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Forms and Functions in Kombai, an a Wyu Language of Irian

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Forms and Functions in Kombai, an a Wyu Language of Irian PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series B-1 08 FORMS AND FUNCTIONS IN KOMBAI, AN AWYU LANGUAGE OF IRIAN JAYA Lourens de Vries Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Pacific Linguistics is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A: Occasional Papers SERIES C: Books SERIES B: Monographs SERIES D: Special Publications FOUNDING EDITOR: S.A. Wurrn EDITORIAL BOARD: T.E. Dutton, A.K. Pawley, M.D. Ross, D.T. Tryon EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender K.A. McElhanon University of Hawaii Summer Institute of Linguistics David Bradley H.P. McKaughan La Trobe University University of Hawaii Michael G. Clyne P. Miihlhliusler Monash University University of Adelaide S.H. Elbert G.N. O'Grady University of Hawaii University of Victoria, B.C. K.J. Franklin K.L. Pike Summer Institute of Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics W.W. Glover E.C. Polome Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Texas G.W. Grace Gillian Sankoff University of Hawaii University of Pennsylvania M.A.K. Halliday W.A.L. Stokhof University of Sydney University of Leiden E. Haugen B.K. Tsou HarvardUniversity City Polytechnic of Hong Kong A. Healey E.M. Uhlenbeck Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Leiden L.A. Hercus J.W.M. Verhaar Australian National University University of Leiden John Lynch C.L. Voorhoeve University of the South Pacific University of Leiden All correspondence concerning Pacific Linguistics, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Department of Linguistics ResearchSchool of Pacific Studies The Australian National University Can berra, A. C. T. 0200 Australia Copyright © The Author First Published 1993 Copyedited by Pam Rosser Typeset by Anne Rees Maps drawn by Theo Baumann Printed by A.N.U. Printing Service Bound by F & M Perfect Bookbinding The editors are indebted to the AustralianNational University for assistance in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. No royalties are paid on this or any other Pacific Linguistics publication. ISSN 0078 -754X ISBN 0 8588 3 416 2 To Robinia TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION vii LIS T OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMB OLS ix MA PS Ma p 1: Kombai and its neighbouring languages x Ma p 2: Irian Jaya with Kouh sub-district x CHAP'IER 1: TIIE KO MBAI LANGUAGE 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Dialects 1 1.3 Kom bai society 2 1.4 Kombai as a Papuan language and as a TNGP language 3 CHAP'IER2: KO MBAI PHONE MES 6 2. 1 Phoneme inventory 6 2.2 Grapheme table 9 2.3 Syllables, words, morphophonem csi 10 CHAPTER 3: KO MBAI WORD CLASSES 14 3.1 Verbs 14 3.2 Nouns 34 3.3 Pronouns 35 3.4 Adjectives 35 3.5 Other nominal modifiers 36 3.6 Question -w ords 42 3.7 Adverbs 45 3.8 Relators 46 CHA P1ER 4: FRA ME S AND SENTENTIAL PARAGRAPHS IN KO MBAI NARRATIVES 62 4.1 Introduct oni 62 4.2 The discourse dimension offraming 62 4.3 Frames in Kombai narratives 65 4.4 Conclusion 74 CHAPTER 5: THINGS AND PERSONS 76 5.1 Introduction 76 5.2 The grammatical fu nctions ofTO and rumu 77 5.3 Relational nouns and grammaticalisation 86 5.4 Summary 89 v vi CHAPTER 6: DIREC f QUOTATIONS AND KO MBAI GRA MMAR 91 6. 1 In tro duction 91 6.2 Reported speech 91 6.3 Reported thought 95 6.4 Factors favouring the use of direct quotation 99 6.5 Summ ary 103 CHAPTER 7: TE XTS 105 7.1 In tro duction 105 7.2 The snakebite 105 7.3 The Bere song 106 7.4 The death of Amakhalo 106 7.5 Ola 108 7.6 RomaJii 110 REFERENCES 128 INTRODU CTI ON Between 1982 and 1991 I worked as a linguist fo r the ZG K (Mission ofthe Re fo rmed Churches) in the Upper-Digul area ofIrian Jaya with the assignment to study Wambon , Kombai and Korowai , three languages ofthe Awyu fa mily. During this time I spent about fo ur years in Kombai-speaking villages. I should thank the people living in the villages Wanggemalo and Ya niruma fo r their willingness to help me in learningtheir language. My language teachers Geyo Weremba and Natan Renakhoremba deserve special mention. The Rev. J.P.D. Groen ofWanggemalo shared his data on Kombai with me and also helped in many other ways. This bookpresents some ofthe results ofthis period ofKombai language study. Chapters 2 to 5 are revised parts ofmy PhD dissertation (de Vries 1989). Chapter 6 appeared earlier in Pinkster and Genee (1 990). I would like to thank Pro f. Dr S.C. Dik (University of Amsterdam) and Dr C.L. Voorhoeve (Leiden State University), fo r their critical comments which led to many imp ro vements ofthis book. The organisation ofthe book is as fo llows. It starts with outlines ofthe phonology and morphology ofthe Kombai language. These outlines (Chapters 2 and 3) are data-oriented and serve as the descriptive background fo r the other studies which are more thematic in nature. I have triedto place the phonological and morphological data presented in Chapters 2 and 3 in the wider context ofthe typology ofPapuan languages. Following these phonology and morphology outlines, there are studies which concentrate on major themes ofKombai syntax and pragmatics. Chapter 4 describes tail-head linkage and generic verb linkage constructions , which play a crucial role in narrative texts. Chapter 5 fo cuses on the role of relational nouns in relative clauses, question-word questions and adverbial clauses. Chapter 6 describes the fu nctions ofdirect quotation in the domains ofreported speech and reported thought. Direct quotation plays an important and interesting role in the morphosyntax of speech act verbs , ofintentional constructions and ofemotion/t hought expressions. Chapter 7 presents texts. To give linguists ofwhat ever theoretical persuasion easy access to the studies in this book, I have not employed the fo rmal apparatus ofthe fu nctional grammar framework (Dik 1978,1989) which fo rms the theoretical background ofthis book. Siewierska (1 991 ) provides an overview and a critical account ofthe model offu nctional grammar. Two major assumptions offu nctional grammar relevant to this book are the fo llowing. In the fIr st place , that language expressions can best be described on two levels. On the fIr st level , the semantic, syntactic and pragmatic relations (or fu nctions) , holding between the constituentparts ofthe expression, are specified.On the second level , the expressive devices which express these fu nctionalrelatio ns , are described. The second major assumption is that a description ofa language system should be set up in such a way that it provides contact­ points fo r a wider theory oflanguage use and a wider theory oflangu age typology. vii viii The distinction between fu nctional and categorial notions is esse ntial within the functional grammar frame work. Cate gorial notions like 'noun phrase ' spe cify intrinsic prope rtie s of constitue nts, while functional not ions like 'subje ct', 'patient', 'topic' spe cify the re lations of constitue nts to the constructions and contexts in which the y occur. The notions 'term', 'predication' and 'pre dicate ' be long to the ce ntral functional notions within functional grammar and also play a role in this book. Dik (1 989:46) clarifie s the se distinctions as follows: Predicates de signate prope rtie s or re lations, while te rms can be used to re fe r to entitie s. As an example of a pre dicate we take the ve rb 'give '. This pre dicate de signate s a three-place re lation be twee n three entitie s in the role s of a 'giver', 'some thing given', and a 'rece iver', and thus is nece ssarily applied to three te rms, for example , the te rms (John), (the book), and (the librarian). Whe n a predicate is applied to an appropriate se t of terms, the re sult is a predication. In this example the re sulting predicationcan be provisionally re pre se nte d as: (4) give (John)(the book)(tothe librarian) Such a predication can be interpreted as de signating a se t of states of affairs... Both functional and cate gorial notions are se en as crucial to the de scription of language in the functional grammar frame work but functional notions are viewed as more fu ndame ntal (Dik 1989:23). LIST OF ABBREV IATIONS AND SYMBOLS The phonetic symbolsof the International Phonetic Association are used in this boo k. * unaccept able fonn INF infi nitive V backed vowel INTER interrogative 1 first pe rson !NT intentional 2 se cond pe rson ITR it erative 3 third pe rson LOC locative NON- l se cond and third pe rson NEG ne gative NP nominal phrase (s) ADDR addre ssee NF non-fut ure ADH adhort ative NOM nominalisator ADJ adjective 0 obje ct (position) ATTR at tributive PEM protot ypical expression mode l C consonant PL plural CIRC circumstantial PRED predicative COM completive PRES pre se nt COMI T comitative PURP purpose CONN connective Q que st ion-marking clitic COND conditional QUOTE quote-marker COORD coordinator Q-WRD que st ion-word CF counterfact ual R relator DEST de stination REC recipient DS diffe re nt subject RC relative clause DUR durative SS same subje ct EXCL exclamative S subject (position) FG funct ional grammar SEQ se que nce F fut ure te nse SG singular FOC focus SIM simult aneit y FRM frame SUB subordinator HAB habit ual-iterative SUPP support -verb HN he ad noun TNGP Trans-New Guine a Phylum IMMF immediate fut ure tense TOP topic IMP imperative TR transitional sound INCH inchoative VOC.
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