/manuscript/page/25/158530 (accessed: 8.12.2015). Similar finds: Johns, «‘Atlit», op.cit. (n. 25), 48, fig. 15.18. Borisov, J. Clark ‒ G. Egan ‒ N. Griffiths, «Harness fittings», , op.cit. (n. 24), 123, fig. 145. ć, , op.cit. (n. 24), , ed. J. Clark (Medieval 259 fig. 222.6. K. Raphael, «Crusader Arms and Armor», Finds from Excavations in London 5), London 1995 (repr. Wood- , ed. S. ΔΧΑΕ_37_13_Barmparitsa.inddbridge 2004), 248 fig. 46. Rozenberg, Jerusalem 1999, 155 fig. 10. 9/5/2016 12:26:30 μμ

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distinction and as a result the Frankish upper classes organisation was, according to the limited data avail- spent large amounts of money for the purchase and able, similar to the one used by the Muslim cavalry of 33 36 maintenance of horses . Hunting activities and chiv- the Middle East and the Byzantine cavalry. These corps Chroniclealric contests of Morea(joust and tournament) were part of the probably used indigenous flexible, medium-sized and court’s etiquette and complemented every major cele strong horses, which cost less to purchase and train bration . compared to European horses . Finally, horses of me- The war horses used by the knights of the Principal- dium size as well as mules and donkeys were indispensa 34 ity fall into two categories. Firstly, imported European ble in all transportation activities. horses that were tall, strong and corpulent, in compari- Throughout the 13th century, the Principality of son with eastern standards, and which were renowned Achaea imported horses and horseshoes from the su- for their aggression and stamina . According to the zerain kingdom of Naples, as domestic breeding was 35 , during the battle of Prinitsa, in not sufficient to meet supply needs. In the archives of 37 1263, the Frank commander, Jean de Catavas, raised the Anjou rulers of Naples many references are made the spirits Theof hisWorld troops of the by Crusaders claiming that their horses to the transportation of war horses and pack-animals equalled fifteen Byzantine horses . The element of exag- from southern Italy to Glarentza, and these increase geration demonstrates the crucial role played by horses considerably in the last decade of the 13th century . 38 during that periodL’uomo in di respectfronte al to mondo the outcome animale nell’altoof a battle. me- Furthermore, Charles I of Anjou (1267-1285), follow- 32 dioevoHowever, the passing of time affected the Princi- ing a well-establishedThe Medieval tradition Warhorse fromin the Byzantium French tokingdom the Cru A sades London inpality’s lightly-armed horsemen, whoseBZ equipment and as well as in Sicily, created horse-breeding farms in the J.Chronicle Prawer, of Morea , New York 1972, 89-90. Principality Actes relatifs of à laAchaea Principauté. Besides, de Morée in 1289the fertile-1300 plains of Andravida, the breeding of horses, widely known from The daily cost of living of a horse was particularly high and it 36 can be compared with the daily food consumption of four manualA the Byzantine period, has been a timeless occupation. workers,History of Β the. S. CrusadesBachrach, «Animals and Warefare in Early Medi-

33eval Europe», 37 Le voyage (Settimane d’Outremer di studio de delBertrandon Centro Italiano de la Broquière di Studi sull’Alto A. Hyland, Medioevo 31), Spoleto 1985, 718-719, 750. . Karpozilos, «Realia Provenance, of 1996, figures 140. Babuin, «Ίππος», op.cit. (n. 7), 120-121, Paris Byzantine Epistolography XIII-XV c.», 88 (1995), 69-70. 38125-126. Τὰ ἄλλογα ὅπου ἔχουσιν, op.cit., ὅλα (n. ὑπαρίππια 4), ver. 2409, εἶναι ver., ἑνὸς 3368-3369. φαρίου Sigillographie, eds C. Per- μας ἡ φορὰ νὰ ρίξῃ δεκαπέντε Chronicle of Morea 34Additionally, U. Holmes Tignor, «Life among the Europeans in rat ‒ J. Longnon, Paris 1967, 55 no. 45-46, 64 no. 58, 77 no. 77, 90 Palestine and Syria in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries», no. 85, 126 no. 132. , gen. ed. K. M. Setton, IV, Madison 1977, Sampsonis, «L’administration», op.cit. (n. 1), 156-157. Ead.,

3519. Jacoby, «Knightly Values», op.cit. (n. 3). «La place», op.cit. (n. 1), 108. , ed. Ch. Schefer (Recueil de voyages et de documents pour servire à l’hi stoire de la géographie XII), 1892, 62. Figs 1, 2: Athanasoulis, «The Triangle of Power», op.cit. (n. 2). Fig. « 3: Schlumberger ‒ Chalandon ‒ Blanchet, , op.cit. (n. », , op.cit. (n. 4), 6), pl. ΧΧΙ.2. Figs 4a, 6, 15, 19, 20: Eleni Barmparitsa. Figs 4b, 5, 7-14, 16-18: Archaeological drawings by Aca Djordje vi ć. ver. 4729-4730.

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ΕΞΑΡΤΗΜΑΤΑ ΙΠΠΟΣΚΕΥΗΣ α κάστρα ΧλεμούτσιΑΠΟ καιΤΟ Γλαρέντζα, ΠΡΙΓΚΙΠΑΤΟ κτισμένα κα ΤΗΣτης ΓλαρέντζαςΑΧΑΪΑΣ χρονολογούνται (1205-1428) από τα τέλη του 13ου τά τον 13ο αιώνα στο δυτικότερο άκρο της ΧρονικόνΠελοπον- αιώνα (Εικ. 4, 5), ενώ τα χάλκινα από το δεύτερο μισό τουνήσου Μορέως (Εικ. 1, 2), αποτέλεσαν για δύο περίπου αιώνες του 14ου αιώνα (Εικ. 6, 7). Στις περισσότερες περιπτώ- το διοικητικόΧρονικό και οικονομικό κέντρο του Πριγκιπά- σεις μαζί με τα σπιρούνια εντοπίστηκαν μεμονωμένα του της Αχαΐας (1205-1428). μικρές πόρπες και σύνδεσμοι, που εξυπηρετούσαν την Κατά τον 13ο αιώνα, όταν τη διοίκηση του Πριγκι πρόσδεση στα υποδήματα του αναβάτη (Εικ. 4, 6-13). πάτου ασκούσε η οικογένεια των Βιλλεαρδουίνων Δώδεκα σιδερένια πέταλα που προέκυψαν κυρίως από την Καμπανία, η αυλή της Αχαΐας θεωρείτο ότι από ανασκαφικές τομές στα κάστρα Γλαρέντζα και εξέφραζε τα ιπποτικά ιδεώδη που αντανακλώνται Χλεμούτσι, διακρίνονται σε δύο κατηγορίες με βάση στην κύρια γραπτή πηγή της περιόδου, το την τυπολογία τους: πρόκειται για συμπαγή πέταλα . Πληροφορίες που συνάγονται κυρίως «ανατολικού τύπου» που χρησιμοποιούνταν έως πρό- από το αποδεικνύουν ότι το ιππικό αποτέλε σφατα στον ελλαδικό χώρο για το πετάλωμα των ημι- σε βασικό τμήμα του φραγκικού στρατού του Πριγκι- όνων (Εικ. 14), και πέταλα ημικυκλικού σχήματος που πάτου και σύμβολο δύναμης και εξουσίας της άρχου- χρησιμοποιούνταν στα άλογα (Εικ. 15-18). Με την ιπ- σας τάξης του (Εικ. 3). ποσκευή συνδέονται ακόμη μια πόρπη στερέωσης των Ανασκαφές που έλαβαν χώρα κατά το διάστημα ιμάντων της σέλας (Εικ. 19) και ένας σύνδεσμος ολί- 2000 έως 2005, στα κάστρα Γλαρέντζα και Χλεμούτσι σθησης των χαλινών (Εικ. 20). (Εικ. 1, 2), από την τότε 6η Εφορεία Βυζα ντινών Αρ- Τα πέταλα από τις φραγκικές θέσεις του νομού χαιοτήτων, έφεραν στο φως ένα σύνολο αντικειμένων Ηλείας, που έχουν διατηρηθεί σχεδόν ακέραια, μας δί- που συνδέονται με τον έλεγχο και την εξάρτηση των νουν κάποια ένδειξη για το μέγεθος των αλόγων που αλόγων. Τα ευρήματα περιλαμβάνουν, μεταξύ άλλων, τα χρησιμοποιούσαν. Συγκρίνοντάς τα με ανάλογες ομάδες σπιρουνιών, πετάλων, πορπών και συνδέσμων μετρήσεις σε σύγχρονα άλογα, οδηγούμαστε στη δια- και χρονολογούνται από τα τέλη του 13ου έως τις αρ- πίστωση ότι ο μεσαιωνικός ίππος θεωρείται, με βάση χές του 15ου αιώνα, με βάση τα ανασκαφικά στρώμα- τα σημερινά δεδομένα, σχετικά μικρού μεγέθους. τα εύρεσης και τα συνευρήματα, κυρίως τα νομίσματα Οι γραπτές πηγές, τέλος, επιβεβαιώνουν τη διαμορ- και τα κεραμικά όστρακα (Εικ. 4-20). φωμένη από τις ανασκαφές εικόνα για την εκτεταμέ- Μια ομάδα δώδεκα σπιρουνιών που ανασύρθηκαν νη χρήση αλόγων από τη στρατιωτική ιεραρχία του κυρίως από στρώματα ταφών στο εσωτερικό του καθε- Πριγκιπάτου. Τα αρχεία του επικυρίαρχου βασιλείου δρικού της Γλαρέντζας, πιστοποιούν ότι οι νεκροί ήταν της Νάπολης αναφέρουν μεταφορές αλόγωνΔρ Αρχαιολόγος, και πετά- μέλη των ανώτερων κοινωνικών τάξεων του Πριγκιπά- λων προς τη Γλαρέντζα από το[email protected] δεύτερο μισό του 13ου του και είχαν την ιδιότητα του ιππότη. Τα σπιρούνια αιώνα. Ωστόσο, εκτός από δυτικά πολεμικά άλογα αυτά ήταν στην πλειονότητά τους από σίδηρο επιχρυ- εισαγωγής, οι ιππότες της Αχαΐας χρησιμοποίησαν με σωμένο (Εικ. 4, 5). Υπάρχουν επίσης και δύο ακέραια την πάροδο του χρόνου και εγχώριαΔΧΑΕ άλογα μεσαίων δείγματα από κράματα χαλκού (Εικ. 6, 7). Όλα τα σπι- διαστάσεων και υψηλής αντοχής. ρούνια ανήκουν σε παραλλαγές του ίδιου τύπου με πε- ριστρεφόμενο αγκαθωτό τροχό, εξάκτινο ή οκτάκτινο. ΔΧΑΕ_37_13_Barmparitsa.inddΜε βάση 250 τυπολογικές διαφοροποιήσεις της απόληξης 9/5/2016 12:26:30 μμ των μακρών στελεχών τους, τα σιδερένια σπιρούνια ΛΖ΄ (2016), 239-250 250