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Dextran Handbook Dextran 18-1166-12 Edition AA 1 Handbooks from Amersham Biosciences Antibody Purification Handbook 18-1037-46 The Recombinant Protein Handbook Protein Amplification and Simple Purification 18-1142-75 Protein Purification Reversed Phase Chromatography Handbook Principles and Methods Ficoll-Paque PLUS 18-1132-29 18-1134-16 For in vitro isolation of lymphocytes 18-1152-69 Ion Exchange Chromatography Expanded Bed Adsorption Principles and Methods Principles and Methods GST Gene Fusion System 18-1114-21 18-1124-26 Handbook 18-1157-58 Affinity Chromatography Chromatofocusing Principles and Methods with Polybuffer and PBE 2-D Electrophoresis 18-1022-29 18-1009-07 using immobilized pH gradients Principles and Methods Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Microcarrier cell culture 80-6429-60 Principles and Methods Principles and Methods 18-1020-90 18-1140-62 Sample Preparation for Electrophoresis: Gel Filtration Percoll IEF, SDS-PAGE and 2-D Electrophoresis Principles and Methods Methodology and Applications Principles and Methods 18-1022-18 18-1115-69 80-6484-89 2 Dextran by A.N. de Belder 3 4 Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 7 2. Structure, physical-chemical properties and reactivity .................................. 9 2.1. Structure ............................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Physical-chemical properties. .............................................................................. 11 2.3. Reactivity .......................................................................................................... 14 3. Biosynthesis ........................................................................................... 15 3.1. Dextransucrase (Sucrose: 1,6 a-D-glucan 6-a-glucosyl transferase, ec. 2.4.1.5.) ...... 15 3.1.1. Purification ........................................................................................................................ 15 3.1.2. Properties .......................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.3. Donor substrate specificity .................................................................................................. 16 3.2. Mechanism ........................................................................................................ 17 3.3. Acceptor reactions .............................................................................................. 18 3.4. Branching .......................................................................................................... 20 4. Production of clinical dextran .................................................................. 21 4.1. Fermentation ..................................................................................................... 21 4.2. Elaboration of dextransucrase .............................................................................. 22 4.2.1. pH .................................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.2. Sucrose concentration ......................................................................................................... 22 4.2.3. Time ................................................................................................................................. 23 4.3. Biosynthesis of dextran ....................................................................................... 23 4.3.1. pH .................................................................................................................................... 23 4.3.2. Sucrose concentration ......................................................................................................... 23 4.3.3. Temperature ...................................................................................................................... 24 4.3.4. Calcium ............................................................................................................................ 24 4.3.5. Time ................................................................................................................................. 25 4.4. Clinical fractions ................................................................................................ 26 4.4.1. Partial acid hydrolysis ......................................................................................................... 26 4.4.2. Fractionation procedures ..................................................................................................... 26 4.5. Quality assurance ............................................................................................... 27 4.6. Stability in solution ............................................................................................ 28 4.7. Future developments .......................................................................................... 29 5. History of medical applications ................................................................ 31 5.1. Dextran 70 ........................................................................................................ 31 5.2. Dextran 40 ........................................................................................................ 32 5.3. Dextran 1 .......................................................................................................... 32 5.4. Iron-dextran ....................................................................................................... 32 5.5. Dextran sulfate ................................................................................................... 33 5.6. Diethylaminoethyl dextran (DEAE-dextran) ............................................................ 33 5.7. Perfusion solutions ............................................................................................. 33 5.8. Debrisan ............................................................................................................ 34 5.9. Hyskon .............................................................................................................. 34 5 6. General applications of dextran and its derivates ....................................... 35 6.1. Dextran fractions ................................................................................................ 35 6.2. Sephadex .......................................................................................................... 36 6.3. Dextran-hemoglobin preparations ......................................................................... 37 6.4. Conjugates of dextran with biologically-active substances ....................................... 37 6.5. Dextran derivates ................................................................................................ 39 6.5.1. Dextran sulfate ................................................................................................................... 39 a. Effects on enzymes ................................................................................................................... 39 b. Effects on immune response ...................................................................................................... 40 c. Effects on viruses ..................................................................................................................... 40 d. Toxicity .................................................................................................................................... 40 e. Gene manipulation .................................................................................................................... 41 6.5.2. DEAE-dextran .................................................................................................................... 41 6.5.3. Flourescein-labelled dextrans ............................................................................................... 41 6.6. Microcarriers for cell culture ................................................................................ 42 6.7. 99mTc-Dextran ..................................................................................................... 42 7. Dextran analysis ..................................................................................... 43 8. Acknowledgements ................................................................................. 43 References ................................................................................................. 45 Ordering information ................................................................................... 60 6 1. Introduction A brief search of the Chemical Abstracts database for dextran and dextran-related titles leaves one in little doubt of the prolific interest in this area; an interest which may be attributed to the continuing clinical, scientific and technical importance of dextran and its derivatives. Currently, more than 1000 publications dealing with dextran appear each year. Reviews in this field are published with impressive regularity (1-25). Certain limitations had to be imposed on this Review and it has thus been restricted to dextrans of commercial interest, in particular from Leuconostroc mesenteroides NRRL B-512(F); other dextrans and the cariogenic glucans are only referred to where they are of particular relevance. References to dextranases will be confined solely to those of interest to the B-512(F) dextran. Certain
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