Den Operasjonaliserte Protestvirkelighet
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The Formation of the Communist Party of Germany and the Collapse of the German Democratic Republi C
Enclosure #2 THE NATIONAL COUNCI L FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEA N RESEARC H 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, N .W . Washington, D.C . 20036 THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : Politics Unhinged : The Formation of the Communist Party of Germany and the Collapse of the German Democratic Republi c AUTHOR : Eric D . Weitz Associate Professo r Department of History St . Olaf Colleg e 1520 St . Olaf Avenu e Northfield, Minnesota 5505 7 CONTRACTOR : St . Olaf College PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Eric D . Weit z COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 806-3 1 DATE : April 12, 199 3 The work leading to this report was supported by funds provided by the National Council for Soviet and East Europea n Research. The analysis and interpretations contained in the report are those of the author. i Abbreviations and Glossary AIZ Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung (KPD illustrated weekly newspaper ) Alter Verband Mineworkers Union Antifas Antifascist Committee s BL Bezirksleitung (district leadership of KPD ) BLW Betriebsarchiv der Leuna-Werke BzG Beiträge zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung Comintern Communist International CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Unio n DMV Deutscher Metallarbeiter Verband (German Metalworkers Union ) ECCI Executive Committee of the Communist Internationa l GDR German Democratic Republic GW Rosa Luxemburg, Gesammelte Werke HIA, NSDAP Hoover Institution Archives, NSDAP Hauptarchi v HStAD Hauptstaatsarchiv Düsseldorf IGA, ZPA Institut für Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung, Zentrales Parteiarchi v (KPD/SED Central Party Archive -
The Historical Journal VIA RASELLA, 1944
The Historical Journal http://journals.cambridge.org/HIS Additional services for The Historical Journal: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here VIA RASELLA, 1944: MEMORY, TRUTH, AND HISTORY JOHN FOOT The Historical Journal / Volume 43 / Issue 04 / December 2000, pp 1173 1181 DOI: null, Published online: 06 March 2001 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0018246X00001400 How to cite this article: JOHN FOOT (2000). VIA RASELLA, 1944: MEMORY, TRUTH, AND HISTORY. The Historical Journal, 43, pp 11731181 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/HIS, IP address: 144.82.107.39 on 26 Sep 2012 The Historical Journal, , (), pp. – Printed in the United Kingdom # Cambridge University Press REVIEW ARTICLE VIA RASELLA, 1944: MEMORY, TRUTH, AND HISTORY L’ordine eZ giaZ stato eseguito: Roma, le Fosse Ardeatine, la memoria. By Alessandro Portelli. Rome: Donzelli, . Pp. viij. ISBN ---.L... The battle of Valle Giulia: oral history and the art of dialogue. By A. Portelli. Wisconsin: Wisconsin: University Press, . Pp. xxj. ISBN ---.$.. [Inc.‘The massacre at Civitella Val di Chiana (Tuscany, June , ): Myth and politics, mourning and common sense’, in The Battle of Valle Giulia, by A. Portelli, pp. –.] Operazione Via Rasella: veritaZ e menzogna: i protagonisti raccontano. By Rosario Bentivegna (in collaboration with Cesare De Simone). Rome: Riuniti, . Pp. ISBN -- -.L... La memoria divisa. By Giovanni Contini. Milan: Rizzoli, . Pp. ISBN -- -.L... Anatomia di un massacro: controversia sopra una strage tedesca. By Paolo Pezzino. Bologna: Il Mulino, . Pp. ISBN ---.L... Processo Priebke: Le testimonianze, il memoriale. Edited by Cinzia Dal Maso. -
Carol Migdalovitz Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Trade, and Defense Division
Order Code RS21855 Updated October 16, 2007 Greece Update Carol Migdalovitz Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Trade, and Defense Division Summary The conservative New Democracy party won reelection in September 2007. Kostas Karamanlis, its leader, remained prime minister and pledged to continue free-market economic reforms to enhance growth and create jobs. The government’s foreign policy focuses on the European Union (EU), relations with Turkey, reunifying Cyprus, resolving a dispute with Macedonia over its name, other Balkan issues, and relations with the United States. Greece has assisted with the war on terrorism, but is not a member of the coalition in Iraq. This report will be updated if developments warrant. See also CRS Report RL33497, Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues, by Carol Migdalovitz. Government and Politics Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis called for early parliamentary elections to be held on September 16, 2007, instead of in March 2008 as otherwise scheduled, believing that his government’s economic record would ensure easy reelection. In August, however, Greece experienced severe and widespread wildfires, resulting in 76 deaths and 270,000 hectares burned. The government attempted to deflect attention from what was widely viewed as its ineffective performance in combating the fires by blaming the catastrophe on terrorists, without proof, and by providing generous compensation for victims. This crisis came on top of a scandal over the state pension fund’s purchase of government bonds at inflated prices. Under these circumstances, Karamanlis’s New Democracy party’s (ND) ability to win of a slim majority of 152 seats in the unicameral 300-seat parliament and four more years in office was viewed as a victory. -
0714685003.Pdf
CONTENTS Foreword xi Acknowledgements xiv Acronyms xviii Introduction 1 1 A terrorist attack in Italy 3 2 A scandal shocks Western Europe 15 3 The silence of NATO, CIA and MI6 25 4 The secret war in Great Britain 38 5 The secret war in the United States 51 6 The secret war in Italy 63 7 The secret war in France 84 8 The secret war in Spain 103 9 The secret war in Portugal 114 10 The secret war in Belgium 125 11 The secret war in the Netherlands 148 12 The secret war in Luxemburg 165 ix 13 The secret war in Denmark 168 14 The secret war in Norway 176 15 The secret war in Germany 189 16 The secret war in Greece 212 17 The secret war in Turkey 224 Conclusion 245 Chronology 250 Notes 259 Select bibliography 301 Index 303 x FOREWORD At the height of the Cold War there was effectively a front line in Europe. Winston Churchill once called it the Iron Curtain and said it ran from Szczecin on the Baltic Sea to Trieste on the Adriatic Sea. Both sides deployed military power along this line in the expectation of a major combat. The Western European powers created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) precisely to fight that expected war but the strength they could marshal remained limited. The Soviet Union, and after the mid-1950s the Soviet Bloc, consistently had greater numbers of troops, tanks, planes, guns, and other equipment. This is not the place to pull apart analyses of the military balance, to dissect issues of quantitative versus qualitative, or rigid versus flexible tactics. -
Internasjonal Politikk [2·07]
[2·07] politikk Internasjonal Forord: Internasjonal politikk 70 år [2·07] Internasjonal Birgitte Kjos Fonn Internasjonal Politikk i Norge. En disiplins fremvekst politikk i første halvdel av 1900-tallet Halvard Leira & Iver B. Neumann Internasjonal politikk og Forsvaret. Internasjonalisering IP-fagets norske historie og akademisering av den militære utdanningen Nina Græger IP i forsvarsutdanningen Tekst og kontekst. John Sanness om Vietnam og Afghanistan Oddbjørn Melle Tekst og tolkning hos John Sanness Da Diez de Abril kom til verden – og menneske- rettighetene kom til Diez de Abril Nye nettverk, ny internasjonal politikk Roy Krøvel Aktuelt: «Sakkyndig og objektiv oplysning – og skrevet i Internasjonal politikk 70 år en populær form» – Internasjonal politikk 70 år Birgitte Kjos Fonn Debatt: Helhetsperspektiver på norsk utenrikspolitikk Sverre Lodgaard Norske selvbilder – norsk utenrikspolitikk Halvard Leira Selvbilder med begrensninger Morten Aasland Bokspalte Nr. 2 - 2007 65. Årgang Summaries Norwegian Institute Norsk of International Utenrikspolitisk ISSN 0020-577X Affairs Institutt Internasjonal politikk [retningslinjer for manus] Artiklene bør ikke overskride 25 sider A 4, dobbel linjeavstand, eller 45 000 tegn inkludert mellomrom. Internasjonal politikk tar ikke inn bidrag som samtidig publiseres i andre Norden- baserte publikasjoner. Kun manus på norsk, dansk eller svensk mottas. Endelige bidrag leveres formatert for PC. Oppgi system og nødvendige spesifikasjoner. I. Anbefalt format for Til kildehenvisninger brukes forfatternavn -
Stortingsvalget 1965. Hefte II Oversikt
OGES OISIEE SAISIKK II 199 SOIGSAGE 6 EE II OESIK SOIG EECIOS 6 l II Gnrl Srv SAISISK SEAYÅ CEA UEAU O SAISICS O OWAY OSO 66 Tidligere utkommet. Statistik vedkommende Valgmandsvalgene og Stortingsvalgene 1815-1885: NOS III 219, 1888: Medd. fra det Statist. Centralbureau 7, 1889, suppl. 2, 1891: Medd. fra det Statist. Centralbureau 10, 1891, suppl. 2, 1894 III 245, 1897 III 306, 1900 IV 25, 1903 IV 109. Stortingsvalget 1906 NOS V 49, 1909 V 128, 1912 V 189, 1915 VI 65, 1918 VI 150, 1921 VII 66, 1924 VII 176, 1927 VIII 69, 1930 VIII 157, 1933 IX 26, 1936 IX 107, 1945 X 132, 1949 XI 13, 1953 XI 180, 1957 XI 299, 1961 XII 68, 1961 A 126. Stortingsvalget 1965 I NOS A 134. MARIENDALS BOKTRYKKERI A/S, GJØVIK Forord I denne publikasjonen er det foretatt en analyse av resultatene fra stortings- valget 1965. Opplegget til analysen er stort sett det samme som for stortings- valget 1961 og bygger på et samarbeid med Chr. Michelsens Institutt og Institutt for Samfunnsforskning. Som tillegg til oversikten er tatt inn de offisielle valglister ved stortingsvalget i 1965. Detaljerte talloppgaver fra stortingsvalget er offentliggjort i Stortingsvalget 1965, hefte I (NOS A 134). Statistisk Sentralbyrå, Oslo, 1. juni 1966. Petter Jakob Bjerve Gerd Skoe Lettenstrom Preface This publication contains a survey of the results of the Storting elections 1965. The survey appears in approximately the same form as the survey of the 1961 elections and has been prepared in co-operation with Chr. Michelsen's Institute and the Institute for Social Research. -
Images of Male Political Leaders in France and Norway
Reconsidering Politics as a Man's World: Images of Male Political Leaders in France and Norway Anne Krogstad and Aagoth Storvik Researchers have often pointed to the masculine norms that are integrated into politics. This article explores these norms by studying male images of politics and power in France and Norway from 1945 to 2009. Both dress codes and more general leadership styles are discussed. The article shows changes in political aesthetics in both countries since the Second World War. The most radical break is seen in the way Norwegian male politicians present themselves. The traditional Norwegian leadership ethos of piety, moderation, and inward orientation is still important, but it is not as self- effacing and inelegant as it used to be. However, compared to the leaders in French politics, who still live up to a heroic leadership ideal marked by effortless superiority and seduction, the Norwegian leaders look modest. To explain the differences in political self-presentation and evaluation we argue that cultural repertoires are not only national constructions but also gendered constructions. Keywords: photographs; politics; aesthetics; gender; national cultural repertoires 1 When people think of presidents and prime ministers, they usually think of the incumbents of these offices.1 In both France and Norway, these incumbents have, with the exception of Prime Minister Edith Cresson in France and Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland in Norway, been male (and white). Researchers have often pointed to the masculine norms which are integrated into the expectations of what political officeholders should look like and be. Politics, it is claimed, is still very much a man’s world.2 However, maleness does not express general political leadership in a simple and undifferentiated way. -
27/Die 68Er/Kommune 1
Gesellschaft Die 68er (V): Sie tranken Jasmintee, diskutierten nonstop und hielten Sex vor allem für ein Problem – die Mitglieder der Kommune 1 wurden zu Popstars der Studentenrevolte und veränderten den deutschen Alltag. Von Thomas Hüetlin Die Tage der Kommune atürlich gibt es Erfindungen, die sel schuld sei, weshalb über den „Trans- prall gefüllten Fleischtheken zwischen 25 braucht kein Mensch, wie zum missionsriemen“ Dritte Welt die „Revolu- Sorten Wurst wählen zu können oder NBeispiel fertiggemixten Whiskey- tion“ in die Erste Welt getragen werden Weihnachtsbäume an die GIs in Vietnam Cola in der Dose, UV-durchlässige Bade- sollte, und alles würde gut werden. zu schicken, wo in einem makaberen Krieg anzüge oder Duftbäume am Autorück- Tolles Programm, aber natürlich hatten angeblich die Freiheit West-Berlins vertei- spiegel – aber gibt es wirklich Leute, die 16 Leute, die im Sommer 1966 in einer digt wurde. die den Sinn von Toilettentüren bezwei- Großbürgervilla am Kochelsee ein paar Ta- Und diese Leute trafen sich nicht wie feln? ge herumsaßen, sich vom Hausmeisterehe- heute in Cafés, Diskotheken und im Inter- Gab es – die Leute von der K 1 und spä- paar Schweinebraten auftischen ließen, auf net, sondern sie hatten das Gefühl, daß ter in den Siebzigern viele junge Men- den vor der Tür aufragenden Bergen her- sich in der Gesellschaft etwas ganz Großes schen, die wie ihre Helden Kommunar- umkletterten und Fußballweltmeisterschaft ändern müsse und gingen in den Soziali- den wurden und die Toilettentüren ein- schauten, noch keine Ahnung, daß ein paar stischen Deutschen Studentenbund (SDS). traten, zersägten oder einfach aushängten von ihnen damit später zu den Popstars der Auch dort waren sie bald unzufrieden. -
UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Ambivalence of Resistance: West German Antiauthoritarian Performance after the Age of Affluence Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2c73n9k4 Author Boyle, Michael Shane Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Ambivalence of Resistance West German Antiauthoritarian Performance after the Age of Affluence By Michael Shane Boyle A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Performance Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Shannon Jackson, Chair Professor Anton Kaes Professor Shannon Steen Fall 2012 The Ambivalence of Resistance West German Antiauthoritarian Performance after the Age of Affluence © Michael Shane Boyle All Rights Reserved, 2012 Abstract The Ambivalence of Resistance West German Antiauthoritarian Performance After the Age of Affluence by Michael Shane Boyle Doctor of Philosophy in Performance Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Shannon Jackson, Chair While much humanities scholarship focuses on the consequence of late capitalism’s cultural logic for artistic production and cultural consumption, this dissertation asks us to consider how the restructuring of capital accumulation in the postwar period similarly shaped activist practices in West Germany. From within the fields of theater and performance studies, “The Ambivalence of Resistance: West German Antiauthoritarian Performance after the Age of Affluence” approaches this question historically. It surveys the types of performance that decolonization and New Left movements in 1960s West Germany used to engage reconfigurations in the global labor process and the emergence of anti-imperialist struggles internationally, from documentary drama and happenings to direct action tactics like street blockades and building occupations. -
Who Needs Norwegians?" Explaining the Oslo Back Channel: Norway’S Political Past in the Middle East
Evaluation Report 9/2000 Hilde Henriksen Waage "Norwegians? Who needs Norwegians?" Explaining the Oslo Back Channel: Norway’s Political Past in the Middle East A report prepared by PRIO International Peace Research Institute, Oslo Institutt for fredsforskning Responsibility for the contents and presentation of findings and recommendations rests with the author. The views and opinions expressed in the report do not necessarily correspond with the views of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Preface In September 1998, I was commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to carry out a preliminary study looking into Norway’s role in the Middle East. According to the agreement with the Ministry, the study should focus on the years prior to 1993 and examine whether Norway’s political past in the Middle East – and, not least, the mediating and confidence-building efforts of Norwegians prior to the opening of the secret Oslo Back Channel – had had any influence on the process that followed. The study should also try to answer the question ‘Why Norway?’ – that is, what had made Norway, of all countries, suitable for such an extraordinary task? The work on the study started on 15 September 1998. The date of submission was stipulated as 15 April 2000. This was achieved. The following report is based on recently declassified and partly still classified documents (to which I was granted access) at the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the verbatim records of the Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee, records of government proceedings and the Norwegian Parliament, Labour Party Archives, documents from the US State Department and the Socialist International – to mention the most important. -
From the Tito-Stalin Split to Yugoslavia's Finnish Connection: Neutralism Before Non-Alignment, 1948-1958
ABSTRACT Title of Document: FROM THE TITO-STALIN SPLIT TO YUGOSLAVIA'S FINNISH CONNECTION: NEUTRALISM BEFORE NON-ALIGNMENT, 1948-1958. Rinna Elina Kullaa, Doctor of Philosophy 2008 Directed By: Professor John R. Lampe Department of History After the Second World War the European continent stood divided between two clearly defined and competing systems of government, economic and social progress. Historians have repeatedly analyzed the formation of the Soviet bloc in the east, the subsequent superpower confrontation, and the resulting rise of Euro-Atlantic interconnection in the west. This dissertation provides a new view of how two borderlands steered clear of absorption into the Soviet bloc. It addresses the foreign relations of Yugoslavia and Finland with the Soviet Union and with each other between 1948 and 1958. Narrated here are their separate yet comparable and, to some extent, coordinated contests with the Soviet Union. Ending the presumed partnership with the Soviet Union, the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 launched Yugoslavia on a search for an alternative foreign policy, one that previously began before the split and helped to provoke it. After the split that search turned to avoiding violent conflict with the Soviet Union while creating alternative international partnerships to help the Communist state to survive in difficult postwar conditions. Finnish-Soviet relations between 1944 and 1948 showed the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry that in order to avoid invasion, it would have to demonstrate a commitment to minimizing security risks to the Soviet Union along its European political border and to not interfering in the Soviet domination of domestic politics elsewhere in Eastern Europe. -
Project Estimation in the Norwegian Software Industry – a Summary
Project Estimation in the Norwegian Software Industry – A Summary Kjetil Moløkken1, 2, Magne Jørgensen1, Sinan S. Tanilkan2, Hans Gallis1, Anette C. Lien1, Siw E. Hove1. March 3rd, 2004. 1 Simula Research Laboratory, P.O.Box 134, 1325 Lysaker, Norway. [kjetilmo, magnej, hansga, anetteli, siweh]@simula.no 2 Department of Informatics, P.O.Box 1080 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. [email protected] Simula Research Laboratory Martin Linges vei 15-25, Fornebu P.O. Box 134 NO-1325, Lysaker, Norway Telephone: +47 67 88 82 00 Telefax: +47 37 82 82 01 Executive Summary This report provides an overview of the results obtained from a survey on project estimation in Norwegian software companies. The survey was conducted between February and November 2003. The main results are: • We observed that 76% of the projects used more effort than estimated, while 19% used less. The average effort overrun was 41%. • Average effort overrun was 67% in projects with a public client, compared to an average effort overrun of 21% for projects with a private client. • Projects that used an incremental or evolutionary development approach had an average effort overrun of 24%, as opposed to the average 55% overrun for projects that used a waterfall-based development approach. The frequency and magnitude of effort overruns found in this survey seems to be similar to results reported from surveys conducted in other countries in the past 20 years. The observed differences in effort overruns between private and public projects may be caused by differences in bidding procedures, level of client involvement or acceptance procedures. In order to reduce the risk of effort overruns, software companies should: • Focus on analyzing their own estimation performance, and invest in estimation improvement (for instance through experience databases or work breakdown structures).