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The Functional Monotheism Model and the Tri-Theism Objection Raised Against It

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The Functional Monotheism Model and the Tri-Theism Objection Raised Against It THE FUNCTIONAL MONOTHEISM MODEL AND THE TRI-THEISM OBJECTION Joshua Reginald Sijuwade PhD University of York Philosophy April 2020 ABSTRACT THE FUNCTIONAL MONOTHEISM MODEL AND THE TRI-THEISM OBJECTION In this thesis, I argue that the Functional Monotheism model is not tri-theistic, but is a model of pro-Nicene Trinitarianism. In establishing this thesis, I focus on countering a specific objection prevalent in the Analytic Theology literature; the Tri-Theism Objection, which has charged the Functional Monotheism model with “tri-theism”. This objection, formulated by Kelly James Clark and Edward Feser, asserts that the Functional Monotheism model is tri- theistic and thus should be rejected as a possible model of scriptural monotheism and “orthodox” Trinitarianism. I argue against this objection by demonstrating that the Functional Monotheism model, once certain necessary philosophical clarifications and modifications are made, is not tri-theistic (in the classical sense of the term), but is in fact in line with “strict” (Second Temple) Jewish monotheism and “orthodox” (pro-Nicene) Trinitarianism. The Functional Monotheism model, contra the proponents of the objection, is therefore not subject to a charge of tri-theism, and thus should be taken as a viable model of “orthodox” Trinitarianism that can aid analytic theologians in their Trinitarian theorising. ii Table of Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... vi ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... vii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................. ix DECLARATION........................................................................................................... x Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Section 1: Context of Study - Statement, Relevance and Contribution ............................. 1 Section 2: Explanation of Content - Model and Objection ............................................... 5 Chapter 2: Scriptural Objection: Identifying Second Temple Jewish Monotheism 18 Section 1: The Second Temple Monotheistic Perspective and Assessment .....................18 Chapter 3: Historical Objection (A): Identifying Tri-Theism 36 Section 1: The Tri-Theistic Perspective and Assessment ................................................36 Section 2: Philosophical Troubleshooting: De-Classifying Functional Monotheism .......52 Chapter 4: Historical Objection (B): Identifying Pro-Nicene Trinitarianism (i) 77 Section 1: The Pro-Nicene Perspective and Assessment (A) ...........................................77 Section 2: Philosophical Troubleshooting - Grounding the Monarchy of God the Father 90 Chapter 5: Historical Objection (C): Identifying Pro-Nicene Trinitarianism (ii) 126 Section 1: The Pro-Nicene Perspective and Assessment (B) ......................................... 126 Section 2: Philosophical Troubleshooting - Relating the Divine Nature ........................ 140 Chapter 6: Historical Objection (D): Identifying Pro-Nicene Trinitarianism (iii) 153 Section 1: The Pro-Nicene Perspective and Assessment (C) ......................................... 153 Section 2: Philosophical Troubleshooting - Composing the Trinity .............................. 165 Chapter 7: Conclusion 202 Section 1: Chapter Summaries - Brief Explications ...................................................... 202 Section 2: Thesis Conclusion - Findings and Result ..................................................... 206 iii Back to Top Appendix: Alternative Particularities 209 Appendix Section 1: Alternative Conception of Particular Substances .......................... 209 Appendix Section 2: Alternative Conception of Particular Properties ........................... 217 References 227 iv Back to Top LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.1 Tri-Theism and FM Real Definitions 68 1.2 Trinitarian Identity Conditions and Dependence 71 1.3 Divinity-Mode Characterisation 73 v Back to Top LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 The Functional Monotheism model 8 1.2 Ontological Categories 54 1.3 The Functional Monotheism model (Modification 1) 72 1.4 The Classical Tri-Theism model 75 2.1 Type/Token (C) 102 2.2 Type/Token (G) 102 2.3 Contributing Factors (C) 103 2.4 Contributing Factors (G) 104 2.5 Screening-off (C) 105 2.6 Screening-off (G) 105 2.7 The Functional Monotheism model (Modification 2) 123 3.1 Ontological Square (Version 1) 141 3.2 Ontological Square (Version 2) 145 3.3 Ontological Square (Trinitarian Version) 148 3.4 The Functional Monotheism model (Modification 3) 151 4.1 Piece of Land Example 170 4.2 Orange and Parts Example 189 4.3 Trinitarian Identification 198 4.4 The Functional Monotheism model (Modification 4) 200 4.5 The (modified) Functional Monotheism model 207 5.1 Two Aristotelian Accounts 210 5.2 Two Property Accounts 219 vi Back to Top ABBREVIATIONS General Sources GNO Gregorii Nysseni Opera NPNF1 Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series NPNF2 Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series Specific Sources Ambrose of Milan Fid. Christian Faith Spir. On the Holy Spirit Augustine of Hippo Civ. City of God Ep. Epistles Trin. De Trinitate Basil of Caesarea Ep. Epistles Spir. On the Holy Spirit Gregory of Nazianzus Ep. Epistles Or. Orations vii Back to Top Gregory of Nyssa Abl. Ad Ablabium C. Eun. Contra Eunomium Ep. Epistles Graec. Ad Graecos Hilary of Poitiers Trin. De Trinitate John Philoponus Arb. Arbiter C. Them. Contra Themistium De Theo. De Theologia Theodoret of Cyrus Er. Eranistes viii Back to Top DEDICATION To Priscilla Thank you for your tireless sacrifice, encouragement and support, as without it, I would not be the individual that I am today. Thank you for being the loving wife that you have been to me over these years. You are the love of my life, and such a blessing, not only to me, but to all those who are privileged to know you for the wonderful person that you are. You are a caring mother, a devoted wife, and an amazing human being. May our love and journey together be eternal. Alison and Eléna Thank you for your loving smiles, hugs and kisses, as without them, I would not have had the daily motivation to have completed this project. You are both my sunshine and my heart. May this work be edifying for you both in your walk with Christ. Through you both I live and find my purpose. David Thank you for your loving patience and guidance, as without it, this work would not have been possible. Your gentleness and kindness as a supervisor, and as a person, is a model for us all. You never tired from giving me your everything. Thank you for all that you have done for me during this journey. It will never be forgotten. It has been an honour to have called you my supervisor, and most of all, my friend. May your soul forever rest in peace and may we meet again in paradise. Psalm 36:9 For with you is the fountain of life; in your light we see light. ix Back to Top DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is a presentation of original work and I am the sole author. This work has not previously been presented for an award at this, or any other, University. All sources are acknowledged as References. Candidate: Joshua R. Sijuwade Advisor: Dr. David E. Efird Chair & Internal Examiner: Dr. David Worsley External Examiner: Prof. Richard Swinburne Department: Faculty of Arts and Humanities (Philosophy) Author’s Signature x Back to Top Chapter 1: Introduction Section 1: Context of Study - Statement, Relevance and Contribution 1.1. Central Focus of Thesis Thesis Statement: Functional Monotheism and Tri-Theism Objection I argue that the Functional Monotheism model is not tri-theistic, but is a model of pro-Nicene Trinitarianism (Trinitarian monotheism). By "tri-theism" I mean the view expressed by the Classical Tri-Theist trajectory of the 6th century, which posited the existence of three particular substances and natures within the Trinity, with the common nature shared between the Trinitarian persons being a conceptual abstraction. By "Functional Monotheism model" I mean the specific model proposed by Richard Swinburne, which posits the existence of three divine persons, who each possess the same property of essential, everlasting omnipotence, and are ontologically and volitionally interdependent, so as to form an indivisible collective, that is rightly referred to as the one God. The thesis question that I will be focusing on is: (TQ) Is the Functional Monotheism model tri-theistic? The thesis statement (TS) that I will be defending, in answer to (TQ), is thus the following: (TS) The Functional Monotheism model is not tri-theistic, but is a model of pro-Nicene Trinitarianism. The context of my argument is that of answering the “Tri-Theism Objection”, which I specify as two sub-objections; the Scriptural Objection and the Historical Objection, that have been proposed in the literature against the Functional Monotheism model by Kelly James Clark and Edward Feser.1 This objection aims to show that the Functional Monotheism model does not 1 Following Alvin Plantinga (2000), I take the Functional Monotheism model, to be a model in the sense of a collection of propositions (i.e., Functional Monotheism) that shows how it could be that
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