Laurea Magistrale in Antropologia Culturale, Etnologia, Etnolinguistica

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Laurea Magistrale in Antropologia Culturale, Etnologia, Etnolinguistica UNIVERSITÀ CA’ FOSCARI VENEZIA Laurea magistrale in Antropologia Culturale, Etnologia, Etnolinguistica Tesi di Laurea in Antropologia Sociale OUT OF ORDER Etnografia di uno stato d'eccezione Exarchia, Atene Relatore: prof. Gianluca Ligi Candidata: Anna Giulia Della Puppa Matricola: 839912 Sessione Autunnale Anno Accademico 2013/2014 2 La città per chi passa senza entrarci è una, e un'altra per chi ne è preso e non ne esce; una è la città in cui s'arriva la prima volta, un'altra quella che si lascia per non tornare; ognuna merita un nome diverso; forse di Irene ho già parlato sotto altri nomi; forse non ho parlato che di Irene. Italo Calvino Non abbiamo ancora realizzato fino a che punto siamo stati indotti a desiderare una fine anziché desiderare senza fine. Raoul Vaneigem 3 4 Indice Prodromi di un viaggio………...............................................................................................p. 9 1. Frammenti………………………………………………………………………………....…p. 10 2.”Siamo immagini dal futuro”………………………………………………………….….…..p. 15 3. Albe nere…………………………………………………………………………….…….....p. 22 4. Sugli altopiani di Irene………………………………………………………………….…....p. 32 5. Perché Exarchia, perché i disastri………………………………………………….………...p. 33 6. La tesi…………………………………………………………………………….…………..p. 35 1. Questioni etnografiche..……………………………...…………………………....……p. 39 1. Considerazioni metodologiche………………………………………………………….……p. 39 2. Ombre del passato…………………………………………….……………………………...p. 42 3. Spaesamento/appaesamento…………………………………………………….………...….p. 46 4. Sul campo………………………………………………………………………….……...….p. 55 5. Nuove questioni………………………………………………………………….…………..p. 58 6. La città e il conflitto…………………………………………………………………….……p. 62 7. Nuova epica urbana……………………………………………………………….……….…p. 66 8. Per un nuovo interpretativismo post-moderno………………………………………….…....p. 69 9. Note alla lettura degli etnonimi…………………………………………………….………...p. 78 2. Economie dell'indifferenza...............................................................................................p. 79 1. Il grande malato…………………………………………………………………………...….p. 86 2. L’altro mondo…………………………………………………………………………..…….p. 88 3. Sangue del nostro sangue………………………………………………………………….....p. 89 4. Noi, greci……………………………………………………………………………...…..….p. 92 5. Finzioni Occidentali……………………………………………………………...…………..p. 95 6. Discriminare il sole…………………………………………………………………..…..…p. 101 7. Ripetizione e potere…………………………………………….…………….……………..p. 102 8. Realtà e tecnocrazia………………………………………………………..………………..p. 106 5 3. Frammenti di storia contemporanea…………………….…………………………......p. 111 1. Modernità e tradizione…………………………………….…………….………………..p. 114 2. Prima della Metapoliteusi………………………………………………….……………..p. 117 3. Metapoliteusi………………………………………………………………….………….p. 124 4. Nascita di una nazione…………………………………………………………….……...p. 133 5. Generazione No Future…………………………………………………………………..p. 139 6. I giochi (d)e la finanza……………………………………………………………………p. 143 7. Come una bolla di sapone………………………………………………………………..p. 146 4. La città invisibile............................................................................................................p. 151 1. Embedment.........................................................................................................................p. 151 2. La città e la memoria..........................................................................................................p. 156 3. La città sottile………………………………………………………..……………………p. 178 4. Droit à la ville………………………………………………………........................…….p. 193 5. La città e i morti……………………………………………………………………….….p. 210 6. La città e i segni………………………………………………………………….……….p. 222 7. La città e il desiderio……………………………………………………………….……..p. 232 5. Etàt de siége....................................................................................................................p. 249 1. L’iperluogo…………………………………………………………………………….....p. 249 2. Il mito delle palme………………………………………………………………..………p. 262 3. Stato di eccezione……………………………………………………………………...…p. 265 4. Debito…………………………………………………………………………………….p. 274 5. Comando e controllo………………………………………………………………….….p. 281 6. La comunità terribile……………………………………………………………...……...p. 296 7. Condannare la violenza, da ovunque provenga…………………………………………..p. 308 8. Mezzi senza fine………………………………………………………………………….p. 316 6. Futuro sospeso................................................................................................................p. 319 Appendice...........................................................................................................................p. 337 1. Interviste............................................................................................................................p. 337 i. Christina…………………………………………………………………………………...p. 339 6 ii. Alexandros………………………………………………………………………………....p. 348 iii. Elli Botonaki…………………………………………………………………………….…p. 356 iv. Salomi Chatzivasileiou………………………………………………………………….....p. 372 v. Kostas Vasiropoulos……………………………………………………………………….p. 397 vi. Kostas Aggelidakis………………………………………………………………………...p. 409 vii. Thodoris Zeis………………………………………………………………………………p. 426 viii. Vangelis Dimos………………………………………………………………………...…p. 448 ix. Yiannis Felekis…………………………………………………………………………....p. 460 x. Fotini Yiannopoulou……………………………………………………………………….p. 477 2. Bibliografia……………………………………………………………………..………..p. 485 3. Ringraziamenti……………………..…………………………………………………….p. 499 7 8 Introduzione Prodromi di un viaggio L’alba rossa delle sommosse non dissolve le creature mostruose della notte. Raoul Vaneigem, Trattato del saper vivere ad uso delle nuove generazioni Negli ultimi anni, nell’attuale stato di crisi economica mondiale, la Grecia, piccolo paese mediterraneo, è salito alla ribalta delle cronache per qualcosa che sembra non centrare con la sua immagine più consueta: il bucolico paesaggio estivo di casette bianche dalle finestre blu, la sua gente ospitale, il mare che, come la sua bandiera, è di un azzurro e di un bianco emozionanti. È diventato, soprattutto agli occhi dei vicini europei, il punto di riferimento negativo di tutto ciò che la crisi rappresenta: miseria, devianza sociale, “fannullismo”, lassismo istituzionale, repressione poliziesca, razzismo e tumulti di piazza. Queste rappresentazioni, mediaticamente socializzate, sono delle costruzioni di facciata, efficaci per la loro portata simbolica e spaventosa, sono però molto spesso non indagate, non approfondite. È il compito quindi di una disciplina fluida come l’antropologia quello di entrare negli ingranaggi storici e sociali di questo “stato d’eccezione” e tentare di dare riposte circa il funzionamento interno di questi meccanismi, che meccanismi non sono, ma intrecci di vite, di percezioni, di parole, in una dinamica che sempre più tende al conflitto. 9 Per molti versi si può guardare alla gestione emergenziale della crisi greca come ad un grande laboratorio sociale per la gestione delle politiche socio-economiche e dell’ordine pubblico, messo in atto dai nuovi governi sovranazionali che determinano la situazione di amministrazione degli stati post-moderni. Non va dimenticato, ed è ciò che cercherò di fare emergere in queste pagine, che in questa gestione socioeconomica (nella quale spesso la particella “socio” si perde in favore di un’espansione esponenziale dell’economicismo puro), nei discorsi sui “massimi sistemi” economicistici, vi è un brulichio che le formule della matematica economica neutralizzano, come l’occhio nella visione da lontano fa coi pixel di cui è formata un’immagine digitale. Quel brulichio, continuo, incessante e vissuto come una fastidiosa falla nel perfetto funzionamento del motore neoliberista, sono le vite, i pensieri, le resistenze, di uomini e donne fatti di “carne e fiato”, corpi indocili. È ad essi che voglio rivolgere le mie attenzioni con questa ricerca, cercando di smontare lo stereotipo di cui, da troppo tempo, sono rivestiti. 1. Frammenti Per me la crisi è il ricordo di una notizia dall’autoradio della macchina di amici dei miei genitori. Era una giornata di metà settembre, ed io ero arrivata ad Atene davvero da pochi giorni. Avevo preso casa a Exarchia, in un bellissimo palazzo neoclassico, ridotto non troppo bene, 10 all’incrocio tra via Solonos e via Zoodochou Pigis. Era stata una scuola di danza. Vivevo in una microscopica stanza con bagno in mansarda, subaffittata a trecentosessanta euro al mese (ora questo è più o meno il costo di un appartamento di cento metri quadrati nello stesso quartiere) da una coppia di dj omosessuali, tutt’altro che ospitali. Quella sera Sotiris ed Eleni, i vicini di casa del mare della mia famiglia, mi avevano invitata a cena fuori. Siamo andati in una specie di brasserie informale ma elegante dalle parti della facoltà di legge, di quelle dove i trentenni vanno a bere cocktail, una volta abbandonata la vita da studenti. Alla fine della cena, piacevole, mi hanno portata a fare un giro in macchina per prendere confidenza con il centro della città. Atene allora era bellissima. Oggettivamente bellissima, intendo. Una capitale europea pulita, curata, piena di alberi d’arancio lungo le strade. Ogni sera i bar nei quartieri erano pieni di gente. Era dolce passeggiare, nel tepore di un autunno che tardava ad arrivare, per le strade del centro lastricate di pietra. Una metropoli senza ansia, checché ne dicessero tutti i conoscenti che ci vivevano secondo i quali era una città dai ritmi stressanti. Quella sera abbiamo percorso le strade chiacchierando, con la musica della radio in sottofondo. Kolonaki, Pagkrati, Metz; e poi tutto intorno alla collina di Filopappos,
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