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Home , Royal Indian Navy mutiny, Sabarmati Ashram, Vaikom Satyagraha

Butler Committee

● Indian states committee was appointed to investigate & clarify the relationship between the paramount power & the Princes.

● Sir Harcourt Butler was its chairman Movement

● It was ’s movement.

● It was an all India mass movement.

● It was more popular among the peasants & in rural areas. Nature ● Gandhi started Dandi March with only 78 people, from Gandhi’s Ashram on 12 March, 1930, but was joined by thousands by the time he reached Dandi.

● Bose compared it to Napoleon’s march to Paris.

● The entire distance was covered on foot passing through villages, towns. This enabled Gandhi to connect to the masses with his unique pad-yatra. Spread of the Movement ● Bhagalpur: The peasants stopped paying Chowkidari Tax to Zamindars. R Prasad & Abdul Bari emerged as main leaders.

● North West Frontier Province: Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan

● Tamil Nadu: In April 1930, C. Rajagopalachari organised a march from Thiruchirapalli to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore coast to break the salt law.

● Malabar: K. Kelappan ,a Congress leader famed for the , organised salt marches. ● Dharasana: On May 21, 1930, , Imam Sahib & took up the unfinished task of leading a raid on the Dharasana Salt Works.

● Webb Miller

● Assam: A powerful agitation led by students was launched against the infamous ‘Cunningham circular’ which forced students & their guardians to furnish assurances of good behaviour.

● Nagaland: Rani Gaidinliu ( member of Heraka religious movement). Nehru gave her the title of Rani when he met her in 1937 Shillong jail. Who of the following organized a march on the Tanjore coast to break the Salt Law in April 1930?

A. V.O. Chidambaram Pillai

B. C. Rajagopalachari

C. K. Kamaraj

D. Round Table Conference

❑ Round Table conference signifies that all the participants are equal.

❑ Participants of these conferences were – All political parties of India, Representatives of India Princely states

❑ It was held in Buckingham Palace in London

❑ Purpose of this meeting according to British was that they wanted to understand demands & grievances of Indian Leadership from different social backgrounds 1st Round Table Conference ● 12th November 1930-19th January 1931.

● 1st ever conference arranged between the British & Indians as equals 89 people were invited .

● It was held during the civil disobedience movement. ● Congress did not participate in the conference.

● Most business leader’s boycotted it.

● Muslim League, , the Liberals & princes attended it.

● Purpose : To discuss reports. Gandhi-Irwin Pact- 5th March 1931 ● It had been almost a year since the movement began which forced the British to initiate a dialogue with Gandhi.

● 1st time that an Indian leader was invited by the British for a dialogue at almost equal footing.

● As a result of these discussions, a pact was signed between the viceroy, representing the British Indian Government, & Gandhi, representing the Indian people, in .(Delhi Pact) Congress Session ● 1931: a special session of the Congress was held.

● 6 days before the session , Sukhdev & Rajguru had been executed.

● Throughout Gandhi's route to Karachi, he was greeted with black flag demonstrations by the Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha, in protest against his failure to secure commutation of the death sentence for Bhagat & his comrades. Congress Resolutions

● The Delhi Pact was endorsed.

● The goal of ‘purna ’ was reiterated.

● 2 resolutions were adopted—

● one on Fundamental Rights &

● the other on National Economic Programme. 2nd Round Table Conference ● Held in London from September 7, 1931 to December 1, 1931.

● The government refused to concede the basic Indian demand of freedom.

● Congress participated in this conference as it was a part of pact

● Gandhi represented Congress in this conference.

● Sarojini Nayudu represented Indian women. Outcome ● The session ended with MacDonald's announcement of:

○ 2 Muslim majority provinces— NWFP & Sindh;

○ the prospect of a unilateral British if Indians failed to agree.

● The Government failed to concede the basic Indian demand of freedom. McDonald Award or Communal Award ● British PM Ramsay Macdonald announced in 1932 that depressed class is a minority & will get separate electorate.

● This was a long demand of B.R. Ambedkar as the depressed classes had no chance of entering the assembly as election was based on limited franchise. 1932 ● Gandhi was lodged in the Yerwada Jail. He went on fast unto death in opposition of Macdonald Award on September 20, 1932.

● Due to Gandhi’s fast unto death, there was huge pressure on Ambedkar

● Now leaders of various persuasions, including Ambedkar, MC Rajah & Malaviya got together to hammer out a compromise.

● Ambedkar agreed to meet Gandhi for negotiations. Gandhiji’s Harijan Campaign ● In jail, he had set up the All India Anti League in September 1932 & had started the weekly ‘Harijan’ in January 1933.

● He conducted a Harijan tour of the country in the period from November 1933 to July 1934, covering 20,000 km, collecting money for his newly set up , & propagating removal of untouchability in all its forms. 3rd Round Table Conference

● Held in 1932 (17th November-24th December)

● Congress boycotted this conference.

● Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha & Princely states participated 1935 Act: Provisions ● End of Dyarchy from provinces but introduced at the central government level.

● All – India Federation would be formed.

● Act vested the control of railways in a new authority called Federal Railway Authority free from control of ministers & councilors.

● Setting up of (Estd. 1935) Federal Bank (RBI).

● Federal court was set up in 1937 (Called later on). 1935 Act: Provisions

● Burma was separated from British India.

● Orissa was separated from Bihar with Cuttack as capital.

● Sind was separated from Bombay with Karachi as the capital

● The number of provinces were increased to 11 by giving NWFP the status of fully-fledged province & creating 2 new provinces, Orissa & Sindh. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the a) Morley-Minto reforms 1909

(b) Montagu Chelmsford act 1919

(c) Govt. of India act, 1935

(d) Indian Independence Act 1947 Congress’ Performance ● Elections were held in 11 provinces - Madras, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, United Provinces, , Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab & Sindh.

● 716/1161(contested) seats was won. Congress emerged in power in 8 of the provinces - the 3 exceptions being Bengal, Punjab (Unionist Party) & Sindh.

● It got a majority in all provinces, except in Bengal, Assam, Punjab, Sindh & NWFP, & emerged as the largest party in Bengal, Assam & NWFP. ● Gandhi did not attend a single election meeting. CM: known as Premier ❑ Madras : Rajaji ❑ Central Provinces: Dr. Khare

❑ Bihar: Sri Krishna Sinha ❑ Orissa: Hare Krishna Mehtab ❑ United Provinces: G B Pant ❑ Bombay Presidency: B G Kher ❑ Assam: Congress supported Bardolai ❑ NWFP: Dr. Khan Saheb ❑ Bengal: Fazlul Haq invited Congress to join coalition but it refused. Later Haq joined hands with League.

❑ Punjab : Congress had no role. ❑ Sindh: Congress supported Gulam Hussain Hidyatullah ● On October 23, 1939, the CWC meeting

○ rejected the vice regal statement as a reiteration of the old imperialist policy,

○ decided not to support the war,

○ called upon the Congress ministries to resign in the provinces. ● Jinnah put out an appeal, calling for Indian Muslims to celebrate 22 December 1939 as a "Day of Deliverance" as congress resigned. Pakistan Resolution • Lahore

• 1940

• The Muslim League passed a resolution calling for "grouping of geographically contiguous areas where Muslims are in majority (North- West, East) into independent states in which constituent units shall be autonomous & sovereign & adequate safeguards to Muslims where they are in minority". August Offer-1940 ● Hitler's astounding success & the fall of Belgium, Holland & France put England in a conciliatory mood. To get Indian cooperation in the war effort, viceroy announced the Offer which proposed:

○ dominion status as the objective for India.

○ expansion of viceroy's executive council (i.e, Majority of Indians).

○ setting up of a constituent assembly after the war. ○ no future constitution to be adopted without the consent of minorities.

● The Congress rejected the August Offer.

● Nehru:”Dominion status concept is dead as a doornail". Individual Satyagraha ● Government had taken the adamant position that no constitutional advance could be made till the Congress came to an agreement with the Muslim leaders.

● It issued ordinance after ordinance taking away the freedom of speech & that of the press & the right to organise associations.

● The radicals & leftists wanted to launch a mass Civil Disobedience Movement, but here Gandhi insisted on Individual Satyagraha. Aims of Individual Satyagraha

● The Individual Satyagraha was not to seek independence but to affirm the right of speech.

● If the Government did not arrest the satyagrahi, he or she would not only repeat it but move into villages and start a march towards Delhi, thus precipitating a movement which came to be known as the "Delhi Chalo Movement".

● was the 1st , Nehru the 2nd & Brahma Datt was the 3rd to offer the satyagraha . - March 1942 ● A mission headed by was sent to India with constitutional proposals to seek Indian support for the war.

● Congress and League rejected it.

● Nehru & Azad were the official negotiators for the Congress.

● Gandhi described the scheme as "a post-dated cheque"; ● Failure of the Cripps Mission embittered the people of India.

● All India Congress Committee met at — ‘Gowalia Tank, Bombay (August 8, 1942)’. Underground Activity

● Usha Mehta started an ‘underground radio’ in Bombay.

● JP & Ramnandan Mishra escaped from Hazaribagh jail to Nepal border.

● Jaiprakash Narayan formed ‘Azad Dasta’ in the terrains of Nepal & trained them in guerrilla warfare. Parallel Governments ● Ballia: under Chittu Pandey. He got many Congress leaders released.

● Tamluk: Jatiya Sarkar undertook cyclone relief work, sanctioned grants to schools, supplied paddy from the rich to the poor, organised armed Vidyut Bahinis etc.

● Satara: named "Prati Sarkar", was organised under leaders like Y.B.Chavan, Nani Patil, etc. (Longest lasting) ● 23 March 1943: Pakistan Day was observed. Q. Quit India Movement was launched in response to

A)Cabinet Mission Plan

B)Cripps Proposals

C)Simon Commission Report

D)Wavell Plan ● The idea of the INA was 1st conceived in Malaya by an Indian officer of the British Indian Army.

● He decided not to join the retreating & instead turned to the Japanese for help.

● The 1st Phase:

○ Major Fujiwara & a religious person Giani Pritam Singh helped Captain Singh in setting it up. ○ 1942: Indian Independence League was setup up by in Tokyo. League met in Bangkok known as :

○ Rash Bihari Bose was elected as president.

○ Mohan Singh was appointed as commander of INA

○ S C Bose was invited to lead Background:

○ The next phase began with the arrival of SC Bose in in July 1943.

○ Earlier, he had left the Congress after having developed differences with Gandhi & had formed the Forward Bloc in 1940.

○ January 1941: He escaped from India, where he had been under house arrest, & approached the Russian leaders for help against Britain Background :

○ When in June 1941 the Soviet Union joined the war on behalf of the Allies, Bose went to Germany

○ Met Hitler

○ Pseudo name Orlando Mazzotta

○ Came to be known as Netaji

○ Slogan from Free India Center

○ & from there he reached Japan in February 1943. ○ He asked for Japanese help for an armed struggle against the British.

○ 21st October 1943: He set up a Provisional Indian Government known as Arzi Hukumat-e-/Azad Hind Sarkar with HQ at Singapore.

○ This Government was recognised by the Axis powers. INA Movement ● The famous slogan— “Give me blood, I will give you freedom” was given in Malaya.

● The battalions raised were called Gandhi battalion, Azad Battalion , Nehru battalion, Subhash battalion & Rani Jhansi battalion.

● Nov 1943: Japan handed over the administration of Andaman & Nicobar to him. He named them as Shaheed Dweep & Swaraj Dweep. INA Movement ● January 1944: HQ shifted to Rangoon

● War cry: Chalo Delhi was given

● April 1944: Azad Hind Bank was inaugurated at Rangoon.

● 6th July 1944: Bose asked for Gandhi's blessings for "India's last war of independence".

● He was the 1st person to call Gandhi “Father of the nation”.

● He did it on Azad Hind Radio. Red Fort Trial/INA Trial ● Held in November & December 1945-46. Major General Shah Nawaz Khan, Colonel Prem Kumar Sehgal, Colonel were trialed.

● The accused were charged with waging war against the king .

● The defence of the INA prisoners was taken up by the Congress & , K.N. Katju, Nehru & appeared in court.

● 2 dozen counsel for the defense were led by Sir . Netaji ● Born in Orissa, studied at Cambridge.

● Passed Indian Civil service (ICS) without coaching, but resigned in 1921.

● Tagore gave him the title “Desh Nayak”.

● 1920s: Upon Gandhi’s advice, Bose worked under mentorship of CR Das, Participated in NCM & Khilafat & got arrested.

● 1945: August, Bose boarded a plane to Tokyo but died a crash in Taiwan. Netaji’s Death ● 3 commissions were set up to probe the death of S C Bose.

1956 Shah Nawaz Committee report says he died in a plane crash.

1970 Justice Khosla commission says the same. Justice Mukherjee commission report says Bose did not die in a plane crash, but he’d have 2005 died by now due to old age. Wavell Plan ● Although war in Europe came to an end in May 1945, Japanese threat still remained. Conservative Government in Britain was keen to reach a solution on the constitutional question in India.

● Lord Archibald Wavell was permitted to start negotiations with Indian leaders & so they were released from jails in June 1945. The Plan ● Idea was to reconstruct the governor general's executive council pending the preparation of a new constitution.

● For this purpose, a conference was convened Lord Wavell, at Shimla in June 1945. Royal ● Royal Indian Navy mutiny (also called the Royal Indian Navy Revolt or Bombay Mutiny) encompasses a total strike & subsequent revolt by Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy on board ship & shore establishments at Bombay harbor on 18 February 1946.

● From the initial flashpoint in Bombay, the revolt spread & found support throughout British India, from Karachi to Calcutta.

● Only the Communist Party supported the strikers.

● Congress & the Muslim League condemned it. Cabinet Mission Plan 1946 ● Pethick Lawrence, Secretary of State for India; Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade; & A.V. Alexander, 1st Lord of Admiralty. (Pethick Lawrence was the chairman of the mission.) ● 16th Aug 1946: League declared the infamous & gave controversial statements like ‘ladke lenge Pakistan’. Interim Government

● 2nd September 1946: was chosen as the head of interim government.

● It was boycotted by Muslim League.

● After the initial boycott, League joined interim government in the last week of October 1946.

● 5 League members were made ministers in Interim government including Liaquat Ali Khan who was made the Finance Minister. ● 20th Feb 1947: Attlee declared that India would be freed by June 1948 & also announced that Lord Mountbatten would be the last Governor General of India.

● Lord Mountbatten announced Mountbatten plan on 3rd June. Mountbatten Plan ● On 15th August India would be freed.

● If one group of Punjab & Bengal assembly demands for partition, it would be done.

● If partition happened, then there would be boundary commission headed by Radcliffe.

● Princely states had to join either state & were not allowed to remain free.

● Each dominion state will have its own Governor General India Independence Act July 18, 1947

● The British Parliament ratified the Mountbatten Plan as the "Independence of India Act-1947". The Act was implemented on August 15, 1947.

● The Act provided for the creation of 2 independent dominions of India & Pakistan.

● M.A. Jinnah became the 1st Governor-General of Pakistan.

● India, however, decided to request Lord Mountbatten to continue. ● C Rajagopalachari