DOCSLIB.ORG

Has Britain Treed India?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Has Britain Treed India? fostered by the Communist Party, the Trade Union Congress and the Kisan Sabhas (Peasant Unions), together Has Britain with the progressive rank-and-file movement within the Congress Party and the Moslem League, presented the gravest threat to British rule. At the same time, however, the role Treed India? played by Congress and League lead­ ers became evident when they declared their opposition to the naval uprising A discussion of whaf liappens when fhe Crown and the subsequent general strike. Jewel of Empire is split info many segments. These leaders did not show any of that unity which their followers had proved to be the most essential weapon By CHARLES WISLEY in the fight against the British. 'T'HE British Cabinet 'Mission sent H'i> 1I M^H E choice is division or Bal­ entire country for the release of the "^ by Prime Minister Attlee to see kanization. We had to captured Indian National Army sol­ what could be salvaged from the In­ choose the former," said Sar- diers, whom they had put into concen­ dian' Ernpire was quick to take ad­ dar iVallabhbha; i Patel, "boss" of the tration camps on treason charges. The vantage of this situation. Its task plainly Indian National Congress, recently, huge demonstrations that took place was to halt the movement of the as he urged his followers to accept the in Calcutta under the leadership of masses with the aid of the bourgeois British proposals for the partition of Communist students and workers, leaders and to undermine the unity of India. This epitomizes the change in joined by Congress and Moslem the Hindu and Moslerh fighters. It the course steered by India's bourgeois League followers, finally forced the did so in a series of back-stairs in­ nationalist leadership. They have re­ British commander-in-chief to accede trigues, setting leader against leader, sorted to semantic tricks to avoid fac­ to the popular demand. party against party. The fact that it ing the only real and valid alternatives: The discontent did not stop, how­ Was a Labor Party cabinet mission freedom or colonial slavery. ' ever, but spread to the Royal Indian helped to mask its work. The Indian The nature of this change is even Navy and Air Force. Demanding leaders played into its hands by failing' better illustrated by the strange ac­ equality of treatment with their Brit­ to formulate joint demands. Each ne­ ceptance and hearty endorsement of ish counterparts, the men Undertook a gotiated separately with the British in Prime Minister Attlee's statement on series of work stoppages and hunger an effort to curry favor for his par­ India (June 3, 1947) by such dissim­ strikes. The most famous oi these, the ticular point of view. ilar characters as Winston Churchill, Royal Indian Navy mutiny, began on The conduct of the Congress and an outright imperialist, and Pandit Feb. 18, 1946, and lasted for five days, League high commands paved the way Jawaharlal Nehru, until now consid­ involving 20,000 men in Bombay and for the announcement of the award by ered a militant opponent of imperial­ Karachi. The working class of these the three leaders of the mission: they ism. and other cities fully supported the were going to solve the Hindu-Moslem What has been happening indicates sailors and engaged in the largest sym­ problem, they said, since the Indian that the present situation in India is pathy strike and hartal (general shut­ leaders were apparently unable to solve due to a crisis of British imperialism down of factories, transport, commu­ it themselves. It was not surprising as well as of that Section of the Indian nications, stores, etc.) India had ever that, with the best iriterests of the national movement led by the bour­ seen. It was a united movement of British imperialists in mind, they geoisie. India's big-business and land­ Hindus and^ Moslems in the face of thought that the division of India could owning classes, fearing that their posi­ British brutality, which, at the height do the trick. tion is threatened by popular forces, of the uprising, caused 250 deaths. Knowing that an immediate parti­ have readily acquiesced in a scheme The joint Hindd'-Moslem freedom tion would meet with a violent re­ whereby Britain hopes to retain a large front which was being fashioned by action, the British proceeded in easy measure of control and delay the day these events and which was further stages. The Cabinet Mission's plan of of .independeace. The Anglo-Indian May 16, 1946, laid the foundations by agreement is thus based not on free­ projecting an All-India Union com­ dom and on a genuine solution of the posed of one Hindu-rnajority region, THE EVOLUTION OF Hindu-Moslem problem; it is a class two Moslem-majority regions and 562 MR. ATTLEE alliance in preparation for a class war. «Princely States. The subsequent Brit­ The necessity for such an alliance Not even Darwin's fertile brain ish statements of Dec. 6, 1946, Feb. arose at the end of World War II, Would now successfully explain 20, 1947, and the recent declaration when the imperialist overlords in In­ How a Fabian soul and scholar of June 3, 1947, were supplementary dia, as elsewhere in Asia, were chal­ Became a slave to the Yankee dollar, wedges to widen, the split. The design lenged by the vast revolutionary up­ And dipped the scripture of a has been completed successfully; India surge of the people. The British felt Fabian fs today divided into Hindustan, the their hold slipping in 1945 as they In Jewish blood, and oil Arabian. 'northwestern and northeastern sections grappled with the campaign of the SADIE KLEIN. into Pakistan, and a yet undetermined nm August 12, 1947 15 PRODUCED BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED number of "independent" and "semi- stitute military bulwarks for the de­ surrounded and intersected by terri­ independent" Princely States and Fed­ fense of British interests. It: is signifi­ tories reinaining under British hegem­ erations. cant that Hyderabad has not demobi­ ony. Should its leaders cut any capers There are just two criteria which lized its wartime army of 100,000 displeasing to imperialist eyes, suitable need be applied to this scheme to test men trained by British officers. Tra­ pressure can easily be ajjplied from a its value: Does it give promise of inde­ vancore has appointed its owif Trade dozen quarters. pendence, and does it offer a solution Commissioner in London and has sold ToMisguise the impotence conferred of the Hindu-Moslem problem? The to the British all rights to the develop­ on India by this plan, the British call answer in both cases is no. ment of its rich thorium deposits. it "dominion status." What this means A glance at the position of the vari­ These are just two items from the may be seen by examining the case of ous sections into which India has been accumulating evidence regarding mili­ Ceylon, which is also to receive the dismembered shows that the British tary and economic preparations by the honor. In the vyords of the New York plan, if adhered to, would effectively Princely States. Times of June 18, "th.e new British prevent the attainment of true inde­ 2. Two other splinters of India, the dominion will differ from other com­ pendence. Moslem-majority areas known as monwealth countries in not being al­ 1. The Princely States, scattered Pakistan, have been whittled down in lowed to secede from the Empire or over two-fifth of India's territory, have area by the partition of_ Bengal and be independent of Britain in defense for the last-one hundred years, been the Punjab so that they will be un­ matters." It should be remembered recognized as "royal instruments" able to exist without close economic that Trincomah, the huge British and "breakwaters" against possible in­ ties to British financial and industrial naval base on Ceylon, covers the ap­ surrection. The British Crown will interests. In the event of any internal proaches to both the east and the west relinquish its paramountcy over the disturbance, the government of Pakis­ coast of India. States on Aug. 15, 1947, according tan has been placed in a position where to Prime Minister Attlee's declara­ it will have to request British military "r\OES the division of India, then, tions, but it will not pass its superior assistance as well. There is also the ^^^ offer a solution to the Hindu- powers on to any government in In­ likelihood that such a government, Moslem" problem.? On the contrary. dia. This means that the rulers of composed predominantly of large land­ Hardly had P. C. Joshi, general, secre­ these feudal anachronisms are free to owners, would agree to the retention tary of the Indian Comrhunist Party, do whatever they like. Already two of British bases in the strategic north­ declared that "the British partition of the largest and most powerful states western section nearest to the borders plan will not mean peace but an im­ —^Hyderabad and Travancore—^have of the Soviet Union. mediate increase in communal war­ declared their "independence." Others 3. Hindustan, the largest single fare" when it became known that in are likely to follow. They will con­ component in the new India, will be the period from March 3 to June 23 over three thousand persons had been killed in the Punjab alone and that one-sixth of Lahore, its capital, had ports! dC PdttCr By BILL RICHARDS been destroyed. Partition and reparti­ tion will add fuel to the fires. It is reported that Americans are who means "yea" when it comes out The acceptance of the British plan drinking less but smoking more.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Stage and Inheritance
    1 The Stage and Inheritance he Indian subcontinent is the only subcontinent in the world. That in itself Ttells us that India possesses a unique geography while also being intrinsi- cally linked to the larger continent, Asia. These two impulses, a pull toward engagement as part of a larger whole and a push to be apart due to a unique ge- ography, have influenced India’s history and behavior through the ages and have determined the nature of her engagement with the world. Geography matters because it has consequences for policy, worldviews, and history. The “big geography” of Eurasia, to which the Indian subcontinent is at- tached, divides that landmass into a series of roughly parallel ecological zones, determined largely by latitude, ranging from tropical forest in the south to northern tundra. In between these extremes, are temperate woodlands and grasslands, desert-steppe, forest-steppe, the forest, and more open taiga. The zone of mixed grassland and woodland was the ecological niche for settled ag- riculture to develop in two areas—in southwest Asia, from the Nile valley to the Indus valley, and in southeast Asia including China—where civilizations, states, and empires grew. Of the two, its geography enabled southwest Asia to communicate easily. Throughout history, from the Nile to the Indus and later the Ganga, exchanges, migrations, and change were the rule with civilizations growing and developing in contact with one another even though they were separate geographically.1 The topography of the Indian subcontinent is open on three sides: the west, south, and east and is blocked off to the north by the Himalayan range.
    [Show full text]
  • A Reassessment of the 1946 Royal Indian Navy Uprising
    0 Title: Meanings of Failed Action: a reassessment of the 1946 Royal Indian Navy uprising Author: Dr Valentina Vitali Affiliation: Professor of Film Studies University of East London, UK Email: [email protected] Word count: 9,785 (including abstract, notes and keywords; 9,479 without abstract and keywords) Illustrations: available on request, mostly black & white, good quality, copyright cleared. Samples attached separately: People’s Age 23 February 1947, anniversary edition India Office file cover One of Attlee’s telegram to Wavell Communication ratings on HMI Signal School 1 Meanings of Failed Action: a reassessment of the 1946 Royal Indian Navy uprising Abstract: The exhibition Meanings of Failed Action: Insurrection 1946 opened in Mumbai on 17 March 2017 and in New Delhi on 8 February 2018. The second part of Vivan Sundaram’s The History Project,1 this new installation was intended to mark seventy years of Indian independence and partition by exploring an often forgotten moment of Indian history: the uprising of the Royal Indian Navy’s ratings in February 1946, when 10,000 naval ratings took charge of 66 ships across the Indian subcontinent in the name of the ‘Quit India’ movement. R.I.A.F. men, Sepoys, Bombay’s industrial workers and the city’s population joined in, marching in solidarity with the ratings irrespective of caste and religious affiliation. But the Congress and the Muslim League condemned the action and consented to British military intervention, which resulted in the deaths of over two hundred people and the ratings’ imprisonment. The event has since been erased from Indian national history, perhaps because, had the insurrection succeeded, India’s struggle for freedom might have taken a different turn.
    [Show full text]
  • Neoliberalism's Children: India's Economy, Wageless Life, And
    ariel: a review of international english literature Vol. 46 No. 3 Pages 137–163 Copyright © 2015 The Johns Hopkins University Press and the University of Calgary Neoliberalism’s Children: India’s Economy, Wageless Life, and Organized Crime in The Moor’s Last Sigh Matthew S. Henry Abstract: As a comment on India after the publication of Midnight’s Children, Salman Rushdie’s 1995 novel The Moor’s Last Sigh offers a broad-based critique of modern India within the con- text of economic policy shifts that followed the country’s inde- pendence from British rule in 1947. The gradual implementation of neoliberal economic policies in the 1980s and 1990s accom- panied India’s emergence as a major player in the global capitalist economy but also led to drastic increases in income inequality, unemployment, and the proliferation of a vast informal sector of exploitable human capital. Rushdie’s novel identifies India’s entre- preneurial and capitalist classes, specifically in Mumbai/Bombay, as complicit in the exacerbation of the class disparity that has led, in many cases, to increased cultural tensions between Hindus and Muslims as well as the growing ubiquity of government cor- ruption and organized crime. The novel offers additional insight into the exploitative logic of Hindu nationalist politics through its parodic depiction of the Shiv Sena party, which derives much of its political clout through its patriarchal, mafia-esque relation- ship with urban slum dwellers. The Moor’s Last Sigh delineates new and complex forms of oppression and exploitation in postcolo- nial India that often occur simultaneously along class and cultural lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Sabretache the OFFICIAL J O U R N a L O F the CALGARY MILITARY HISTORICAL SOCIET Y
    Sabretache THE OFFICIAL J O U R N A L O F THE CALGARY MILITARY HISTORICAL SOCIET Y www.cmhs.ca May2016 The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946 An anti-colonial attitude swept through India. Indi- ans deeply resented the fact that their army was now being sent to crush the new peoples’ governments in Burma, Indo- nesia and Indo-China, and re-establish French and Dutch colonies. In the last months of 1945, police killed 63 protes- tors in Bombay and Calcutta. These were turbulent times and the young Indian soldier was deeply affected. As BC Dutt, one of the leaders of the RIN mutiny wrote in his memoir, ‘The barrack walls were no longer high enough to contain the tide of nationalism’. In Bombay, HMIS Talwar was the signal-training establishment of the RIN. With 1500 officers and enlisted members on board, it was the second-largest training center in the whole empire. In the informative recollections titled Mutiny of the Innocents and The RIN Strike By a Group of Victimized Ratings, the former mutineers detailed the squalor on board the Talwar and the indifference or racism of the British officers. The Ratings came from widely different regions… belonged to Hindu, Muslim, Christian and Sikh families. The years spent in the navy had made them – the ratings of the RIN – Indians’. Some formed a clandestine group called ‘Azadi Hindi’ and planned to create general disorder and unrest on Talwar. On Navy Day, 1stDec, 1945, they painted ‘Quit India’, ‘Inquilab Zindabad’ and ‘Revolt Now’ all over the establishment and repeated it when Commander-in-Chief General Auchinlek came on a visit.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to India and South Asia
    Professor Benjamin R. Siegel Lecture, Fall 2018 History Department, Boston University T, Th, 12:30-1:45, CAS B20 [email protected] Office Hours: T: 11:00-12:15 Office: Room 205, 226 Bay State Road Th: 11:00-12:15, 2:00-3:15 & by appt. HI234: Introduction to India and South Asia Course Description It is easy to think of the Indian subcontinent, home of nearly 1.7 billion people, as a region only now moving into the global limelight, propelled by remarkable growth against a backdrop of enduring poverty, and dramatic contestations over civil society. Yet since antiquity, South Asia has been one of the world’s most dynamic crossroads, a place where cultures met and exchanged ideas, goods, and populations. The region was the site of the most prolonged and intensive colonial encounter in the form of Britain’s Indian empire, and Indian individuals and ideas entered into long conversations with counterparts in Europe, the Middle East, East and Southeast Asia, and elsewhere. Since India’s independence and partition into two countries in 1947, the region has struggled to overcome poverty, disease, ethnic strife and political conflict. Its three major countries – India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh – have undertaken three distinct experiments in democracy with three radically divergent outcomes. Those countries’ large, important diaspora populations and others have played important roles in these nation’s development, even as the larger world grows more aware of how important South Asia remains, and will become. 1 HI 234 – Course Essentials This BU Hub course is a survey of South Asian history from antiquity to the present, focusing on the ideas, encounters, and exchanges that have formed this dynamic region.
    [Show full text]
  • Butler Committee
    Butler Committee ● Indian states committee was appointed to investigate & clarify the relationship between the paramount power & the Princes. ● Sir Harcourt Butler was its chairman Civil Disobedience Movement ● It was Gandhi’s movement. ● It was an all India mass movement. ● It was more popular among the peasants & in rural areas. Nature ● Gandhi started Dandi March with only 78 people, from Gandhi’s Sabarmati Ashram on 12 March, 1930, but was joined by thousands by the time he reached Dandi. ● Bose compared it to Napoleon’s march to Paris. ● The entire distance was covered on foot passing through villages, towns. This enabled Gandhi to connect to the masses with his unique pad-yatra. Spread of the Movement ● Bhagalpur: The peasants stopped paying Chowkidari Tax to Zamindars. R Prasad & Abdul Bari emerged as main leaders. ● North West Frontier Province: Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan ● Tamil Nadu: In April 1930, C. Rajagopalachari organised a march from Thiruchirapalli to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore coast to break the salt law. ● Malabar: K. Kelappan Nair,a Congress leader famed for the Vaikom Satyagraha, organised salt marches. ● Dharasana: On May 21, 1930, Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib & Manilal Gandhi took up the unfinished task of leading a raid on the Dharasana Salt Works. ● Webb Miller ● Assam: A powerful agitation led by students was launched against the infamous ‘Cunningham circular’ which forced students & their guardians to furnish assurances of good behaviour. ● Nagaland: Rani Gaidinliu ( member of Heraka religious movement). Nehru gave her the title of Rani when he met her in 1937 Shillong jail. Who of the following organized a march on the Tanjore coast to break the Salt Law in April 1930? A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946 Nationalist Competition and Civil-Military Relations in Postwar India
    The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946 Nationalist competition and civil-military relations in postwar India 10,800 words including references, notes, and abstract. This work was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, under grant number DGE-1110007. The author has no financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose. Acknowledgements: The author would like to thank WM. Roger Louis, Zoltan Barany, and Ami Pedahzur for their detailed input and helpful suggestions, as well as their mentorship and encouragement. Correspondence to: John M. Meyer, Department of Government, University of Texas at Austin, 158 W 21st ST STOP A1800; Austin, Texas 78712-1704; USA. Email: [email protected]. 1 Abstract This article argues for the importance of the Royal Indian Navy mutiny of 1946 in two key aspects of the transition towards Indian independence: civilian control over the Indian military, and a competition for power between Congress and Communists that undermined Indian workers and their student allies. The article begins with an investigation of the mutiny drawing on three sources: a first-person account from a lead mutineer, a Communist history of the mutiny, and the papers published in the Towards Freedom collection. In 1946 a handful of low-ranking sailors sparked a naval mutiny that ultimately involved upwards of 20,000 sailors, and then crashed into the streets of Bombay with revolutionary fervor. The Communists party in Bombay seized upon the mutiny as an opportunity to rally the working class against the British raj, with the hope of ending British rule through revolution rather than negotiation. Yet the mutiny proved less of a harbinger for what was ending, and more of a bellwether for what was to come.
    [Show full text]
  • Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953
    Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Lawson, Konrad. 2012. Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9795484 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 – Konrad Mitchell Lawson Some Rights Reserved This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ iii Dissertation Advisor: Professor Andrew Gordon Konrad Mitchell Lawson Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the relationship between violence and betrayal in retribution against military and police collaborators who helped maintain Japan’s wartime occupations up until its defeat in 1945. Looking at the approaches taken in the colonies of British Asia, postwar treason trials in the Philippines, and Chinese Communist approaches in wartime and postwar Shandong province, this study argues that the laws and rhetoric of treason were deeply flawed tools for confronting the atrocities of war. At the very moment that war crimes trials were defining a set of acts that constituted crimes against all humanity, around the world thousands of individuals who helped perpetrate them were treated as primarily guilty of crimes against the nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncle Lawrence in the 1946Naval Mutiny
    Uncle Lawrence in the 1946Naval Mutiny Reginald was born in Lahore before Partition. He writes books on various subjects pertaining to South Asia. A former London journalist, he now lives in Mid Wales with his actor wife Jamila. His latest book is Shaheed Bhagat Singh and the Forgotten Indian Martyrs, Abhinav Publications, New Delhi. A member of the Society of Authors, he is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. Reginald Massey My uncle Lawrence Massey, my mother’s cousin, was a tough type. He ran away from Lahore to Bombay in the 1920s. Somehow, he managed to join the Mogul Line, a British-owned steamship company that specialised in taking Indian Muslims to the port of Jeddah, from where they proceeded to Mecca for the Haj. He became an engineer on a steamship called the SS Alavi, though it is doubtful if he ever had a steamship-engineering certificate. With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the British had to expand the Royal Indian Navy, mainly because of the impending Japanese threat to British colonies in South East Asia. Also, there were dark rumours that German submarines were marauding in the Arabian Sea. The Royal Navy was too tied up with protecting British waters. In other words, there was a dire need for men who knew the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Thus, Lawrence Massey wrangled a commission in the Royal Indian Navy only because the British captain of the SS Alavi gave him a glowing report. Now he had ‘made it’.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronological Table
    Chronological Table Indian mutiny and widespread re­ bellion in Northern India. East India Company's rule in India replaced by the British Crown. Dayanand (1824-83) founds the Arya Samaj at Bombay. Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) founds MuhammadanAnglo-Oriental Col­ lege at Aligarh. Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India. Indian National Congress inaugur­ ated in Bombay. Hindu rmsslOnary Vivekananda (1862-1902) addresses the First World Parliament of Religions at Chicago. M. K. Gandhi (I 86g-1948) starts his career in South Afiica. The Viceroyalty of Lord Curzon. Partition of Bengal. The rise of anti­ partition movement in Bengal. The rise of Extremist Party in Congress under B. G. Tilak (1856-1920). 1906 1 October Muslim deputation led by Aga Khan (1875-1958) presents address to Viceroy Minto (1905-10). 30 December Inauguration of the All-India Muslim League at Dacca. Split in Congress at Surat. Beginning of terrorist movement in India. The Extremists excluded from Con­ gress. 218 OHRONOLOGIOAL TABLE 1909 May Morley-Minto Reforms (The Indian Council Act) grant Muslim demand for separate electorate. 1910 Birth of Hindu Mahasabha. 1911 Visit of King George V and Queen Mary and the Delhi Durbar. Partition of Bengal annulled. Transfer of Indian Capital from Calcutta to Delhi announced. Italy and Turkey at war in Tripoli. Growth of anti-British feeling among Indian Muslims. 1912 Turkey gets involved in the first Balkan war. 1913 Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) awarded Nobel Prize for his Gitanjali. 1913 Balkan War concluded by the Treaty of London. 1914 4 August The First World War breaks out.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Events of the Nationalist Period 1879–1947
    POLITICAL EVENTS OF THE NATIONALIST PERIOD 1879–1947 Gandhian activity 1919 – Aerial bombing 3rd Afghan War Major riot with political consequences Kabul Secret revolutionary group, with approximate date of founding Jalalabad Mansehra Tahsil 1920 – Khilafat Hijrah Peshawar (migration) to Afghanistan Srinagar Chief sites of Royal Indian Navy mutiny, 1946 Kohat 1931 1924 Lahore Jammu Areas and Key Sites of Widespread Disturbances and Independence Campaigns 1931 1927 Amritsar 1928-Conspiracy Case; 1919 W.&C. Jallianwala Bagh massacre Areas Sites Bhagat Singh executed, 1931 Punjab Punjab 1946 – 1947 1915 Ghadr Movement Border Ferozepore 1922 Multan Dehra Dun 1919 Hartal and Punjab Disturbances 1906 Katarpur Chauri Chaura 1918 1922 - Mob Violence, halted Nabha Meerut 1929-1933-Communist conspiracy trial Gandhi’s non-cooperation campaign 1920-22 Non-cooperation Program 1924-1926 Akali (Sikh) 1924 Delhi 1947 Rae Bareli DT. Demonstrations 1911 - Coronation Durbar 1930-1932-Center of 1930-31 Civil Disobedience Campaign independence campaigns Gurgaon Dt. 1912 - Capital moved from Calcutta No Rent campaign Bharatpur 1945-1946 - Red Fort Court martials of INA Officers Champaran DT. and Alwar 1917-Indigo tenants 1942 Quit India Campaign } Agra Aligarh campaign 1920— Jamia Millia Islamia, first nationalist university founded 1931,1947 1925— Shifted to Delhi Cawnpore Muzzaffarpur 1946 1947, Areas of widespread communal riots Lucknow 1908-‘‘Alipore’’ bomb case Hyderabad 1931 1923-1926 - Muslim movement for Karachi 1919—1st Khilafat Conference 1905-1908 Movements drawing separate Sind (then a part of Bombay) Central Khilafat Committee C. Bihar Moirang established in Bombay Allahabad 1946 1943-Indian National Army political/social movements support from wide areas are 190 1905 5- Movement 1930—Nehru home becomes Pa Dacca hoists flag on Indian soil Ahmedabad Kaira DT.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Movements Recognized for Grant of Swatantrata Sainik Samman Pension
    LIST OF MOVEMENTS RECOGNIZED FOR GRANT OF SWATANTRATA SAINIK SAMMAN PENSION. 1. Suez Canal Army Revolt in 1943 during Quit-India Movement & Ambala Cantt. Army Revolt in 1943. 2. Jhansi Regiment Case in Army (1940). The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was the Women's Regiment of the Indian National Army, with the aim of overthrowing the British Raj in colonial India. It was one of the all-female combat regiments of the Second World War. Led by Lakshmi Sahgal),the unit was raised in July 1943 with volunteers from the expatriate Indian population in South East Asia.The unit was named the Rani of Jhansi Regiment after Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose announced the formation of the Regiment on 12 July 1943.Most of the women were teenage volunteers of Indian descent from Malayan rubber estates; very few had ever been to India.The initial nucleus of the force was established with its training camp in Singaporewith approximately a hundred and seventy cadets. The cadets were given ranks of non-commissioned officer or sepoy (private) according to their education. Later, camps were established inRangoon and Bangkok and by November 1943, the unit had more than three hundred cadets Training in Singapore began on 23 October 1943.The recruits were divided into sections and platoons and were accorded ranks of Non-Commissioned Officers and Sepoys according to their educational qualifications. These cadets underwent military and combat training with drills, route marches as well as weapons training in rifles, hand grenades, and bayonet charges. Later, a number of the cadets were chosen for more advanced training in jungle warfare in Burma.The Regiment had its first passing out parade at the Singapore training camp of five hundred troops on 30 March 1944.
    [Show full text]