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Riding Equipment from the Principality of Achaea (1205-1428)

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Riding Equipment from the Principality of Achaea (1205-1428) Eleni Barmparitsa RIDING EQUIPMENT FROM THE PRINCIPALITY OF ACHAEA H χρήση του αλόγου στην προβιομηχανική εποχή κα- The use of the horse in pre-industrial societies im proved θόρισε πολλαπλές ανθρώπινες δραστηριότητες: παρα­ a series of human activities, including production pro- γωγικές διαδικασίες, μεταφορές, τη διεξαγωγή του πο- cesses,transportation, and military activities. Re cent ex- λέμου. Σε δυο επίκαιρες θέσεις του Πριγκιπάτου της cavations at two important sites in the Prin cipality of Αχαΐας, τα κάστρα Χλεμού τσι και Γλαρέντζα, πρό σφα ­ Achaea (1205-1428), the castles of Chlemoutsi and τες ανασκαφές έφεραν στο φως μια σημαντική συλ ­ Gla rentza in Western Pelopon nese, revealed a signifi- λογή στοιχείων ιπποσκευής. Πρόκειται κυρίως για σπι­ cant collection of riding equipment. The collection con- ρούνια που συνδέονταν με αστούς της Γλαρέντζας, οι sists mainly of spurs for the citizens of Glarentza who οποίοι είχαν την ιδιότητα του ιππότη και πέταλα αλό­ held the status of knight,(1205-1428) as well as horseshoes for war γων και ημιόνων. hor ses and pack animals. Λέξεις κλειδιά Keywords T Φραγκοκρατία, άλογα, σπιρούνια, πέταλα, δυτική Πελο- Frankish period, horses, spurs, horseshoes, Western Pelo- πόννησος, Χλεμούτσι, Γλαρέντζα, Πριγκιπάτο Αχαΐας. ponnese, Chlemoutsi, Glarentza, Principality of Achaea. * Dr. Archaeologist, [email protected] REB 1 2 he Principality of Achaea was the largest of a se- moutsi andLa Morée Glarentza, franque. which Recherches were historiques, constructed topographi in the- Οι Φράγκοι στο Αι- ques et archéologiques sur la principauté d’Achaïe (1205­1430) γαίοries ,of 1204-1500 states formed in Greece after the Fourth Crusade 13th century at the westernmost tip of the Peloponnese, in 1204, which resulted to the sack of ConstantinopleΟι Με- Pariswere the Principality’s administrativeCastles and of economicthe Morea byταμορφώσεις the knights της ofΠελοποννήσου Western Europe (4ος­15ος. The αι.) castles of Chle- centres (Figs 1, 2). 2 Δίπτυχα 1 120/1 (2008), 139-157. Ead., «La place de la Morée franque dans M Το φράγκικο Πριγκιπάτο της la politique de Charles Ier d’Anjou (1267-1285)», 69 (2011), ** I express my gratitude to Mr. Chris J. Milnes for the editing of Αχαΐας (1204­1432). Ιστορία, οργάνωση, κοινωνία 81-109Byz. kimy text. D Γλαρέντζα ‒ Clarence Clarentza, une A. Bon, 2 For the historyThe of the Principality: P. Lock, and ville de la Morée latine, XIIIe-XVe siècle The Cambridge, Athens 1998. History Α. Lambropoulou of the Byzantine ‒ Α. Empire, Panopou c.- (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 213), lou500-1492, «Η Φραγκοκρατία και το Δεσποτάτο του Μορέως»,F 1969, 320-328, 602-629. K. Andrews, , (ΕΙΕ, «Επιστή- rev. ed. G. R. Bugh, Princeton 2006 , 146-158. Ε. Sarandi-Mendelo- μης Κοινωνία», Ειδικές Μορφωτικές Εκδηλώσεις), Athens 2000, vici, «Ἡ μεσαιωνικὴ ΓλαρέντζαViewing »,the Morea. 2Land (1980-1981), and People 61-71. in 59-87. DourouMélanges-Eliopoulou de l’École, française de Rome, Moyen Âge O.the Schmitt, Late Medieval «Zur Geschichte Peloponnese der Stadt Glarentza im 15. Jahrhun- , Thessaloni- dert», 65 (1995), 98-135. D. Athanasoulis ‒ A. Rally (eds), 2005, with previous bibliography. Jacoby, «After the Fourth , Athens 2005. A. Tzavara, CrusadeΔΧΑΕ : Latin Empire of Constantinople the Frank- (Institut Hellénique ish States», d’Études Byzantines et Post-byzantines de Venise, Tommaso Flan- , ed. J. Shepard, Cambridge 2008, 759-778. Sampso- ghini 3), Venice 2008. D. Athanasoulis, «The Triangle of Power: nis, «L’administration de la Morée par Charles Ier d’Anjou Building Projects in the Metropolitan Area of the Crusader Prin- (1267-1285). L’apport majeur d’une source délicate: les registres cipality of the Morea», ΔΧΑΕ_37_13_Barmparitsa.inddan gevins», 239 , ed. S. E. J. Gerstel, (Dumbarton9/5/2016 12:26:23 μμ ΛΖ΄ (2016), 239-250 239 ELENI BARMPARITSA Fig. 1. The castle of Chlemoutsi, aerial photograph. Fig. 2. The castle of Glarentza, aerial photograph. ΔΧΑΕ ΔΧΑΕ_37_13_Barmparitsa.indd 240 9/5/2016 12:26:23 μμ ΛΖ΄ (2016), 239-250 240 RIDING EQUIPMENT FROM THE PRINCIPALITY OF ACHAEA (1205-1428) nova francia» Chronicle of Morea In the 13th century, when the Principality was run 3 Chronicleby the Villehardouin family from Champagne, the court of Achaea, described as « , was thought by the contemporary Westerners to capture the chivalric 4 ideals that are reflected in the main written source of that period, the , a verse narrative about the conquest of the Byzantine Peloponnese by 5 the Franks, which survives in four language versions . According to the information drawn mainly from the 6 , the cavalry was a key part of the Principal- ity’s Frankish army . Additional data derived from sig- illography indicate that horses symbolised the strength Fig. 3. Seal imprint of prince Philip of Savoy (1301­1305). and dominance of its ruling class (Fig. 3). Horse equipment during the Late Middle Ages in- cluded direction and control gear (mouthpiece, bridles, 7 spurs), gear used by the rider (saddle, stirrups), pro- tective gear for the animal (armour) as well as various decorative elements (fittings,Un palais bells). dans The la ville.horse’s Le Palaisgear entaileddes rois de a Majorque great cost à Perpignan. Leather and iron were the most preferred materials and were used in different varia- Regesta Honorii Papae III tions depending on the economic strength of the horse’s 8 owner. Precious metals, which may be suggestedMediterranean by the iconography or referred to in sources, were not found OaksHistorical Symposia Review and Colloquia), Washington, D.C. 2013Studies, 111-151, on the withCrusader extended States bibliography. and on Venetian Id., «Clermont-Chloumoutzi. Expansion Le châ- in the excavations, meaning that they were most prob- 3 9 teau-palais francsThe d’Achaïe», Chronicle of Morea: Historiography in Cru- ably recycled . The use of various metal objects (buck- sader Greece , eds P. Passarius ‒ A. Catafau, 1, les, fittings, bells, rings, decorative mounts) which may The Chronicle of Morea. A History in Political Verse Relating Per pignan 2014, 337-357. be connected to the horse’s equipment as well as to the the Establishment of Feudalism, ed. P.in Pressutti, Greece by 2, theRome Franks 1895, in item the 5006.Thirteenth D. Jacoby, Century «Knightly Values andLondon Class Consciousness in the rider’s attire, is also difficult to determine . Crusader Chronicle States of Moreaof the Eastern Mediterranean», Being By- The excavations that took place between 2000 and zantine. Greek Identity Before the Ottomans 4 1 (1986), 158-186 (= D. Jacoby, 2005 in the castles Glarentza and Chlemoutsi by the Ar- The Chronicle of Morea , Aldershot 1989, no. chaeological Service of the Greek Ministry of Culture, I). T. Shawcross, , Oxford – New York 2009, 6, 21-22 and passim. under the supervision of the archaeo logist Dr. Demetrios Byz Athanasoulis revealed, amongst other things, a set of ob- Chronicle of Morea ver jects associated with the gear and control of the horses, Sigillographie de , ed. J. J. Schmitt, 1904. Especially for hence confirming the close relationship that medieval thel’orient latin Paris as an historical source, G. Page, Le cheval dans les sociétés antiques , Cambridge Univer- etknights médiévales had with them, also established from the chi- DOP valricParis romances of the time. 5sity Press 2008, 177-242. Shawcross, , 8 A C Manuel d’archéologie française depuis les temps méro- 6op.cit. (n. 3). M.-H. Blanchet ‒ G. Saint-Guillain, «A propos d’un The finds included sets of spurs, spur buckles and Βυζαντινά vingiens jusqu’à la Renaissance Le costume Paris ouv rage récent sur la Chronique de Morée: Contribution au dé- fittings excavated from the funerary ensembles of the 7bat», 83 (2013), 13-35. , op.cit. (n. 4), . 858, 1069, 1145. J.-J. Schwien ‒ Y. Jeannin, «Loger, nourrir, équiper le cheval: ΔΧΑΕ G. Schlumberger ‒ F. Chalandon ‒ A. Blanchet, 9un essai de synthèse pour la seconde partie du Moyen Âge dans , 1943, 185-186, pls ΙΧ.2, ΧΧΙ.2. l’Est de la France et ailleurs», N. Oikonomides, «The Contents of the Byzantine House from , ed. S. Lazaris (Bibliothèque de l’Antiquité tardive the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Centuries», 44 (1990), 211 n. 22), 2012, 115, 117. 45. Babuin, «Ο ίππος και η εξάρτησή του κατά την ύστερη . Enlart, ΔΧΑΕ_37_13_Barmparitsa.inddβυζαντινή 241 εποχή», 27 (2007), 119-152. , ΙΙΙ, , 1916, 250.9/5/2016 12:26:23 μμ ΛΖ΄ (2016), 239-250 241 ELENI BARMPARITSA 13 Glarentza cathedral, from a pottery depository found rino Sanudo Torsello re veals that prince Geoffrey II of at the eastern gate of the city as well as from the site Villehardouin (1228-1246) maintained in his court, on a 10 of its fort (Fig. 2). Spurs and additional fittings are permanent basis and at his own expense, eighty knights dating from the late 13th to the early 15th century, as with golden spurs . established by the excavation context and the subsidi- A set of twelve spurs, recovered primarily from bur- ary finds mainly coins and pottery shards . Most horse- ial layers in the graves of Glarentza, are important ex- shoes were excavated from the inner enclosure of the amples of riders’ gear and demonstrate that the graves 11 Chlemoutsi castle (Fig. 1). However, no information of the cathedral were intended for the members of the could be drawn regarding the horses’ armour, probably Principality’s upper classes who had attained the status because of the main use of organic materials which were of knighthood. These spurs were mostly made of gilded more suitable in hot climates . iron (Figs 4, 5). Two intact copper alloy samples were The use of spurs while riding was ancillary and is also found (Figs 6, 7). linked to the growing use of horses and the finalisation All the excavated spurs are variants of the same nomos 12 The 14 Numismaticof saddlery Chronicle equipment by the 9th century. During the type, with a revolving six-point or eight-point rowel, LateΓλαρέντζα Middle Ages, in additionA to serving the practical a type which according to the information gathered so 10 needsA of the rider, spurs indicated social status and, if far, was found in Greece by the end of the 13th century clad with gold,28ο wereΣυμπόσιο also ΧΑΕseen (Αθήναas chivalric 2008) symbols .
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