Joy Gregory, Claudette Johnson Taste of an Increasingly International and (Of Indian Origin) Sutapa Biswas, and Commercialised Art Scene
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The Turner Prize 2017 - A Turning Point in the Public Recognition of Black British Women Artists? Ingrid von Rosenberg (TU Dresden/Berlin) Introduction: The Turner Prize and efore continuing, a word on my use of Black British Art Bthe term “black British”: I am using it here as the politically active artists in he Turner Prize, awarded since the 1970s and 1980s had done, namely T1984, is for the art world what the referring “to all those communities, of Booker is for the literary scene: the most whatever ethnic or ‘racial’ origin, who prestigious prize a contemporary British were regarded as ‘other’ – different – and visual artist can win. When on the thus racially excluded” (Hall, 2001a: evening of 5 December 2017 the winner 35). Though in theory covering all kinds of that year was announced in the Ferens of people, in practice the term meant Art Gallery, Hull (then UK City of black and Asian British citizens. Several Culture), it was a surprise to many British in that sense black British male artists art lovers and a great pleasure to those had won the Turner since the 1990s: who take a special interest in black art, sculptor Anish Kapoor in 1991, painter admiring its characteristic combination Chris Ofili in 1998, film maker Steve of a political stance with great artistic McQueen in 1999, while film maker talent. The winner was Lubaina Himid, Isaac Julien made it to the shortlist in 63 years old and a very active black 2001 and painter and installation artist British woman artist and curator since Yinka Shonibare in 2004. But only the 1980s. Two things were new that year: once, in 2013, a black woman arist was the age limit of 50 was removed, and the shortlisted: Lynette Yiadom-Boakye limitation to recent work was also lifted, was honoured for her timeless, fictional so that the lifelong development of the portraits of black subjects. This is competitors could be taken into account. surprising for two reasons: for one thing six white women before Himid had won Page 99 Hard Times 102 (2/2018) The Turner Prize 2017 - the prize, and for another quite a few A Bit of History: The Work and black British women artists had been Exhibition History of Black Women very productive since the 1980s. It seems Artists from the 1980s on that the naming of Himid has finally cleaned up with an unspoken prejudice: omen were involved in the that black women don’t make great art. Wsecond phase right from the start: in 1979 Marlene Smith joined n a seminal article Stuart Hall has three very young men, Donald Rodney, Idivided the history of black art in Eddie Chambers and Keith Piper, in Britain into three phases, a pattern that founding the first political group of has meanwhile been taken over by other black artists in the UK, the legendary historians of art, e.g. by Eddie Chambers Blk Art Group. They were inspired by (Hall 2006, Chambers 2014). The first the American Black Art Movement phase is defined as covering the period (BAM) of the 1960s and 1970s, part from the 1940s to the 1980s, when fully of the Black Power Movement, and in trained black artists from all parts of the Britain there was also good reason for an Commonwealth came to the “mother artistic protest: in times of an economic country”, (falsely) assuming they would decline and under the influence of be welcomed as equals by the art scene. the National Front, Enoch Powell’s The second phase began in the 1980s, “Rivers of Blood Speech” and Thatcher’s when young artists, who – though not politics, racism and marginalisation had all born in the UK – had grown up there intensified and led to the first violent and were trained in British art schools, clashes since the late 1950s. Three came to the fore with a distinctly political years later, at the First National Black art programme. Lubaina Himid was one Convention in Wolverhampton in 1982, of them. The third phase, according to an impressive number of black women Hall, began in the 1990s with artists artists with the same experiences and a like Chris Ofili and Yinka Shonibare, similar agenda joined the Blk members, who approached critical topics in a forming the wider British Black Arts more playful, sometimes carnevalesque Movement: Lubaina Himid, Sonia manner, appealing more easily to the Boyce, Joy Gregory, Claudette Johnson taste of an increasingly international and (of Indian origin) Sutapa Biswas, and commercialised art scene. Chila Kumari Burman. Yet despite the same motivations, the women preferred different topics as they were not only fighting racism but also male dominance. While the men focused on historical Page 100 Hard Times 102 (2/2018) Ingrid von Rosenberg and current public events and symbols focused on women: work by 11 female (the flag, the cross, the slave ship, a artists was on display and thus came to lynching scene, cruise missiles etc.), the knowledge of a larger audience. In the women turned to the personal and 2011 Himid was invited to restage part of the private, especially the body and the the exhibition under the slightly changed domestic sphere, which was, however, title Thin Black Line(s) at Tate Britain perceived as a highly politicised space. in acknowledgement of the importance Characteristic examples were Sutapa the original show had for the gradual Biswas’s Housewife with Steak-Knives acceptance of black art as an essential (1985) and Sonia Boyce’s Missionary contribution to British art history. Position I and Missionary Position II (1985) (see von Rosenberg 2008). everal of the female artists, whose Swork was included in the pioneering ealising that public visibility was shows of the 80s, as well as some other Ran essential part of their political black women who started working in the struggle, many of the young artists 1980s like Joy Gregory, have developed engaged in curating. Eddie Chambers impressive careers as artists, curators, was particularly active among the men, archivists and academic teachers Lubaina Himid among the women. changing their techniques and topics, Always very interested in the work but never deviating from an underlying of other black artists, Himid had motivation: the critical view on British interviewed many of her colleagues for society and history from the “double her MA thesis “On Being a Young Black perspective” they were born to. As it is British Artist in Britain Today: A Political impossible to give a complete overview of Response to a Personal Experience” the success of black British women’s art (1984). Her first exhibitions in 1983 here, I will look at four exemplary careers were dedicated to women only: “Five and try to draw some general conclusions Black Women”, shown in the Africa concerning their public reception. Centre, and a few months later “Black Women Time Now” at the Battersea Lubaina Himid Arts Centre, displaying work of 15 et us begin with Himid. Born in women. Himid’s exhibition “The Thin Zanzibar in 1954 to an African Black Line” in 1985 was the first group L father and an English mother, she came exhibition of black artists hosted by a to London with her mother after her major British institution, the Institute of father’s death, four months old. Having Contemporary Arts (ICA)/London, and studied theatre design at Wimbledon – despite the gender-neutral title – also Art School but finding no entrance to Page 101 Hard Times 102 (2/2018) The Turner Prize 2017 - the theatre world after her BA, Himid Many critics have noticed the alluring first had to earn her living with waiting brightness of her saturated colour scale, and occasional teaching while studying seducing the viewer to swallow critical for her MA at the Royal College of messages along with aesthetic pleasure Art. Gradually she developed her own and fun, a combination reminiscent of artistic practice and committed herself the work of some male colleagues, e.g. to curating the work of fellow artists, Chris Ofili and Yinka Shonibare. Like finally running her own small Elbow them Himid has also relished the ironical Room Gallery from 1986 to 1988. Since re-working of icons of European art: Two 1990 she has been teaching at Lancaster Women referred to Portsmouth Dockyard Polytechnic, now University of Central (1877), a gallant painting by James Tissot Lancashire (UCLan), at the same time showing a Highlander flirting with two continuing to produce and exhibit her women in a boat. Another important own work as well as launching several specimen was included in the pre-Turner projects promoting black art, e.g. show of Himid’s work: A Fashionable Colour Code, an informative website Marriage (1987), an installation for an interested circle, and Making of 10 cut-out figures, is a modern Histories Visible, an ever growing version of Hogarth’s satirical print archive of images by and documentary Countess’s Morning Levée (1743-1745). material relating to black artists. ut-out figures from cardboard imid started with painting, and Cor wood have been a technique Hher Between the Two My Heart Is specially favoured by Himid from early Balanced of 1991, figuring two black on. She has traced it back to “a very women in a boat tearing to pieces the British tradition known as the dummy charts of colonialism, was early acquired board” (Himid 2018: 73), flat wooden by the Tate. Soon she also turned to figures, of waiters for example, she first installations using all kinds of material came across in Blenheim castle, but it was from paper, cardboard and wood to certainly also influenced by her training textiles and objects of everyday use, which as a theatre designer.