LESSON SIX M O D E L S O F G O D If there is a God, HOW does this God exist? KEY CONCEPTS AND CONSIDERATIONS 2 * Key Terms Transcendence; Immanence; Creation ex deus; Creation ex nihilo * Models of God Pantheism Panentheism Theism Deism OVERVIEW 3 This lesson is best understood as an extension of the previous lesson. In this lesson the attention shifts from debates about the fact of God's existence to debates regarding the manner of God's existence. The question pursued here initially is: How does God exist? The focus is upon the possible relationships that God may have in relationship to creation, both at its point of origin, and with regard to its continuance. Four precise models are presented. These are: Pantheism; Panentheism ; Theism; and Deism. These models will be treated in a systematic fashion. Our discussion will focus upon: (1) an explanation of the name for the model; (2) an identification of key thinkers associated with the model; (3) a listing of some of the tenets of the model; and (4) an assessment of the model which will identify both strengths and weaknesses. Before beginning our systematic survey of each model it will be necessary to define and discuss four key terms. These terms are: Transcendence; Immanence ; Creation ex deus; and Creation ex nihilo. DEFINITION & DISCUSSION OF KEY TERMS The four terms needing definition and discussion may be grouped into two pairs. Transcendence and immanence belong together, as do creation ex deus and creation ex nihilo. The first term in need of definition is transcendence. In the context of this lesson transcendence refers to: that aspect of the Deity which is other than or remote from creation. This term is more clearly understood in its contrast with our next term, immanence. Immanence refers to: that aspect of the Deity which is identified with or is consider close (near) to creation. Immediately, the reader should sense a tension. If the Deity is conceived of in terms of transcendence, what about immanence? If the Deity is conceived of in terms of immanence, what about transcendence? The ways in which these two competing aspects of the Deity are conceived constitute a part of the challenge of this lesson. It is now time to comment on our second pair of terms. Creation ex deus refers to creation out of, or from, God. Ex deus is Latin, meaning "out of God." This phrase conceives of creation as an extension, or manifestation, of the very stuff of God. In this view the "things" in creation are related somehow to the very stuff, or essence, of God's being. For example, in some systems the Deity is conceived as emanating the divine being out into the universe, different parts, or "things," or creatures of the universe are understood to contain, or reflect, varying degrees of the essence of this Deity. This view clearly emphasizes the immanence of the Deity in its relation to creation. The views of Pantheism and Panentheism are more closely related to these emphases. Creation ex nihilo refers to creation out of nothing. Ex nihilo is Latin, meaning "out of nothing." This phrase conceives of creation as occurring at a point in time before which nothing existed, except the Deity. This is, classically, the Judeo-Christian view of God's relationship with the creation. In this view God is understood as "other" than creation. Sometimes the phrase "wholly other" is used. Clearly, then, this view is to be more associated with the idea of the Deity as transcendent. 4 In the four models of God to be explained below we will see the Deity conceived of in different ways along a continuum which portrays the emphases and tensions of the terms just defined. In two of these models (pantheism and panentheism) God will be presented along the lines of a creation ex deus model. In the other two models (theism and deism) God will be viewed along the lines of a creation ex nihilo model. The models will range from a Deity (pantheism) which is presented as almost exclusively immanent, to a Deity (panentheism) that is immanent but does have a degree of transcendence, to a Deity (theism) that is transcendent, having a degree of immanence, to a Deity (deism) that is almost exclusively transcendent. FOUR MODELS OF GOD Pantheism The term "pantheism" is comprised of two Greek words, "pan," meaning all, and "theism," referring to God. Hence, the term connotes the idea that all is God, or conversely, God is all. Several key thinkers have been associated with this model. Among them are: Spinoza; Parmenides; Plotinus; and Radharkrishna. Among the several tenets common to systems of pantheism are the following: (1) God is conceived of in terms more impersonal than personal. Hence, rather than referring to God as he, or she, the impersonal "it" is preferred. Actually, those espousing pantheism are not so tacky. God is most often described as the "Ocean of Being," or as the "Ground of Existence." (2) What follows from tenet one is the idea that everything in creation participates in this Ocean of Being called God, or is considered a manifestation of God, emanating, as it were, from the Ground of Being; (3) It is logical, then, for a pantheistic system, that creation be viewed along the lines of ex deus rather than ex nihilo; (4) An important correlative consideration in any systematic understanding of the relationship of God to creation is that of the knowledge of God. Namely, how does one come to know or become aware of God? In pantheistic systems the emphasis generally falls upon some kind of mystical experience or elevation of consciousness. Since God's Being permeates all things it is logical that one might be enabled to perceive God, given the proper state of consciousness; (5) The problem of evil is an important consideration in any model of God. Pantheists generally view the Deity as beyond good and evil. Evil is often simply reduced to the status of illusion or understood as reflecting inferior states of consciousness in human subjects. 5 The above tenets have provided enough of a sketch of this model in order for an assessment to be given. On the positive side pantheism represents a comprehensive system. All of reality is included in the Ocean of Being called God. The unity of all things is clearly emphasized, God, perhaps, understood as the concentrated center of the Universe. In pantheism the immanence of God is stressed. God-consciousness is available to those willing to cultivate the states of consciousness needed for one to be aware of God. Pantheists are generally inclusive in their religious outlook. The diversity of religion is usually recognized as a healthy variety. Hence, there are several legitimate approaches to God. Yet, pantheism does have some drawbacks. Oddly enough, pantheism is unaffirmable by those of us who understand ourselves as independent self-conscious beings. In a pantheistic universe one finds oneself in the dilemma of affirming that God exists (since God is all and all is God) but denying (by implication) one's own independent existence. This of course is self- defeating. For to deny one's existence, or self-consciousness, one must first exist and be self-conscious. Other criticisms may be added. An impersonal being appears inferior to a personal one, especially by persons who value their personhood above all things. The treatment of evil appears far too casual, especially for the masses who often exist in a continual struggle with evil. If elevated states of consciousness are necessary in order to apprehend the good (God) in (or beyond) evil, then pantheism appears to cater to an elite group, namely, those trained in esoteric consciousness raising techniques. Finally, pantheism may appear all too close to atheism. If the cosmos and its forces are all, and all consists of the cosmos and its forces (as is true with some forms of atheism), then one is left wondering what difference there is between an atheistic system which suggests that impersonal Nature is all, and the pantheist who simply uses the term God. Other strengths and weaknesses might be mentioned, but these should suffice in stimulating the reader's thoughts about the worldview called pantheism. Panentheism This model closely resembles the previous model but is nuanced significantly by the insertion of the Greek preposition "en" (meaning: in) between "pan" (all) and "theism" (God). Hence, panentheism means, "all in God," or conversely, "God [is] in all." The distinctive nuances created by the insertion of "en" will be made clear from a discussion of the tenets of panentheism. Unlike the other models, the key thinkers associated with panentheism listed here are all from the 20th century. The following are noteworthy: Charles Hartshorne; Alfred North Whitehead; Schubert Ogden; Harold Kushner; and Sally McFague. The following tenets are typical of the many ideas associated with panentheism: (1) God is considered more immanent than transcendent. Panentheism is often referred to as bipolar theism. The idea here is that God has two poles to his Being, the one immanent, the other transcendent. As in pantheism, God is all and all is God, but, there is an aspect to God, in panentheism, which is other than all. This "other aspect" represents the transcendent pole of God's Being. Yet, panentheism puts its stress upon God's 6 immanence, as will be apparent from the remaining tenets; (2) God is considered related to the world as the human soul is to the human body. This conceptual relationship could have positive value for a world in need of a more sensitive environmental consciousness.