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Expert Report by: Professor Jeffrey D. Sachs Director of the Centre for Sustainable Development at Columbia University

November 7, 2019

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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ...... 3 II. Statement of Qualification and Independence ...... 3 III. Background ...... 5 IV. Impact of the Award on Pakistan ...... 5 A. The Award undermines the Government of Pakistan (GOP)’s and Government of Balochistan (GOB)’s powers and sovereignty to decide on and shape a major investment into its region with substantial corresponding national implications...... 6 B. The Tribunal breached the rule of law, and basic morality, by awarding lost profits to a project that had never been approved to begin...... 13 C. The calamatous and destabilizing impact of enforcing the Award at the current time...... 15 i. Enforcement of the Award would have catastrophic social impacts in Pakistan...... 16 ii. Cataclysmic and spiraling economic effect ...... 17 iii. Political implications ...... 18

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I. Introduction 1. I, Jeffrey D. Sachs, have been retained by the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and its counsel GST LLP to provide an expert opinion on the impact of the Award rendered in Tethyan Copper Company Pty Limited v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan (ICSID Case No. ARB/12/1), on the social, economic, and political development of Pakistan.1

II. Statement of Qualification and Independence 2. I have more than 30 years of experience in economics and sustainable development. In that time, I have been recognized for crafting bold and effective strategies to address complex challenges including debt crises, hyperinflation, the transition from central planning to market economies, the control of AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, the escape from extreme poverty, and the battle against human-induced climate change. 3. Currently, I serve as a professor at Columbia University and Director of the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University. I am Director of the United Nations Sustainable Developments Solutions Network under the auspices of UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres. I have previously served as Special Advisor to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on the Millennium Development Goals, and to UN Secretary-General Ban and UN Secretary-General Guterres on the Sustainable Development Goals. I am a Commissioner of the United Nations Broadband Commission for Development, and an SDG Advocate for UN Secretary-General Guterres. 4. I work closely with many international organizations, including the African Union, the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the African Development Bank, the Islamic Development Bank, the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Food Programme, UNAIDS, and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria. 5. I have advised dozens of world leaders in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East on economic strategy.

1 As I have informed GST LLP, I am writing this report to solely express my sincere opinion about the effect of this Award on Pakistan and Balochistan’s development. As such, I have not received any form of compensation from either the Government of Pakistan or GST LLP for drafting this report, nor do I expect to receive any such compensation. In writing this report, I have received the assistance of my colleagues at the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment (CCSI), especially during the research phase. Neither CCSI nor any person associated with it is receiving a fee to assist in the production of this report. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 5 of 65

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6. In the 1980s, I assisted several Latin American countries including Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru to end hyperinflations and reduce their external debts. In the United States, my idea for reducing the debt overhang from the developing countries was incorporated into the global debt- reduction plans undertaken from the mid-1980s onward, including the Brady Plan and the HIPC Program. 7. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, I advised numerous Eastern European countries on macroeconomics and sustainable development. For instance, in 1989, I advised Poland’s anti- communist Solidarity movement and the first post-communist Government of Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki. I drafted the first-ever comprehensive plan for the transition from central planning to a market democracy, which became incorporated into Poland’s highly successful reform program led by Finance Minister Leszek Balcerowicz. I also played a crucial role in of Poland’s successful debt reduction operation. As a result, the Government of Poland awarded me with one of its highest honors in 1999, the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit. Moreover, in early 1990s, I assisted Slovenia and Estonia in introducing stable and convertible currencies, and advised Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and then Russian President Boris Yeltsin on a transition to a market economy. 8. I have engaged with the Chinese Government on many issues of sustainable development, and, from 2001-2003, worked with senior government officials on China’s Western Development Strategy. I have also worked in other parts of Asia on a number of development and research projects, including in Malaysia, Indonesia, Timor-Leste, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and other countries. 9. I have authored and edited numerous books, including three New York Times bestsellers, The End of Poverty (2005), Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet (2008), and The Price of Civilization (2011). Other books include: To Move the World: JFK’s Quest for Peace (2013), The Age of Sustainable Development (2015), Macroeconomics in the Global Economy, with Felipe Larrain, Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf (1992), Building the New American Economy: Smart, Fair & Sustainable (2017), and most recently A New Foreign Policy: Beyond American Exceptionalism (2018). 10. I have received many awards and honors, including the Blue Planet Prize, membership in the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Harvard Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 6 of 65

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Society of Fellows, the Fellows of the World Econometric Society, and the World Sustainability Award of the World Sustainability Forum, and more than 30 honorary doctorates. 11. I confirm that I am independent from the parties involved in the subject arbitration and their legal counsel. In this regard, I have not seen been shown, or otherwise had the opportunity to review, any filings related to Pakistan’s request for annulment.

III. Background 12. On November 28, 2011, Tethyan Copper Company Pty Limited (“TCCA”) filed a request for arbitration against Pakistan, on the basis of the Australia-Pakistan BIT. TCCA claimed and the Tribunal agreed that Pakistan violated the BIT by denying TCCA a mining lease to develop the Reko Diq mining project. On July 12, 2019, the Tribunal, using a valuation method inappropriately used for a project that had not started, ordered Pakistan to pay USD $6 billion, despite the fact TCC had not even secured necessary approvals to begin construction of its intended project.

IV. Impact of the Award on Pakistan 13. The overarching message I would like to convey in this report is that the Award issued by the Tribunal is fundamentally inconsistent with international law and policy, as well as the most basic international human rights, and profoundly undermines sustainable development as articulated in the universally agreed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Moreover, I have also reached the conclusion that the total or even partial enforcement of this Award, at this juncture, would have tremendous domestic consequences for Pakistan with highly adverse international ramifications. 14. I understand that annulment committees often times order partial payment to secure the stay of enforcement. But even such partial payment, as a security or otherwise, would unfairly prejudice a cash-strapped state that is, at this stage, simply exercising its bargained-for and internationally-sanctioned rights under the ICSID Convention. 15. In order to address the issues presented to me by the Government of Pakistan, and its counsel GST LLP, I have organized this paper into three main points and, subsequently, presented my analysis: Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 7 of 65

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A. The Award undermines the Government of Pakistan (GOP)’s and Government of Balochistan (GOB)’s powers and sovereignty to decide on and shape a major investment into its region with substantial corresponding national implications. 16. Large-scale natural resource mega-projects, such as TCCA’s proposed Reko Diq project have long-term and determinative impacts on environmental, social, economic, and geopolitical issues and outcomes. The laws, policies, and regulatory processes put in place by governments to assess impacts, authorize or withhold permits, and to set the terms of the projects (legal and fiscal) are critical to ensuring that such projects align with, and do not undermine, the public interest and sustainable development goals. 17. Given the domestic significance and anticipated impacts of large scale natural resource projects, domestic laws and regulations prescribe a number of specific requirements and processes to allocate the rights to explore and then, separately, the rights to mine a particular deposit, subject to specific terms, either set in law (as in most developed countries) or agreed by contracts. The start of exploration is by no means a guarantee that rights to extraction will be granted. Obligations that must be met before mining licenses are granted include but are not limited to approval of feasibility studies, environmental impact assessments and management plans, agreements on land and water usage, plans for processing, transporting and/or selling the ore, land- use licenses, etc. Only if all other prerequisites are met, the government will allocate extraction rights, subject to legal and fiscal laws and regulations. In some jurisdictions, if and to the extent permitted by domestic law, the terms set in law may be supplemented or, potentially, modified by a negotiated agreement. However, as reflected in the OECD Guidelines on Multinational Enterprises2 and Principles for Responsible Contracts,3 there are myriad compelling concerns about whether, to what extent, and under what conditions, companies should ask for, and governments should grant, special privileges under or exemptions from the law. 18. Moreover, at multiple stages in the exploration and exploitation process, there are typically opportunities for stakeholders within and outside of the government to review and

2 See Section II(A)(5) (stating that companies should “[r]efrain from seeking or accepting exemptions not contemplated in the statutory or regulatory framework related to human rights, environmental, health, safety, labour, taxation, financial incentives, or other issues”). 3 See, e.g., Principle 4 of the Principles for Responsible Contracts: Integrating the Management of Human Rights Risks into State-investor Contract Negotiations: Guidance for Negotiators, May 25, 2011 (Addendum to Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises).

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Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University potentially challenge decisions and outcomes under the law. Judiciaries, for instance, are empowered to review administrative decisions; and interested and affected citizens are empowered to contest permits and contracts. Tentative or actual approvals by an official or agency rarely if ever are adequate to effectively lock in a project under the terms of those approvals. This is for good reason, particularly for large-scale projects with potentially transformative impacts on the economy, livelihoods, and the environment. Governance systems integrate various checks and balances, involving actors with different interests and areas of expertise, and allocating important rights and responsibilities for stakeholders to assess the validity of the legal processes, decisions, and agreements, challenge the adequacy of the impact assessments, question the suitability of negotiated terms, and invoke and enforce other critical aspects of the legal framework. 19. In the case of Reko Diq, the fate, much less the terms, of TCCA’s proposed project was far from settled: prescribed processes had been inconsistently followed, the project proponents had delayed submissions of feasibility studies; required permits had not been granted; and negotiations on terms for the project itself had failed over substantial disagreements; among other unsettled matters. 20. Numerous stakeholders raised concerns about the validity (including the constitutionality) of the joint venture agreement and/or prospective the mining lease, the potential environmental and social risks and costs of the project, and the implications of the project for domestic constituents and the national interest. Lawsuits challenging the project, for instance, included: ● A petition filed by a Pakistani attorney general seeking to enjoin the federal and provincial governments from granting the mining lease per Article 184(3) of the Pakistani Constitution (Para 495, Decision on Jurisdiction and Liability); ● A petition filed by the Watan party pursuant to Article 184 of the Constitution; ● A petition filed by the Sanjrani tribe pursuant to Article 184 of the Constitution; and ● A petition filed by 26 senators from the Parliament of Pakistan under Article 184 of the Constitution, seeking, e.g., to enjoin the federal and provincial governments from entering into a mineral agreement with the TCC.

21. Most notably, on November 28, 2006, three Pakistani politicians filed a constitutional petition seeking to invalidate the CHEJVA per Article 199 of the Constitution. While the Balochistan High Court initially ruled against the plaintiffs, the Pakistan Supreme Court Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 9 of 65

Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University in 2013 held that the contract had been the result of bribery and corruption and deemed the CHEVJA void ab initio.4 Shockingly, the Tribunal deemed that the determination of the highest court that the contract was void ab initio was legally irrelevant. 22. The governance pillar of sustainable development, which is notably reflected in Goal 16 of the Sustainable Development Goals, encompasses the need to promote peaceful and inclusive societies, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. Consistent with that pillar, and as a check on abuse of power and safeguard against rights violations, Pakistan’s domestic law grants stakeholders the ability to challenge government agreements and decisions such as the joint venture agreement and proposed mining lease. The country’s Constitution requires the Supreme Court to hear relevant claims and take actions to protect fundamental rights. (Constitution, Arts. 184(3) and 199). 23. In the Award however, the Tribunal completely discounted both the possibility and reality of the domestic legal challenges to TCCA’s project, and instead allowed TCCA to simply rely on its and its contracting parties’ alleged assumptions regarding the CHEVJA’s legality.5 That approach neglects the country’s broader legal framework, effectively nullifies the rights of and legal recourse available to other stakeholders beyond the contracting parties, weakens systemic checks on abuse of power, and sends ill-advised and outdated signals to investors about the nature and extent of due diligence expected of them.6 Fundamentally, in ignoring Pakistani law, the tribunal likewise effectively empowered the investor to disregard the relevant legal framework, and immunized the investor from third party claims and court decisions regarding the (il)legality of the project. Such an approach harkens back to the abuses of the colonial era. It reflects an institutional arrogance that is shocking in our time. 24. In addition to the Tribunal’s egregious dismissal of the Supreme Court’s ruling, the Tribunal undermines and overrides all other aspects of Pakistan and Balochistan’s legal and regulatory processes by deciding that TCCA had protectable and enforceable expectations that it would be awarded an agreement on its preferred terms, even when the legally required processes

4 See Maulana Abdul Haque v Government of Balochistan - PLD 2013 SC 641 (“As CHEVJA was declared illegal so was the entire superstructure built upon it which consisted of the Addendum No.1, Option Agreement’, Mincor Option, Alliance Agreement, Novation Agreement, or the subsequent share-purchase agreements. The Court also held the transfer of interests from BHP to Mincor NL to TCC to Atama to Barrick Gold to Antofagasta to TCCP as illegal transactions.”). 5 See Decision on Jurisdiction and Liability, paras 905, 909. 6 See also Lise Johnson, A Fundamental Shift in Power: Permitting International Investors to Convert their Economic Expectations into Rights, In Discourse, February 28, 2018. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 10 of 65

Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University and requirements had not been met. For instance, Pakistani law recognizes that a negotiated mineral agreement is possible only if “the Government is satisfied ... that the carrying on of the undertaking in question is desirable in the interest of the development of the mineral resources of Balochistan.”7 The BM Rules also provided that the mineral agreement could not override inconsistent provisions of domestic law.8 The 2002 BM Rules also provided that the government could only grant a mineral lease if, among other things: ● The “proposed plans for development and operation of the mine and the programme of the mining operations of the applicant will ensure the efficient, beneficial and timely use of the mineral resources” (Rule 48(3)(a)(ii) of the 2002 BM Rules) ● The proposals for development of the resources are “satisfactory” (Rule 48(3)(a)(v)) ● And “it is in the interest of the development of the mineral resources of Balochistan to grant the lease” (Rule 48(3)(a)(vi)).

25. In short, a) several mandatory processes and submissions had not been made, and corresponding permits had not been granted, allowing the project to proceed, b) simultaneously, negotiations over the terms of the project had stalled, with the parties disagreeing about applicable terms, and c) the applicable law required that the terms of any negotiated agreement must be consistent with, and not override, applicable law. The Tribunal effectively disregarded the application of these mandated processes and legal requirements, transforming the investors’ “expectations” into mineral rights that had not been granted and, under domestic law, required many further domestic determinations and/or negotiations to be agreed. In coming to this conclusion, the Tribunal suggests that the government would have had to work in the investor’s interests irrespective of the development implications, the impacts on other stakeholders or the environment, or inconsistency with domestic preferences and even laws. According to the Tribunal, while the statutory requirements gave regulators discretion to make decisions based on the public interest when deciding on mining lease applications, “Claimant legitimately expected that the Licensing Authority would exercise such discretion” in favor of granting the mining lease and would agree to TCCA’s requested terms for the mineral agreement.9

7 2002 BM Rules, Rule 9(1), which was similar to Article 8.12 of the 1995 BMP. 8 See 2002 BM Rules, Rule 9(5). 9 Decision on Jurisdiction and Liability, para 1204. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 11 of 65

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26. Not only did the Tribunal audaciously bypass crucial domestic legal requirements, transforming the investor’s expectations into mineral rights, but the tribunal also then gave contour to those mineral rights, filling in the terms of the agreement which specifically had stalled for lack of agreement, and created terms that violated the domestic mining law. For instance:

● the law expressly required backfilling of pits as a requirement of closure. But, according to the tribunal, due to the potential costs of such a requirement to the project, the “Tribunal [was] not convinced that the GOB would have required Claimant” to actually comply with that requirement, and therefore did not require TCCA to include associated risks/costs in its estimate of relevant risks and costs; ● while water use permits had not been secured, and it was recognized that Pakistani law entitled the government to alter the terms of even existing permits (e.g., based on scarcity, competing users), the tribunal determined that, under the treaty, the government had a duty to conclude a mineral agreement with the investor that effectively immunized it from those risks.10 This assessment is even more egregious as Balochistan, among other areas within Pakistan, with its arid climate and lack of economic development suffers from a grave water crisis.11 Scarcity of water, has been cited by the ADB, as the biggest constraint to rural development in Balochistan.12 Experts have concluded that Reko Diq would have had a substantial impact, even beyond Pakistan’s borders, and that TCCA (and therefore the Tribunal) are underestimating the significant if not fatal delays that such impacts could have had on the project, if necessary water permits had even been granted.13 ● while the Tribunal recognized that others had rights to the land that would be required by the project, the tribunal seemed to conclude that the government would and should use its extraordinary powers under the Land Acquisition Act to simply take the land from those other landholders. That Act empowered the government in certain circumstances to take private land after only 15 days’ notice to the landholders, and then require those interested parties to “vie for [compensation] afterwards.”14 As acknowledged by TCCA, that process

10 Award, paras 1253-1260. 11 See IISD, ‘Making Every Drop Count: Pakistan’s growing water scarcity challenge,’ (September 29, 2016) https://www.iisd.org/blog/making-every-drop-count-pakistan-s-growing-water-scarcity-challenge. 12 Asian Development Bank, ‘Balochistan Economic Report (From Periphery to Core),’ (May 2008) ADB Technical Assistance Report, https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/balochistan-economic-report-periphery-core. 13 The delays and other impacts were discussed in the expert report authored by Dr. Marcella Nanni. 14 para 1184 of Award, quoting para 191 of TCCA’s Post-Hearing brief on Quantum) Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 12 of 65

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would burden landowners in favor of TCCA; but neither TCCA nor the Tribunal acknowledged that the government’s taking of land, pursuant to that Act, could violate the human rights of individuals and communities in Pakistan. 15 ● while the BM Rules specified that mining leases had to provide for in-country value addition (Rule 47(2) and Rule 48(3)(a)(vii)), the Tribunal declared that the difficult economics of the proposed refinery/smelter for the investor meant that the statutory requirement for “value addition” couldn’t be interpreted to include requirements for smelting and refining, which the government had been insisting on; according to the Tribunal, it would violate TCCA’s legitimate expectations (and therefore violated the treaty) to insist on construction of the smelter as a condition of granting the mining lease. ● while TCCA had not demonstrated in its feasibility study ‘that the mine [could] be profitably developed and operated,’ as required by rule 48(3)(a)(i) of the 2002 BM Rules, the Tribunal discounted the significance of that failure, instead accepting and relying on the oral testimony of TCCA’s witness Mr. Luksic, Chairman of Antofagasta, and the identity of TCC’s shareholders to conclude that there was sufficient evidence of future profitability. Based on Mr. Luksic’s assertion that “‘[e]ven if you have a start that is tight, your expansions are going to be extremely, extremely profitable’[footnote 1388],” and “the fact that two of the world's largest mining companies were willing to invest large amounts of equity into this project,” the Tribunal “consider[ed] it sufficiently established” that the project would be profitable.

27. In addition to the above terms, which are expressly in violation of domestic law and the policies reflected therein, the Tribunal also constructs an otherwise non-existent agreement with outlandish fiscal terms, exceedingly favorable to TCCA and absolutely improbable as terms that would have been mutually agreed.16 The Tribunal accepts TCCA’s position that the Government would have or should have agreed to exceeding low royalties for a project purported to be as profitable as TCCA suggest; low customs duties; the application of EPZ status; and other selective and unjustified fiscal terms and assumptions. Responding to TCCA’s initially proposed

15 TCCA’s Post-Hearing Brief on Quantum, para 191; Award, para 1193 (“ there are 50-70 tribes that can be found along the pipeline route; there are no land records for 90% of the land in Balochistan; and people have rights under domestic law to appeal to courts to protect their land rights (use of the special procedure under the Land Acquisition Act would limit that domestic recourse”). 16 See Award, paras. 415, 417-440. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 13 of 65

Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University terms, the former finance minister, Shaukat Tareen, had said “I think we have sold our future,” and had noted that “[a]ny government, anywhere in the world, can renegotiate such contracts on the basis of national interest, and we will do the same,”17 underscoring even further the baselessness of the Tribunal’s assumptions about the fiscal terms that would have applied throughout the lifecycle of the project. Indeed, the Tribunal “reache[s] the conclusion …[that] a Mineral Agreement providing in particular for fiscal stability would have been concluded after the mining lease was granted to TCCP,”18 and that the lease would likely have been renewed. 28. While TCC had not secured approval of its environmental and social impact assessment nor had it received necessary permits for use of water, water treatment, sludge disposal, construction, or pipeline construction, among other necessary permits, the tribunal determined that the government would have - and should have- approved the project irrespective of underestimated and unknown environmental and social costs, on the terms requested by TCCA, in contradiction to the legal parameters and policy dictates of Pakistani law. Indeed, the Tribunal said it had to be “convinced” that the myriad approvals wouldn’t be granted as TCCA envisioned, and the government failed to convince it of that fact.19 This absurdly shifts the government’s prerogative to assess impacts and issue permits into an obligation of the government to convince the panel of the likelihood of unmitigated risks, to the tribunal’s satisfaction. The Tribunal’s declaration that all permits would have been granted strips the public of its rights to challenge permit approvals and technical officials to set the regulatory terms (or reject all or parts of the project) based on concerns relevant to their specific areas of regulation. 29. Even assuming that the relevant government authorities had granted the necessary permits, which they had not, there were a number of geopolitical and financial considerations that had already contributed to the project delays and may indeed have prevented the project from taking off, including local opposition to the project and aggression toward the national government for its assertiveness over mineral exploitation in Balochistan; the proximity of the project to Taliban-occupied territory across the border in Afghanistan; and the ‘frontier’ nature of the project, with no track-record of commercially-driven project financing at the scale anticipated for this

17 Editorial, ‘The Reko Diq affair,’ The Express Tribune (January 14, 2011). https://tribune.com.pk/story/103820/the-reko-diq-affair/. 18 Award, para 1344. 19 Decision on Quantum, para 1209 (“In the Tribunal’s view, the viability of the project could be affected only if there are specific indications supported by concrete evidence that a certain permit or approval could not be obtained or at least could not be obtained within an economically reasonable timeframe.”). Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 14 of 65

Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University project. Between 2006 and 2011, the country risk premium for Pakistan had increased and the security situation had worsened. These and other challenges, including the water stresses noted above, would likely have contributed to both operational and financing risks and challenges, even if the relevant permits had been secured. 30. In conclusion, the Tribunal’s Award undermines the role of the regulatory state to decide whether and on which terms to grant permits; insulates the investor from claims by third parties and determinations of the domestic judiciary; effectively creates legal rights for the investor that violate domestic law; creates and assumes fiscal terms improbable for a project of such size and impact; and overlooks potentially fatal risks to the project in light of environmental and geopolitical risks, which had already dogged the project’s development. In its decisions, the Tribunal vastly exceeded its role as an entity tasked with deciding a dispute by applying the law to facts. Instead, the Tribunal wrote a deal for a mega-mining project, situated that project within a broader legal framework of the Tribunal’s own creation, and failed to recognize or address the implications of its constructs.

B. The Tribunal breached the rule of law, and basic morality, by awarding lost profits to a project that had never been approved to begin. 31. The Tribunal’s bypassing and undermining domestic law, regulations, processes, and judicial determinations, and asserting the right to transform the investor’s expectations into protectable rights, as described above, exceeded the Tribunal’s authority and undermines the rule of law. The Tribunal’s audacity continued when determining that the calculations of damages due to the investor, for the alleged expropriation of rights that had never been granted, was lost profits over the duration of the proposed project. 32. When deciding on the valuation method for a foreign investment in a treaty arbitration, the World Bank’s 1992 Report to the Development Committee on the Legal Framework for the Treatment of Foreign Investors (“World Bank Guidance”) provides instructive guidance. The World Bank Guidance reflected “generally acceptable international standards which meet the objective stated in the Development Committee's request, i.e., the promotion of foreign direct investment.”20

20 World Bank Guidance, ¶ 2. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 15 of 65

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33. The Guidance addresses the dilemma of valuing foreign investments at different stages of implementation and production in Section IV, Article 6: “Without implying the exclusive validity of a single standard for the fairness by which compensation is to be determined and as an illustration of the reasonable determination by a State of the market value of the investment under Section 5 above, such determination will be deemed reasonable if conducted as follows: (i) for a going concern with a proven record of profitability, on the basis of the discounted cash flow value; (ii) for an enterprise which, not being a proven going concern, demonstrates lack of profitability, on the basis of the liquidation value; (iii) for other assets, on the basis of (a) the replacement value or (b) the book value in case such value has been recently assessed or has been determined as of the date of the taking and can therefore be deemed to represent a reasonable replacement value.”

34. The article goes on to define a “going concern” as “an enterprise consisting of income-producing assets which has been in operation for a sufficient period of time to generate the data required for the calculation of future income and which could have been expected with reasonable certainty, if the taking had not occurred, to continue producing legitimate income over the course of its economic life in the general circumstances following the taking by the State.”21 35. The reason for their limitation on the use of discounted cash flow is explained in paragraph 42 of the introductory notes. The World Bank advises, “particular caution should be observed in applying this method as experience shows that investors tend to greatly exaggerate their claims of compensation for lost future profits. Compensation under this method is not appropriate for speculative or indeterminate damage, or for alleged profits which cannot legitimately accrue under the laws and regulation of the host country.”22

36. This cautionary use of discounted cash flow valuations reflected the accepted international law practices of valuing foreign assets as applied by many of the US-Iran tribunals. In both American International Group, Inc. v. The Islamic Republic of Iran, Award, 4 Iran-U.S. Cl. Trib. Rep. (1985) and Phelps Dodge Corp. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 10 Iran-U.S. Cl. Trib. Rep. 121 (1986) the tribunals declined to value the investments using discounted cash flow because

21 World Bank Guidance, Section IV, Article 6. 22 World Bank Guidance, Introduction ¶ 42. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 16 of 65

Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University the investments had not been in operation for a sufficient period of time so that “such elements of value as future profits and goodwill could confidently be valued.”23 In both cases, the investments were fully operational but simply had not been operating long enough for the tribunal to feel confident to predict out their future profitability.24 The World Bank Guidance Article 6’s limitation on the use of discounted cash flow to going concerns with a proven track record of profitability reflects the caution that should be employed by international tribunals in these types of disputes. 37. Accordingly, international treaty arbitration tribunals have typically applied a cautionary approach to the use of discounted cash flow when the project in question was not a going concern.25 The Tribunal in TCC v. Pakistan failed to appropriately apply the World Bank’s Guidance. Instead, the Tribunal relied on problematic cases cited by TCCA, cases in which the tribunal applied discounted cash flow without ever applying the World Bank’s Guidance.26 38. The result is appalling. The amount of damages awarded by the panel, allegedly as a calculation of fair market value, is almost seventeen (16.57) times the $246 million that TCCA’s parent companies paid in 2006 and eleven (10.84) times the mean value for the project, $376 million at 12% discount rate, calculated in SNC-Lavalin's pre-feasibility study prepared only five months before the Valuation Date in this arbitration (11 November 2011), not including pre-and post-award interest, compounded annually.

C. The calamitous and destabilizing impact of enforcing the Award at the current time. 39. The Award is inconsistent with the basic premise and stated objective of the treaty to “promote the flow of capital for economic activity and development” (Preamble, Australia- Pakistan BIT), as it would have devastating and dire consequences on Pakistan and its people. The

23 Phelps Dodge Corp. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 10 Iran-U.S. Cl. Trib. Rep. 121 (1986), ¶ 30. 24 American International Group, Inc. v. The Islamic Republic of Iran, Award, 4 Iran-U.S. Cl. Trib. Rep. (1985), ¶ 64; Phelps Dodge Corp. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 10 Iran-U.S. Cl. Trib. Rep. 121 (1986), ¶ 30. 25 See Mohammad Ammar Al-Bahloul v. Republic of Tajikistan, SCC Case No. V064/2008, Final Award, June 8, 2010, ¶ 73 (“The four Agreements with respect to which Claimant was entitled to receive licenses do not meet the standard for a going concern. The Respondent had denied to the Claimant the licenses necessary for starting exploration and Claimant had started neither exploration nor production.”); Caratube International Oil Company LLP and Devincci Salah Hourani v. Republic of Kazakhstan, ICSID Case No. ARB/13/13, Award, September 27, 2017, ¶ 1096-1097 (declining to use discounted cash flow valuation after citing the World Bank Guidance because after five years the project did not have a record of profitability). 26 Tethyan Copper Company Pty Limited v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan, ICSID Case No. ARB/12/1, Award, July 12, 2019, ¶ 356-360. TCCA’s reliance on Crystallex and Gold Reserve do not offer insight into how tribunals interpret the World Bank’s Guidance because neither case cites the guidance as reasoning for their use of the discounted cash flow method. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 17 of 65

Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University sheer size of this Award is staggering. The Award with interest in terms of Pakistan’s GDP would be equivalent to a payment from the United States in the amount of $387 billion. One can imagine if a World Bank tribunal ordered the United States to pay $387 billion for a project never undertaken— the World Bank itself would not exist a day further. And while the United States could eventually pay an award of that size, Pakistan could not. The case is even more egregious in the current circumstances. Pakistan is a lower-middle income country facing serious social, macroeconomic and political challenges; the result of an award of this size would be devastating. 40. The calamity will be magnified to the extent that the Award itself would fall on the government and people of Balochistan, one of the least developed and most socially deprived regions of the country, and indeed globally. Balochistan has the second highest amount of multi- dimensional poverty of the provinces in Pakistan, with 52% of households below the poverty line. The province’s development is well below the national level, ranking among the lowest of the provinces in terms of education, health, living standards, infrastructure, water crises, and growth record. Of Pakistan’s provinces, Balochistan has experienced among the lowest progress in increasing its Human Development Index. In fact, the UNDP has described the level of underdevelopment in Balochistan as “distressing.”27

i. Enforcement of the Award would have catastrophic social impacts in Pakistan. 41. Pakistan faces profound challenges in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals; in the 2019 SDG Index, Pakistan ranked 130 out of 162 countries in the Index. Although the Index illustrates that Pakistan is making modest improvements in many of the SDGs, substantial challenges and gaps remain. Pakistan is grappling with devastating indicators with respect to undernourishment; and maternal, neonatal and under-5 mortality rates. In 2018, the under-age-5 child mortality rate was 74/1,000 for males and 65/1,000 for females, roughly three times the SDG target upper limit of 24/1,000.28 The size of the Award is in fact more than twice Pakistan’s entire public spending on healthcare for over 200 million people, at a time when Pakistan is facing critical public health crises.29 Pakistan has severe challenges in primary school

27 ‘Balochistan: Challenges & Opportunities,’ (2019) UNDP Pakistan, https://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home/library/development_policy/dap-sp-issue-balochistan.html. 28 ‘Sustainable Development Report 2019: Transformations to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals,’ (2019) Sustainable Development Report, https://www.sdgindex.org/reports/sustainable-development-report-2019/. 29 The World Bank, World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure database, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 18 of 65

Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University enrolment rate, literacy scores, secondary completion rates (proportion of a cohort of 3-5 year-olds that finish upper secondary); Pakistan has approximately a 27% secondary completion rate, while the SDG target is 100%.30 42. SDSN has recently published a paper that estimates the per-capita expenditures required to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in low and lower-middle income countries.31 Pakistan currently lacks the budgetary resources to achieve the SDGs. It needs massive development assistance. This Award would devastate Pakistan’s hopes for achieving the SDGs. Awarding $6 billion to an investor for hoped-for profits in such a context is morally outrageous; it threatens the very foundation of a peaceful society: the ability of government to invest in the health, education, and livelihoods of a struggling population.

ii. Cataclysmic and spiraling economic effect 43. From a macroeconomic perspective, Pakistan is in an exceedingly fragile position, and the enforcement of a nearly $6 billion Award could have a cataclysmic and spiraling effect. Pakistan has been facing crippling economic challenges, including large fiscal deficits, mounting debt, and a weak tax administration, all contributing to economic and financial instability and an overall macroeconomic slowdown. Reluctantly, after also turning to other nations for urgent financial support, Pakistan turned to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in July of this year for its 13th IMF bailout, and 22nd IMF loan agreement. (“IMF approves $6bn Pakistan bailout package after austerity budget”32) Overall, Pakistan has relied on $17.6 billion from the IMF since 2008. Power shortages have exacerbated Pakistan’s economic woes, contributing also to under-employment. This Award has to be seen in the context of Pakistan’s unstable and fragile economy. A shocking indicator of the size of this Award is that it is nearly identical to the recent IMF’s $6 billion loan, one that is deemed critically necessary to stabilize Pakistan’s macroeconomic crisis.

30 The World Bank, Educational attainment, at least completed upper secondary, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative, Pakistan) (2018), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.SEC.CUAT.UP.ZS. 31 Sustainable Development Solutions Network, ‘SDG Costing & Financing for Low-Income Developing Countries (LIDCs),’ (2019), https://sdgfinancing.unsdsn.org/static/files/sdg-costing-and-finance-for-LIDCS.pdf. 32 Hisham Sajid, ‘Pakistan’s 60-year history with the IMF in one chart,’ Samaa (May 16, 2019). Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 19 of 65

Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University

iii. Political implications 44. The political implications of the Award that ordered Pakistan to pay nearly $6 billion to a foreign mining investor, for a controversial project that was never approved and that never took off, particularly in the face of the critically urgent development needs and the austerity measures being put in place by the IMF, would be catastrophically destabilizing. The IMF bailout, which includes a range of austerity measures, cuts in fuel subsidies and broad tax increases, triggered a nationwide strike among an already struggling population. More generally, some observers are rightly concerned that the IMF mandates “could fuel a nationalistic backlash against the Kahn government.”33 At this moment, we are seeing massive and violent protests, demonstrations and unrest in many other parts of the world, for matters of much less gravity than a nearly $6 billion payout to a speculative investor, fabricated and enforced by a World Bank panel, against the decisions of Pakistan’s Supreme Court. It would be the height of irresponsibility for the World Bank, a panel of arbitrators, or for any other country or international institution to condone such recklessness. The domestic consequences, as well as the international ramifications, of doing so would be tremendous. I believe that such an arbitrary and capricious award would bring forth a justified global outcry regarding its injustice.

______Professor Jeffrey D. Sachs Columbia University

33 Panos Mourdoukoutas, ‘IMF Will Either Make Or Break Khan's Pakistan,’ Forbes (July 25, 2019). Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 20 of 65

CURRICULUM VITAE

JEFFREY D. SACHS

Director of the Center Sustainable Development at Columbia University 475 Riverside Drive Interchurch Suite 1040 New York, NY 10115 Tel: 212-870-2760 Fax: 212-870-2489 [email protected]

DATE OF BIRTH: November 5, 1954

MARITAL STATUS: Married to Dr. Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, Pediatrician and Public Health Practitioner

EMPLOYMENT:

Current Director, Center for Sustainable Development

Special Advisor to United Nations Secretary General António Guterres

University Professor, Columbia University

Director, UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network

Distinguished Fellow, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)

Co-Founder and Director, Millennium Promise Alliance

Founder and Chair, SDG USA

Economic Advisor to governments in Latin America, Europe, Africa and Asia

Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

Member, Brookings Panel of Economists, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC

Co-Chair, Asian Economic Panel of Economists

July 2002- July 2016 Director, The Earth Institute at Columbia University

Quetelet Professor of Sustainable Development, Columbia University

January 2007 – December 2016 Special Advisor to U.N. Secretary Ban Ki-Moon on Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals

June 2010 – September 2015 Member, UN Secretary General’s MDG Advocacy Group

Summer 2002- Special Advisor to U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan on Millennium Development Goals December 2006 Director, United Nations Millennium Project Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 21 of 65

July 1998-June 2002 Director, Center for International Development at Harvard University

July 1984-June 2002 Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade, Harvard University (Assistant Professor, 1980-82, Associate Professor, 1982-83, Full Professor 1984-2002)

January 2000- Chair, Commission on Macroeconomics and Health for the World Health December 2001 Organization

September 1999- Member, International Financial Institutions Advisory Commission appointed March 2000 by U.S. Congress

July 1995- Director, Harvard Institute for International Development June 1999

July 1994- Founder and Chair, Executive Committee, Institute of Economic Analysis, Moscow January 1996

August 1990- Visiting Professor of Macroeconomic Policy, World Institute of Development Economics August 1992 Research (WIDER), United Nations University, Helsinki, Finland.

November 1986- Visiting Scholar, Bank of Japan and Japan Ministry of Finance January 1987

Summer 1984, 1986 Visiting Professor, Institute of World Economics, Kiel, West Germany

Spring 1983 Consultant, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Paris)

Visiting Professor, École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris

August 1982 Consultant, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC

July 1981 Visiting Research Associate, London School of Economics

Spring 1980 & Research Associate, Falk Institute of Economic Research, Jerusalem, Israel. Collaboration with Spring 1979 Michael Bruno.

1978-1980 Junior Fellow, Harvard Society of Fellows, Cambridge, MA

Fall 1978 Visiting Scholar, Institute for International Economic Studies, Stockholm, Sweden

Fall 1977 Student Intern at Federal Research Board, Washington, DC

Summer 1974 Staff Assistant to United States Senator Phillip A. Hart

Summer 1973 Staff Assistant to the Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopolies, Judiciary Committee of the United States Senate

EDUCATION:

Ph.D. degree Harvard Department of Economics, Cambridge, MA June 1980 Dissertation: "Factor Costs and Aggregate Supply in the Open Economy". Thesis Advisor, Martin Feldstein

Junior Fellow Harvard Society of Fellows, Cambridge, MA 1978-1980 Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 22 of 65

M.A. degree Harvard Department of Economics, Cambridge, MA June 1978

B.A. degree Summa cum laude, Harvard College, Cambridge, MA. Economics Major. Graduated 3rd in June 1976 Harvard College class of 1,650.

ADVISORY ACTIVITIES: (Partial list)

Ghana, 2012-present. Advisor to the President on Economic Development and Transformation.

Haiti, 2011-2012. Advisor to the Government on economic development strategy, particularly in the health sector.

Jordan: Advisor to the Government on national poverty reduction.

India, 2005-present. Advisor to the Ministry of Health on the National Rural Health Mission.

Asian Development Bank. Co-chair of International Policy Advisory Group.

Inter-American Development Bank: Advisor on key macroeconomic and development issues.

China, 2001-2002. Advisor to the State Development Planning Commission on Western Development Policy.

Andean Region, 2001-2002. Advisor to five governments of the Andean region (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela) on economic policy and international competitiveness.

Nigeria, 2000 to present. Advisor to the President on economic policy.

Jubilee Campaign, 1999-2000. Advisor to the campaign on developing country debt cancellation, including an audience with Pope John Paul II.

India, 1998 to present. Advisor to the Government on trade and investment policy. Advisor to the Tamil Nadu state government on development strategy.

Mozambique, 1998 to present. Advisor to the Government on economic development strategy.

Central America, 1996-99. Advisor to five governments of Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua) on economic policy, regional integration, and economic development.

Burkina Faso, 1996. Advisor to the Government on economic development strategy.

Kyrgyzstan, 1992-94. Advisor to the President on the transition from communism.

Mongolia, 1992-94. Advisor to the Government on the transition from communism.

Estonia, 1992. Advisor the Government on the introduction of a new national currency.

Russia, 1991-93. Advisor to the Government on the transition from communism.

Slovenia, 1991. Advisor to the Government on the introduction of a new national currency.

Vatican, 1991. Advisor to the Pontifical Council on Justice and Peace to Pope John Paul II on the encyclical Centesimus Annus.

Poland, 1989-91. Advisor to Solidarity, and to the Government of Poland, on the transition from communism and the creation of a Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 23 of 65

4 market-based economy.

Brazil, 1987. Advisor to the Finance Minister on debt restructuring.

Bolivia, 1985-89. Advisor to the Government on the end of hyperinflation, debt reorganization, social policy, and macroeconomic strategy.

MAJOR PROJECTS (Partial list)

UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), Director, 2012-present: The SDSN mobilizes scientific and technical expertise from academia, civil society, and the private sector in support of sustainable-development problem solving at local, national, and global scales. The Network will accelerate joint learning and help to overcome the compartmentalization of technical and policy work by promoting integrated approaches to the interconnected economic, social, and environmental challenges confronting the world. The SDSN works closely with the UN Secretary General, United Nations agencies, multilateral financing institutions, and other international organizations.

SDG USA, Founder and Chair, 2016-present: a non-governmental initiative to promote the Sustainable Development Goal concepts in the United States.

Millennium Villages Project (Director), 2005-present: The MVP is an innovative integrated approach to rural development, and simultaneously addresses the challenges of extreme poverty in many overlapping areas: agriculture, education, health, infrastructure, gender equality, and business development. It brings together governments, academia, and UN agencies, and counts among its partners WFP, UNAIDS, UNFPA and UNESCO. The MVP has entered its second phase, and all 14 sites in 10 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, totaling 500,000 people, are on track to achieve the MDGs.

Scaling Up the Millennium Villages Model: The MVP’s model of integrated rural development and lessons learned is being scaled up across Africa. In Nigeria, the model is being extended to 113 Local Government Areas, covering 20 million people with the government planning to scale it up to the entire country. Other countries taking the model to scale include Senegal, Rwanda, and Ghana.

One Million Community Health Workers (CHWs) Campaign: Jeffrey Sachs is overseeing the One Million Community Health Workers (CHWs) Campaign, which aims to expand and accelerate CHW programs in sub-Saharan countries, scaling them up to district, regional, and national levels to meet the health MDGs. With the use of the latest ICT and diagnostic testing materials, these frontline workers link the rural poor to the broader healthcare system of doctors, nurses, hospitals and clinics.

Drylands Initiative: Working with governments of Djibouti, Kenya, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Uganda, and Somalia to achieve integrated rural development to benefit pastoralist communities.

ITU/UNESCO Broadband Commission for Development: Commissioner and chair of a working group on health which focuses on the health MDG scaling up programs and how to use broadband and mobile to enable the primary health systems.

UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Task Force on Global Food Security: Member of Task Force working to ensure that the UN system, international financial institutions and the WTO are ready to provide robust and consistent support to countries struggling to cope with food insecurity.

MDGs Africa Steering Group: Member of group that brings together top officials from the African Union, European Union, African Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank, International Monetary Fund and World Bank, in order to boost Africa’s efforts to meet the MDGs and address Africa’s unique challenges.

Connect to Learn: As Earth Institute Director oversees global education initiative that provides scholarships for secondary school, and uses ICT to connect classrooms and improve access to quality educational resources for students and teachers around the world.

MDG Advocacy Group: Member of UN Secretary-General’s group of global leaders in promoting Millennium Development Goal Achievement; supports Secretary-General in building political will, rallying additional support, and spurring collective action to achieve the MDGs by 2015.

Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 24 of 65

Drylands Ambassador: Under the umbrella of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, works to raise awareness among decision makers and the public at large about the importance of combating desertification, land degradation and mitigating the effect of drought.

Ministerial Working Group (MWG) on Scaling up of Primary Health Systems to Achieve MDG 4 and 5: Convened 5 Ministers of Health and their technical experts together with an international advisory panel to support national efforts of scaling up of health systems to achieve the health MDGs. The countries that participated in the MWG are Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, China and India.

National Rural Health Mission of India: Advised the government of India on the National Rural Health Mission, launched in 2005 to focus on high-impact health interventions for rural populations. Advised the Model Districts project, in which five rural districts have been proposed as models for the regional scale-up of best practices that target poor maternal and child health outcomes

PUBLICATIONS:

Academic and Journal Articles and Reports

“Geography, geopolitics, and policy in the performance of transition economies” in Economics of Transition, Volume 26, Issue 4: Special Issues on the 25 Years of Transition – A Symposium at the Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics, pages 841-849, 2018.

“SDG Index and Dashboards Report 2017,” with G. Schmidt-Traub, C. Kroll, D. Durand-Delacre, and K. Teksoz, Bertelsmann Stiftung and Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2017.

“World Happiness Report 2017” with John Helliwell & Richard Layard, Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2017.

“World Happiness Report 2016 Update” with John Helliwell & Richard Layard, Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2016.

“Toward an International Migration Regime,” American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, 2016.

“World Happiness Report 2015” with John Helliwell & Richard Layard, Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2015.

“Robots: Curse or Blessing? A Basic Framework,” with Seth G. Benzell & Guillermo LaGarda. NBER Working Paper No. 21091, April 2015.

“Robots Are Us: Some Economics of Human Replacement,” with Seth G. Benzell, Laurence J. Kotlikoff, & Guillermo LaGarda. NBER Working Paper No. 20941, February 2015.

“World Happiness Report 2013” with John Helliwell & Richard Layard, Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2013.

“Development, Structure, and Transformation: Some Evidence on Comparative Economic Growth,” with Gordon C. McCord. NBER Working Paper 19512, October 2013

“High stakes at the UN on the Sustainable Development Goals,” The Lancet, Vol. 382, Issue 9897, September 19, 2013.

“1 million community health workers in sub-Saharan Africa by 2015,” The Lancet, Vol. 380, Issue 9845, March 29, 2013.

“Government, Geography, and Growth: The True Drivers of Economic Development,” Foreign Affairs, September/October 2012.

“Achieving universal health coverage in low-income settings,” The Lancet, Vol. 380, Issue 9845, September 8, 2012.

“Primary Health Care in Low-Income Countries: Building on Recent Achievements,” Journal of the American Medical Association, May 16, 2012.

“The effect of an integrated multisector model for achieving the Millennium Development Goals and improving child survival in rural sub-Saharan Africa: a non-randomised controlled assessment,” with Paul M Pronyk, Maria Muniz, Ben Nemser, Marie-Andrée Somers, Lucy McClellan, Cheryl A Palm, Uyen Kim Huynh, Yanis Ben Amor, Belay Begashaw, John W McArthur, Amadou Niang, Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, Prabhjot Singh, and Awash Teklehaimanot. The Lancet, May 8, 2012. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 25 of 65

“World Happiness Report” with John Helliwell & Richard Layard, Earth Institute, 2012.

“Effective monitoring of agriculture: a response,” with Roseline Remans, Sean M. Smukler, Leigh Winowiecki, Sandy J. Andelman, Kenneth G. Cassman, David Castle, Ruth DeFries, Glenn Denning, Jessica Fanzo, Louise E. Jackson, Rik Leemans, Johannes Lehmann, Jeffrey C. Milder, Shahid Naeem, Generose Nziguheba, Cheryl A. Palm, Prabhu L. Pingali, John P. Reganold, Daniel D. Richter, Sara J. Scherr, Jason Sircely, Clare Sullivan, Thomas P. Tomrich and Pedro A. Sanchez, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2012.

"Multisector intervention to accelerate reductions in child stunting: an observational study from 9 sub-Saharan African countries," with Roseline Remans, Paul M Pronyk, Jessica C Fanzo, Jiehua Chen, Cheryl A Palm, Bennett Nemser, Maria Muniz, Alex Radunsky, Alem Hadera Abay, Mouctar Coulibaly, Joseph Mensah-Homiah, Margaret Wagah, Xiaoyi An, Christine Mwaura, Eva Quintana, Marie-Andree Somers, Pedro A Sanchez, Sonia E Sachs, and John W McArthur. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95, 26 October 2011.

“Biodiversity Conservation and the Millennium Development Goals,” with Jonathan E. M. Baillie, William J. Sutherland, Paul R. Armsworth, Neville Ash, John Beddington, Tim M. Blackburn, Ben Collen, Barry Gardiner, Kevin J. Gaston, H. Charles J. Godfray, Rhys E. Green, Paul H. Harvey, Brett House, Sandra Knapp, Noëlle F. Kümpel, David W. Macdonald, Georgina M. Mace, James Mallet, Adam Matthews, Robert M. May, Owen Petchey, Andy Purvis, Dilys Roe, Kamran Safi , Kerry Turner, Matt Walpole, Robert Watson, Kate E. Jones. Science. 18 September 2009.

“Input Subsidies to Improve Smallholder Maize Productivity in Malawi: Toward an African Green Revolution,” with Glenn Denning, Patrick Kabambe, Pedro Sanchez, Alia Malik, Rafael Flor, Rebbie Harawa, Phelire Nkhoma, Colleen Zamba, Clement Banda, Chrispin Magombo, Michael Keating, and Justine Wangila, PLoS Biology, 7(1): e1000023, 27 January 2009.

“Scaling up Malaria Control in Africa: An Economic and Epidemiological Assessment,” with Awash Teklehaimanot and Gordon C. McCord, The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77(Suppl 6), 2007, pp. 138–144. (This article was also published as NBER Working Paper 13664, December 2007).

“The African Millennium Villages,” with Pedro Sanchez et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Special Feature: Sustainability Science, 104, no. 43 (October, 23 2007): 16775–80.

“Incorporating a rapid-impact package for neglected tropical diseases with programs for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria,” with Peter Hotez, David H. Molynuex, Alan Fenwick, Eric Ottesen and Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, PLoS Medicine, 3(5): e102, February 2006.

“Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals,” UN Millennium Project, New York, 2005.

“A Robust Strategy for Sustainable Energy,” with Klaus Lackner, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Issue 2, 2005.

“Achieving the Millennium Development Goals—The Case of Malaria,” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 352, No. 2, January 13, 2005.

“Health in the developing world: achieving the Millennium Development Goals,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 82, No. 12, December 2004.

“The Malaria Gap,” with Pia Malaney and Andrew Spielman. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 71(Suppl 2), August 2004.

“Ending Africa’s Poverty Trap,” with John W. McArthur, Guido Schmidt-Traub, Margaret Kruk, Chandrika Bahadur, Michael Faye and Gordon McCord. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Issue 1, 2004.

“A Global Index of the Stability of Malaria Transmission,” with Anthony Kiszewski, Andrew Mellinger, Andrew Spielman, Pia Malaney, and Sonia Ehrlich Sachs. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 70(5), May 2004.

“The Challenges Facing Landlocked Developing Countries,” with Michael L. Faye, John W. McArthur & Thomas Snow, Journal of Human Development, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2004. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 26 of 65

“The Roadblock to a Sovereign Bankruptcy Law,” Cato Journal, Volume 23, Number 1, Spring/Summer 2003. (reprinted in Spanish as “La barrera contra la ley de quiebras soberanas,” in Artana, Daniel and James A. Dorn (eds.), Crisis Financieras Internacionales: ¿Qué Rol le Corresponde al Gobierno? Cato Institute: Buenos Aires, 2004.)

“Scaling-up coverage with insecticide-treated nets against malaria in Africa: who should pay?” The Lancet: Infectious Diseases, Vol. 3, No.5, May 1, 2003.

“The United States as a Coastal Nation,” with Jordan Rappaport, Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 5-46, March 2003. (previously Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Research Working Paper)

“China’s Growth after WTO Membership,” with Wing Thye Woo, Journal of Chinese Economics and Business Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1. January 2003.

“Panel Discussion: Promoting Better National Institutions: The Role of the IMF,” with Jeffrey Frankel, Nancy Birdsall and Guillermo Ortiz, IMF Staff Papers, Special Issue: IMF Third Annual Research Conference, Volume 50, 2003.

“The Relative Contributions of Location and Preferential Policies in China’s Regional Development: Being in the Right Place and Having the Right Incentives,” with Sylvie Demurger, Wing Thye Woo, Shuming Bao, and Gene Chang. China Economic Review, forthcoming; translated into Chinese in Jingji Yanjiu, September 2002.

“A New Global Effort to Control Malaria,” Science, Vol. 298, 4 Oct, 2002.

“Market Led Industrialization and Globalization,” with X. Yang, Journal of Economic Integration, Vol. 17, No. 2, June 2002.

“Improving the health of the Global Poor,” with P. Jha, A. Mills et al. Science, Vol. 295, March 15, 2002.

“The Economic and Social Burden of Malaria,” with Pia Malaney, Nature, Vol. 415, no. 6872, Feb. 7, 2002.

“Resolving the Debt Crisis of Low-Income Countries,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1:2002.

“Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India,” forthcoming in Asian Economic Papers, MIT Press, with Nirupam Bajpai and Ananthi Ramiah, 2002.

“Geography, Economic Policy, and Regional Development in China,” with Sylvie Demurger, Wing Thye Woo, Shuming Bao, Gene Chang, and Andrew Mellinger, Asian Economic Papers, Vol. 1 No. 1, Winter 2002, pp. 146-197. (previously CID Working Paper no. 77, October 2001 and NBER Working Paper 8897, April 2002).

“Geographic Factors and China’s Regional Development under Market Reforms, 1978-1998,” with Wing Thye Woo, Shuming Bao, and Gene Chang. China Economic Review, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2002.

“The Determinants and Prospects of Economic Growth in Asia,” with Steve Radelet and Jong-Wha Lee, International Economic Journal 15(3), Autumn 2001.

“Benchmarking Competitiveness in Transition Economies,” with C. Zinnes and Y. Eilat in Economics of Transition, Volume 9, No. 2, July 2001.

“The Strategic Significance of Global Inequality,” The Washington Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 3, Summer 2001.

“From Bangalore to Bulawayo,” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, vol. 11, no. 2, Summer/Fall 2001.

“A New Global Commitment to Disease Control in Africa,” Nature Medicine, vol. 7, no. 5, May 2001.

“The Curse of Natural Resources,” with Andrew Warner, European Economic Review, vol 45, May 2001.

Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 27 of 65

“The Geography of Poverty and Wealth,” with Andrew D. Mellinger and John L. Gallup, Scientific American, March 2001.

“The Economic Burden of Malaria,” The Supplement to The American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, vol. 64, no. 1, 2, January/February 2001.

“Compensation for ‘Meaningful Participation’ in Climate Change Control: A Modest Proposal and Empirical Analysis,” with T. Panayotou, A. Peterson Zwane, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2001.

“Defining and Refining International Donor Support for Combating the AIDS Pandemic,” with Amir Attaran, The Lancet, vol. 357, pp. 57-61, January 6, 2001.

“The Gain from Privatization in Transition Economies: Is ‘Change of Ownership’ Enough?” with Clifford Zinnes and Yair Belat. IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 48 (Special Edition), pp. 146-170, 2001.

“Globalisation, State Intervention and the Impact on Living Standards,” in Malaysian Journal of Economics Studies, vol. XXXVII, No. 1 & 2, June/December 2000.

“Economic Reforms and Constitutional Transition,” (with Wing Thye Woo and Xiaokai Yang), Annals of Economics and Finance, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 435-491, November 2000; reprinted in Tran Van Hoa (ed.), Economic Crisis Management – Policy, Practice, Outcomes and Prospects as Chapter 4, pp. 28-85, Edward Elgar 2000. Previously: “Economic Reforms and Constitutional Transition” with Wing Thye Woo and Xiaokai Yang. CID Working Paper No. 42, April 2000.

“Agriculture, Climate, and Technology: Why are the Tropics Falling Behind?” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 82, pp. 731-777, August 2000.

“El debate sobre sistemas cambiarios y las rigideces de la dolarización,” with Felipe Larrain, Estudios Publicos, no. 77, Summer 2000.

“India’s Decade of Development,” Economic and Political Weekly, Mumbai, with Nirupam Bajpai, vol. XXXV, no. 16, April 2000.

“Understanding China’s Economic Performance,” with Wing Thye Woo, The Journal of Policy Reform, vol. 4, issue 1, 2000; section on state enterprise sector reprinted as “The State Sector Under Reform” in Ross Garnaut and Yiping Huang (eds.), Growth Without Miracles: Readings on the Chinese Economy in the Era of Reform, Oxford University Press, forthcoming. (previously NBER Working Paper 5935, February 1997).

“Globalization and Patterns of Economic Development,” Review of World Economics, vol. 136(4), Kiel Institute of World Economics, 2000.

“Reflexiones sobre la crisis asiatica," with Wing Thye Woo in Cuadernos del CERI del Centro Espanol de Relaciones Internacionales, no. 7, September1999.

“Cracking the Shell Game: Implementing Debt Relief for the HIPC's,” ICSW Social Development Review, September 1999.

“Why Dollarization is More Straitjacket than Salvation,” with Felipe Larrain, Foreign Policy, no. 116, Fall 1999.

“Why Do Resource-Abundant Economies Grow More Slowly,” with Francisco Rodriguez in Journal for Economic Growth, 4: 277- 303, September 1999. (previously “Natural Resources and Economic Growth: A Quantitative Exploration,” with Francisco Rodriguez, mimeo, HIID, Spring 1999.)

“Brazil Fever,” The Milken Institute Review, Second Quarter 1999.

“The Big Push, Natural Resources Booms and Growth,” with Andrew M. Warner, Journal of Development Economics 59(1), 1999.

“Creditor Panics: Causes and Remedies,” Cato Journal, vol. 18, no. 3, Winter 1999. Also in Research Notes in Economics and Statistics for Deutsche Bank Research, November 1998.

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“Twentieth-Century Political Economy: A Brief History of Global Capitalism,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 115, no. 4, Winter 1999.

“The Economic Burden of Malaria,” with John Gallup, in Harvard International Review, pp. 56-61, Winter 1998/1999.

“An Infra-Marginal Analysis of the Ricardian Model,” with W. Cheng and X. Yang, Review of International Economics, 1999.

“Managing Global Capitalism,” in The Australian Economic Review, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 3-14, December 1999. (This was the inaugural David Finch Lecture presented at the University of Melbourne on 24 October 1997).

“Geography, Demography, and Economic Growth in Africa,” with David Bloom, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2:1998.

“Geography and Economic Development,” with John Luke Gallup and with Andrew Mellinger, International Regional Science Review 22, 2: 179-232, August 1999. (previously “Geography and Economic Development” in Pleskovic, Boris and Joseph E. Stiglitz, eds., Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1998 (April), NBER Working Paper 6849, December 1998; The World Bank: Washington, DC; and previously “Geography and Economic Development in Harvard International Review Winter 1998/1999).

“The East Asian Financial Crisis: Diagnosis, Remedies, Prospects,” with Steven Radelet, Richard N. Cooper, and Barry P. Bosworth, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1:1998. Reprinted 2000 in The Economic Development of Southeast Asia, H. Hill, editor, UK: Edward Elgar.

“A Brief History of Panic,” Foreign Policy, April 1, 1998.

“International Economics: Unlocking the Mysteries of Globalization,” in Foreign Policy, Spring 1998.

“Asia's Reemergence,” with Steve Radelet, Foreign Affairs, November/December 1997.

“Sources of Slow Growth in African Economies,” with Andrew Warner, Journal of African Economies, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 335-76, September 1997.

“Ukraine's Painful Economic Transition,” ACE: Analysis of Current Events, vol. 9, no. 8, August 1997.

“India's Economic Reforms--The Steps Ahead,” with Nirupam Bajpai, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, vol. 6, no. 2, 1997.

“Fundamental Sources of Long Run Growth,” with Andrew Warner, AEA Papers and Proceedings, 1997.

“Notes on Life-Cycle of State-Led Industrialization,” Japan and the World Economy, vol. 8, pp. 153-174, 1996.

“Trends in Regional Inequality in China,” with Tianlun Jian and Andrew Warner, China Economic Review, vol. 7, no. 1, 1996. (previously NBER Working Paper 5412, January 1996).

“How to Catch Up with the Industrial World--Achieving Rapid Growth in Europe's Transition Economies,” with Andrew Warner, Transition, vol. 7, no. 9-10, September-October 1996.

“Chinese Economic Growth: Explanations and the Tasks Ahead,” with Wing Woo, in China's Economic Future: Challenges to U.S. Policy, published by the Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress, August 1996; reprinted in A.M. Babkina (ed.), Domestic Economic Modernization in China, Nova Science Publishers, 1997. Previously: "China's Economic Future: Challenges to U.S. Policy," Study Paper submitted to the Joint Economic Committee, August 1996.

“India's Economic Reforms: Some lessons from East Asia,” with Nirupam Bajpai, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, vol. 6, no. 2, July 1997.

“US Trade with Developing Countries and Wage Inequality,” with Howard Shatz, The American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, vol. 86, no. 2, May 1996. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 29 of 65

“Economic Transition and the Exchange Rate Regime,” The American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, May 1996.

“Globalization and the U.S. Labor Market,” American Economic Review, May 1996.

“The Transition at Mid-Decade,” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, May 1996.

“Financial Crises in Emerging Markets: The Lessons from 1995,” with Andres Velasco and Aaron Tornell, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, January 1996. (previously NBER Working Paper 5576, May 1996).

“Alternative Approaches to Financial Crises,” Revista de Economía Política, vol. 16, no. 2, April-June 1996.

“The Collapse of the Mexican Peso: What Have We Learned?” with Andres Velasco and Aaron Tornell, Economic Policy, no. 22, April 1996. (Previously NBER Working Paper 5142, June 1995).

“Lessons from Taiwan for Post-Communist Transition: Another Look,” with Tianlun Jian, Business and the Contemporary World, vol. 8, no. 1, 1996.

“Brazilian Inflation and the ‘Plano Real’,” with Alvaro Zini, Revista de Economía Política, vol. 15, no. 2 (58), April-June 1995, and The World Economy vol 19, no. 1, January 1996.

“Consolidating Capitalism,” Foreign Policy, no. 98, pp 50-64, Spring 1995.

“Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration,” with Andrew Warner, presented at Brookings Panel on April 7, 1995. (And published in BPEA 1:1995 and 1996 Panglaykim Memorial Lecture).

“Reforms in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union in Light of the East Asian Experiences,” presented at NBER-TCER-CEPR Trilateral Conference on Transition from Socialist Economies, Tokyo, January 6-7, 1995. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, pp. 1-31, August 1995. (Previously NBER Working Paper 5404, January 1996).

“Trade and Jobs in U.S. Manufacturing,” with Howard Shatz, in Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1:1994 and Economic Policy, Paul Whitely (ed.), Gloucester, England: Elgar Publishing, 1998.

Comment on “Economic Recovery, Growth, and Policies: ‘Gradualism’ in the Japanese Context” by Juro Teranishi, Economic Policy 19 Supplement, December 1994.

“Russia's Economic Prospects,” in Bulletin: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. XLVIII, no. 3, December 1994.

“The IMF and Economies in Crisis,” presented at London School of Economics, July 1994, forthcoming in LSE publication.

“India's Unfinished Reform Agenda,” presented at ICRIER, New Delhi, August 23, 1994. Published in Distinguished Author Seminar Series on “Structural Adjustment and Policy Reforms: Perspectives from International Experiences”.

“Experiences in the Transition to a Market Economy,” with Wing Thye Woo, in Journal of Comparative Economics, vol. 18, issue 3, June 1994.

“Understanding 'Shock Therapy,” Social Market Foundation Occasional Paper no.7, London, 1994.

“Understanding the Reform Experiences of China, Eastern Europe, and Russia," with Wing Thye Woo, Introduction to Journal of Comparative Economics, vol 18, no. 3, June 1994. (Co-Guest Editor of this volume with Wing Thye Woo).

“Structural Factors in the Economic Reforms of China, Eastern Europe, and the Former Soviet Union,” with Wing Thye Woo, Economic Policy 18, April 1994. Reprinted in Joseph Chai, ed. The Economic Development of Modern China, forthcoming. Reprinted (with some omissions) as “Structural Factors in China’s Economy,” in Ross Garnaut and Yiping Huang (eds.), Growth Without Miracles: Readings on the Chinese Economy in the Era of Reform. (Oxford University Press, forthcoming).

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“An Update on Reform in Eastern Europe and Russia,” China Economic Review, vol. 4, no. 2, 1993.

“Some Historical Perspectives on Chinese and Russian Economic Reform,” presented at conference in San Francisco on Transition of Centrally Planned Economies in Pacific Asia, forthcoming in conference volume.

“Reply to Jan Adam,” Economics of Planning 26, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

“Reussir la stabilization monetaire en 1993,” in Economie Internationale, no. 54, 2 trimestre 1993 (CEPII publication).

“International Linkages in the Korean Economy: Simulations with the Korean Global Model,” with Jong-Wha Lee and Peter Boone, Seoul Journal of Economics, vol. 6, no. 4, Winter 1993.

“Privatization in Russia: Some Lessons from Eastern Europe,” American Economic Review, Spring 1992. (Also published in Soumitra Sharma (ed.), Development Policy (London: St. Martin's Press, Inc.), 1992).

“Prospects for Russia's Economic Reforms,” with David Lipton, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2:1992.

“Crowning the Estonian Kroon,” with Ardo Hansson, Transition, vol. 3, no. 9, October 1992.

“Currency Reform in Slovenia: The Tolar Standing Tall,” with Boris Pleskovic, Transition, vol. 3, no. 8, September 1992.

“Toward a Market-Based Monetary System,” with David Lipton, Central Banking, vol. III, no. 1, Summer 1992.

“The External Aspects of Reform in Eastern Europe,” with Andrew Berg, Economic Policy, April 1992.

“Vaincre la Peur, ” Politique Internationale, proceedings for Colloquium “Quelle Democratie Pour L'Europe? ”, April 4, 1992.

“Privatization in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland,” Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference in Development Economics, 1991.

“Poland's Big Bang After One Year,” Skandianaviska Enskilda Banken, Quarterly Review, 1-2, 1991.

“Spontaneous Privatization: A Comment,” Soviet Economy, vol. 7, no. 4, October-December 1991.

“Dynamic Strategic Monetary Policies and Coordination in Interdependent Economies: Comment,” with A. de Crombrugghe and N. Roubini, American Economic Review, December 1991.

“Privatization in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland,” with David Lipton and Lawrence H. Summers, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Issue 2, 1990 and in Reforming Central and Eastern European Economies, V. Corbo, F. Coricelli, and J. Bossak (eds.), A World Bank Symposium, 1991.

“Poland's Economic Reform,” with David Lipton, Foreign Affairs, vol. 69, no. 3, Summer 1990.

“Creating a Market Economy in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland,” with David Lipton, Stanley Fischer and Janos Kornai, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1:1990.

“A Strategy for Efficient Debt Reductions,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 4, no. 1, Winter 1990. Reprinted in International Economics and International Economic Policy: A Reader, Philip King (ed.), McGraw-Hill, Inc.: New York, 1995.

“Debt Reduction: the Basis and Shape of a New Strategy,” with Josef Kneer, in Intereconomics, January/February 1990.

“New Approaches to the Latin American Debt Crisis,” Princeton Studies in International Finance, No. 174, July 1989, Princeton, NJ. Spanish translation in El Trimestre Económico. Vol. LVI (1), No. 221, Mexico, March 1989.

“The Debt Crisis: Structural Explanations of Country Performance,” with A. Berg, presented at First InterAmerican Seminar on Economics (IASE), March 17-19, 1988, Mexico City, Journal of Development Economics 29 (1988) 271-306 (North-Holland). Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 31 of 65

Spanish translation in El Trimestre Economica, Vol. LVI, July 1989, Mexico, special issue edited by Edmar Bacha and Sebastian Edwards. (previously NBER Working Paper 2607, July 1988).

“Making the Brady Plan Work,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 68, no. 3, Summer 1989.

“Government Spending and Budget Deficits in the Industrial Economies,” with N. Roubini, Economic Policy, April 1989. (Previously NBER Working Paper 2919, April 1989).

“Comprehensive Debt Retirement: The Bolivian Example,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2:1988.

Comments on “Developing Countries in the World Economy: New Themes,” by Paul Krugman, Daedalus, Cambridge, MA, Winter 1988

“Global Adjustments to a Shrinking U.S. Trade Deficit,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2:1988.

“Bolivia: 1952-1986,” with J.A. Morales, Country Studies, no. 6, International Center for Economic Growth, San Francisco, 1988.

“Future Development in the World Monetary System,” Kinyu Journal Sha (Monthly Financial Journal), September 1988.

“Review Essay: ‘Recent Studies of the Latin American Debt Crisis’,” Latin American Research Review, vol. XXIII, no. 3, pp.170-179, 1988.

“Japanese Structural Adjustment and the Balance of Payments,” with Peter Boone, Journal of the Japanese and International Economies vol 2, 1988. (Previously NBER Working Paper 2614, June 1988).

“Prospects for Global Trade Imbalances: A Simulation Approach,” Seoul Journal of Economics, vol. 1, no. 1, (Seoul National University), pp. 41-74, March, 1988. (Also published in Advanced Lectures in Quantitative Economics, F. van der Ploeg (ed.), Academic Press, 1990).

“Comparing the Global Performance of Alternative Exchange Arrangements,” with W. McKibbin, Journal of Policy Modeling, 1988. (Previously NBER Working Paper 2024, September 1986).

“Political and Economic Determinants of Budget Deficits in the Industrial Democracies,” with N. Roubini, European Economic Review 33, No. 5, 903-938, 1989. (Previously NBER Working Paper 2682, August 1988).

“U.S. Commercial Banks and the Developing-Country Debt Crisis,” with Harry Huizinga, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2:1987. (Previously NBER Working Paper 2455, December 1987).

“A Debt Writedown Would Send Bank Stocks Up,” The International Economy, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 96-97, October/November 1987.

“Institutional Aspects of High Unemployment in the Federal Republic of Germany,” with M. Burda, World Economy, Fall 1988. (Previously NBER Working Paper 2241, May 1987).

“The Bolivia Hyperinflation and Stabilization,” AEA Papers and Proceedings, vol. 77, no. 2, May 1987. (Previously NBER Working Paper 2073, November 1986).

“Political Parties and the Business Cycle in the United States, 1948-1984,” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, vol. 20, no. 1, February 1988. (Previously NBER Working Paper 1940, May 1986).

“A New Approach for Managing the Debt Crisis,” The Columbia Journal of World Business, vol. XXI, no. 3, Fall 1986.

“Managing the LDC Debt Crisis,” with John Williamson, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2:1986.

“Theoretical Issues in International Borrowing,” Princeton Studies in International Finance, no. 54, 1984 (published in Spanish translation in Estudios Economicos, July-December, 1986). Reprinted in Graham Bird and P. Nicholas Snowden (eds.), International Debt, Volume I, Edward Elgar Publ., Ltd., U.K., 1995. (Previously NBER Working Paper 1189, August 1983). Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 32 of 65

Book Review of Jones, Ronald W., and Peter B. Kenen, eds., Handbook of International Economics, Volume II, Journal of International Economics, 21, 1986.

“International Policy Coordination in Dynamic Macroeconomic Models,” with Gilles Oudiz, International Economic Policy Coordination, W. Buiter and R. Marston (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 1985. (previously NBER Working Paper 1417, August 1984).

“Exchange Rates and Economic Recovery in the 1930's,” with B. Eichengreen, in Journal of Economic History, vol XLV, no. 4, December 1985. Also published in facsimile series entitled "Depression and the New Deal", Stephen Burwood (ed.), Garland Publishing Inc. (Hamden, CT), 1989/90. (Previously NBER Working Paper 1498, May 1986).

“Growth and External Debt Under Risk of Debt Repudiation,” with Daniel Cohen, European Economic Review, 1985, and in International Volatility and Economic Growth, G. de Menil and R. Gordon (eds.), North-Holland, 1991. (Previously NBER Working Paper 1703, September 1985).

“The Dollar and the Policy Mix,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1:1985. Reproduced in Recent Developments in Macroeconomics, Edmund Phelps (ed.), Edward Elgar Publ., Ltd., Glasgow. (previously NBER Working Paper 1636, June 1985).

“Macroeconomic Interdependence of Japan and the United States: Some Simulation Results,” with N. Ishii and W. McKibbin, Journal of Policy Modeling, pp. 533-572, Winter 1985. (Previously NBER Working Paper 1637, June 1985).

“External Debt and Macroeconomic Performance in Latin America and East Asia,” with John Williamson, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2:1985.

“LDC Borrowing with Default Risk,” with D. Cohen., Kredit and Kapital, 1985. (Previously NBER Working Paper 925, July 1982).

“Comment: Latin American Debt: I Don't Think We Are in Kansas Anymore,” (by Diaz Alejandro), Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2:1985.

“The Effects of OECD Macroeconomic Policies on the Developing Countries,” with Warwick McKibbin, presented at World Bank Conference, in conference volume, 1985, and in Seoul Journal of Economics, 1985.

“La Politique Badgetaire et le Taux de Change Real,” Annales de l'Insee, 1984.

“Macroeconomic Policy Coordination Among the Industrial Economics,” with Gilles Oudiz, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1:1984.

“The United States in the World Economy, 1983,” The Economic Outlook, 1984.

“Real Exchange Rate Effects of Fiscal Policy”, with Charles Wyplosz, Economica, 1983. (Previously NBER Working Paper 1255, January 1984).

“Comment: The Economic Consequences of Mrs. Thatcher (Buiter and Miller),” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2:1983.

“Input Price Shocks and the Slowdown in Economic Growth: The Case of U.K. Manufacturing,” with Michael Bruno, published in special issue of Review of Economic Studies, vol. 51, no. 159, pp. 679-706, 1982, for the Cambridge University Conference on Unemployment, July 1981. Also published in Greenhalgh, Layard and Oswals (eds.) The Causes of Unemployment, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1983. (Previously NBER Working Paper 851, February 1982).

“Comment: Identifying the Effects of Structural Change” (Laurence Klein), Industrial Change and Public Policy, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 1983.

“Unemployment and Real Wages in the OECD,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1:1983.

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“Accumulation and Growth in a Two-Country Model,” with David Lipton, Journal of International Economics 15(1/2), 135-159, August 1983 and Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 22, no. 1, March 1984. (Previously NBER Working Paper 572, October 1980).

“The Current Account and Exchange Rates in the OECD,” presented at Vth International Conference of the University of Paris- Dauphine on Money and International Monetary Problems, June 15-17, 1981, and published in conference volume, E. Glaassen and P. Stalin (eds.), Recent Issues in the Theory of Flexible Exchange Rates, (North-Holland: Amsterdam), 1983; Scandanavian Journal of Economics vol. 84, no. 2, 1982.

“Comment: Policy Analysis with Econometric Models (by Sims),” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1:1982.

“Anticipations, Recession, and Policy: An Intertemporal Disequilibrium Model,” with Olivier Blanchard, Annales de l'Insee, N. 47-48, July/December, 1982. (Previously NBER Working Paper 971, August 1982).

“Multiple Shooting in Two-Point Boundary Value Problems,” with D. Lipton, J. Poterba, and L. Summers, Econometrica, vol. 50, no. 5, September 1982.

“Aspects of the Current Account Behavior of OECD Economies,” NBER Working Paper Series, No. 859. Cambridge, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1982.

“Stabilization Policies in the World Economy: Scope and Skepticism,” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 56-60, May 1982. (Previously NBER Working Paper 862, September 1982).

“The Oil Shocks and Macroeconomic Adjustment in the United States,” European Economic Review 18, 1982.

“The Current Account in the Macroeconomic Adjustment Process,” Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol. 84, no. 2, 1982. (Previously NBER Working Paper 796, November 1981).

“Energy and Resource Allocation: A Dynamic Model of the Dutch Disease,” with Michael Bruno, published in special issue of Review of Economic Studies, vol. 49, no. 159, 845-859, for the Cambridge University Conference on Unemployment, July 1982. (Previously NBER Working Paper 852, February 1982).

“A Comparison of the Japanese and U.S. Macroeconomic Responses to the Oil Price Shocks,” presented at the Conference on Problems in Fiscal and Monetary Policies in the U.S. and Japan, sponsored by the Japan Ministry of Finance and the U.S.-Japan program of Harvard University, in Tokyo, August 1981, and published in conference volume.

“The Supply Approach to Oil Shocks and the Slowdown in Japanese Economic Growth,” Toko Keizai Shinpo Sha (The Oriental Economist), 1981.

“The Current Account and Macroeconomic Adjustment in the 1970's,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1:1981.

“Supply Versus Demand Approaches to the Problem of Stagflation,” with Michael Bruno, in H. Giersch (ed.), Macroeconomic Policies for Growth and Stability, (Kiel: Institut fur Weltwirtschaft, 1981). (Previously NBER Working Paper 382, August 1979).

“Comment: International Adjustment with Wage Rigidity (by Branson and Rotemberg),” European Economic Review, 1980.

“Comment: Oil and Economic Performance in Industrial Countries (by Nordhaus),” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2:1980.

“Wages, Flexible Exchange Rates, and Macroeconomic Policy,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. XCIV, no. 4, pp. 731-748, June 1980.

“The Changing Cyclical Behavior of Wages and Prices, 1890-1976,” American Economic Review, March 1980. (Previously NBER Working Paper 304, December 1978).

“Wages, Profits, and Macroeconomic Adjustment: A Comparative Study,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 269-319, 1979. Reproduced in Recent Developments in Macroeconomics, Edmund Phelps (ed.), Edward Elgar Publ. Ltd., Glasgow. (Previously NBER Working Paper 74, August 1980).

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Books

A New Foreign Policy: Beyond American Exceptionalism, Columbia University Press, New York, 2018.

Building the New American Economy, Columbia University Press, New York, 2017.

The Age of Sustainable Development, Columbia University Press, New York, 2015.

To Move the World: JFK’s Quest for Peace, Random House, New York, 2013.

The Price of Civilization: Reawakening American Virtue and Prosperity, Random House, New York, 2011.

Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet, The Penguin Press, New York, 2008.

Escaping the Resource Curse, with Macartan Humphreys, Joseph E. Stiglitz, Columbia University Press, 2007.

Poverty, AIDS and Hunger: Breaking the Poverty Trap in Malawi, with Anne C. Conroy, Malcolm J. Blackie, Alan Whiteside, Justin C. Malawezi, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for our Time, The Penguin Press, New York, 2005.

Human Development Report 2003: Millennium Development Goals: A compact among nations to end human poverty, (guest contributing editor), UNDP, New York, 2003.

Economic Development and the Division of Labor, with Xiaokai Yang, Blackwell Publishing.

The Latin American Competitiveness Report 2001-2002, (co-editor) World Economic Forum, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002.

The Global Competitiveness Report 2001-2002, (co-editor) World Economic Forum, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002. “Introduction – Slowdown and Uncertainty: International Economic Networks in the Wake of September 11, 2001” with Peter Cornelius, John McArthur, Michael Porter and Klaus Schwab “Executive Summary” with Michael Porter and John McArthur “The Growth Competitiveness Index” Measuring Technological Advancement and the Stages of Development,” with John McArthur

Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development, report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, World Health Organization, December 2001.

The Africa Competitiveness Report 2000/2001, (co-editor) World Economic Forum, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001. “Executive Summary” with Lisa D. Cook “The Case for Increased Debt Forgiveness” with Maciej Cuchra and Sara E. Sievers

The Global Competitiveness Report 2000, (co-editor) World Economic Forum, Oxford University Press, New York, 2000. “Executive Summary: Current Competitiveness and Growth Competitiveness” with Michael Porter and Andrew Warner. “Globalization and International Competitiveness: Some Broad Lessons of the Past Decade” with Andrew Warner.

India in the Era of Economic Reforms (Forward), with Nirupam Bajpai and Ashutosh Varshney, Oxford University Press, paperback edition, July 2000.

The Asian Financial Crisis: Lessons for a Resilient Asia, (co-editor), MIT Press, 2000. “A Reform Agenda for a Resilient Asia,” (with Wing Thye Woo) “Understanding the Asian Financial Crisis,” (with Wing Thye Woo)

Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 35 of 65

Forward: India in the Era of Economic Reforms (including Introduction). Edited with Nirupam Bajpai and Ashutosh Varshney, Oxford University Press, July 1999. Paperback edition, July 2000.

The Global Competitiveness Report 1999, (co-editor) World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland 1999. “The Year in Review,” with Andrew Warner

The Asia Competitiveness Report 1999, (co-editor) World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland 1999. “A Plan for Action,” with Wing Thye Woo “The Asian Financial Crisis: what happened, and what is to be done,” with Wing Thye Woo; republished in Spanish as “Reflexiones sobre la crisis asiatica,” Cuadernos del CERI No. 7, Centro Español de Relaciones Internacionales, Madrid, September 1999.

The Africa Competitiveness Report 1998, (co-editor) World Economic Forum, Geneva. Switzerland 1998. “Executive Summary” with Sara E. Sievers “Growth in Africa” with Sara E. Sievers “FDI in Africa” with Sara E. Sievers

The Global Competitiveness Report 1998, (co-editor) World Economic Forum, Geneva Switzerland 1998. “Executive Summary” with Andrew Warner “The Year in Review”

The Rule of Law and Economic Reform in Russia, edited with Katharina Pistor, The John M. Olin Critical Issues Series, Westview Press, 1997.

Emerging Asia: Changes and Challenges, academic coordinator with David Bloom, Asian Development Bank, 1997.

Economies in Transition, co-editor with Wing Thye Woo and Stephen Parker, MIT Press, 1997.

Role of Law and Legal Institutions in Asian Economic Development 1960-1995, senior advisor with Hal S. Scott to Katharina Pistor and Philip A. Wellons for Asian Development Bank.

Russia and the Market Economy, (in Russian) BBC/MPM Ltd., London, 1994.

Transition in Eastern Europe, co-edited with K. Froot and O. Blanchard, NBER Conference Volumes, University of Chicago Press, 1994. Volume 1: Country Studies Volume 2: Restructuring

Poland's Jump to the Market Economy, MIT Press, 1993.

Macroeconomics in the Global Economy, with Felipe Larrain, Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992.

Peru's Path to Recovery: A Plan for Economic Stabilization and Growth, with Carlos Paredes, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1991. Spanish edition Estabilizacion y Crecimiento en el Peru, GRADE, 1991.

Global Linkages: Macroeconomic Interdependence and Cooperation in the World Economy, with Warwick McKibbin, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1991.

Editor of four volume NBER Series on Developing Country Debt and the World Economy, University of Chicago Press 1989/90 Summary Volume: Developing Country Debt and the World Economy Volume 1: Developing Country Debt and Economic Performance--The International Financial System Volume 2: Developing Country Debt and Economic Performance--Country Studies: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico Volume 3: Developing Country Debt and Economic Performance--Country Studies: Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Turkey (with Susan Collins)

Economics of Worldwide Stagflation, with Michael Bruno. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1985. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 36 of 65

Book Chapters, Essays, Published Speeches

“Wall Street Lawlessness” in Financial Systems at the Crossroads: Lessons for China, Wing Thye Woo, Yingli Pan, Jeffrey D Sachs, Junhui Qian, eds. World Scientific, 2014.

“Achieving Global Cooperation on Economic Recovery and Long-Term Sustainable Development” presented at the Asian Development Bank’s Distinguished Speakers Program held on 7 January 2009, and printed in the Asian Development Review.

“The New Global War on Malaria”, with Raymond G. Chambers, in Realizing the Right to Health, Volume 3, Andrew Clapham and Mary Robinson, eds. Ruffer & rub, Zurich 2009.

“Can Foreign Aid Reduce Poverty” in Controversies in Globalization, Peter M. Haas, John A. Hird, Beth McBratney eds. CQ Press, Washington DC, 2009.

“Introduction: Towards a new global protocol on climate change” in Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 2007/2008, Volume I, Joachim Muller and Karl P. Sauvant, eds. Oceana, New York, 2009.

“Elite Education, Advanced Research and Innovation – Europe and the US in the Face of Challenges from the ‘New World’” Presented at the 8th Hanniel Lecture, Duisburg, Germany, November 13, 2008.

“Extreme poverty,” with Gordon C. McCord, in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition, Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume, eds. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

“Regional development, geography of,” with Gordon C. McCord, in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition, Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume, eds. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

“2007 Cardozo International Advocate for Peace Award: Acceptance Speech” Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution, Volume 9, Number 2, Spring 2008.

“Paths to Peace Through Compassion, Cooperation and Sustainable Development” Presented at the Soka Gakkai International Culture Center, New York, January 24, 2008.

“The South Asian Story of Development Opportunities and Risks – The role of business community” Presented to SARRC Business Conference, February 18, 2007.

“The Importance of Investment Promotion in the Poorest Countries,” in World Investment Prospects to 2010: Boom or Backlash?, Economist Intelligence Unit and Columbia Program on International Investment, New York, 2006.

“Challenges of Sustainable Development Under Globalization,” address delivered at the University of Sydney, October 14th, 2005. Published in International Journal of Development Issues, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2005.

“Understanding African Poverty: Beyond the Washington Consensus to the Millennium Development Goals Approach,” with Gordon McCord and Wing Thye Woo, in Africa in the World Economy, Jan Joost Teunissen and Age Akkerman, eds. FONDAD: The Hague, Netherlands, 2005.

“Economic Possibilities for our Time,” 16th Annual Panglaykim Memorial Lecture, Jakarta, Indonesia, in Van Zorge Report, September 8, 2005.

“Globalization and Patterns of Economic Growth,” in Globalization: What’s New, Michael M. Weinstein (ed.) Columbia University Press: New York, 2005.

Foreword, Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, Daniel Hillel (ed.), Elsevier, Ltd.: Oxford, 2005. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 37 of 65

“Ethik im Management und nachhaltige Entwicklung," in Ethik im Management, Ruh, Hans and Klaus M. Leisinger , eds. Switzerland: Orell Füssli, Fall 2004.

“Too Poor to Stay Alive,” with Sonia Ehrilch Sachs, in Kauffmann, Kyle, David Lindauerm, Carl Volks and Desmond Tutu, AIDS and South Africa: The Social Expression of a Pandemic, May 2004.

“A Letter from Africa: Confronting our Humanity in an AIDS-Ravaged World,” in Pandemic: Facing AIDS, Umbrage Editions: New York, 2003.

“Economic Reforms in Emerging Economies,” Lecture at the Centre for Banking Studies, Central Bank of Sri Lanka Occasional Paper No. 46, 14 January 2003.

“IMF Stabilization Programs,” with Anne O. Krueger and Stanley Fischer, in Economic and Financial Crises in Emerging Market Economies, Martin Feldstein, ed. Cambridge, MA: NBER, 2003.

“Technological Advance and Long-Term Economic Growth in Asia,” with John McArthur, in Technology and the New Economy, Chong-En Bai and Chi-Wa Yuen, eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002.

“The Global Innovation Divide.” in Innovation Policy and the Economy, Volume 3. Adam B. Jaffe, Josh Lerner and Scott Stern (eds). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002.

“A role for public-private partnerships in controlling neglected diseases?” Discussion by Jeffrey Sachs, “Thinking Boldly,” pp. 772-3, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79(8), 2001.

“Reducing the Vulnerability to Natural Disasters: Hurricane Mitch and Central America,” with Juan Carlos Barahona, Eduardo Doryan and Felipe Larrain B in Economic Development in Central America, Vol. II: Structural Reform edited by Felipe Larrain B. Harvard University Press, 2001.

“The External-Debt Problem in Central America: Honduras, Nicaragua and the HIPC Initiative,” with Gerardo Esquivel and Felipe Larrain B. in Economic Development in Central America, Vol. I: Growth and Internationalization, edited by Felipe Larrain B. Harvard University Press, 2001.

“Economic Reforms and Constitutional Transition,” (with Wing Thye Woo and Xiaokai Yang) in Tran Van Hoa (ed.), Economic Crisis Management – Policy, Practice, Outcomes and Prospects, pp. 28-85, Edward Elgar, 2000.

“The Debate on Understanding China’s Economic Growth,” (with Wing Thye Woo) in Eric Maskin and Andras Simonovits (eds.), Planning, Shortage, and Transformation: Essays in Honor of Janos Kornai, MIT, 2000.

“Notes on a New Sociology of Economic Development” in Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress. Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington (eds). New York: Basic Books, 2000. Reprinted in Richard Swedberg (ed.), New Developments in Economic Sociology. 2005.

“Climate, Coastal Proximity, and Development” with Andrew Mellinger and John Gallup in Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, and Meric S. Gertler, Oxford University Press, 2000.

“A New Map of the World,” in Imagining Tomorrow: Rethinking the Global Challenge, edited by Kamalesh Sharma. Collected and compiled on the occasion of the UN Millennium Assembly, August 2000. Reprinted from The Economist, June 24, 2000.

“Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth,” with Andrew Warner, Leading Issues in Economic Development, Oxford University Press, 2000. (Previously NBER Working Paper 5398, December 1995). Reprinted in Spanish as “Recursos Naturales y Desarollo Economico” in Mineria y Desarollo, Gustavo Lagos (ed.), Foro en Economia de Minerales, Vol. 3, 2005.

“The Onset of the East Asian Financial Crisis,” with Steven Radelet, National Bureau of Economic Research volume Asian Crisis and International Solutions, Chapter 20, 1998. Rpt in Currency Crises, Paul Krugman (ed.) National Bureau of Economic Research, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2000. (Previously NBER Working Paper 6680, August 1998). Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 38 of 65

“Fiscal Policy in India's Economic Reforms,” with Nirupam Bajpai in India in the Era of Economic Reforms. Edited with Ashutosh Varshney and Nirupam Bajpai, Oxford University Press, 1999.

“The International Lender of Last Resort: What are the Alternatives?” Rethinking the International Monetary System. Conference Proceedings Series No. 43. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, June 1999.

“The Case for Regional Public Goods,” with Lisa Cook, in Global Public Goods--International Cooperation in the 21st Century, Kaul, Grunberg, and Stern (eds.), a UN publication, Oxford University Press: New York, 1999.

“Why Economies Grow,” paper presented at the XII International Conference of Private Business Associations in Stockholm, June 1998. Reprinted in Birgitta Swedenborg & Hans Tson Soderstrom (eds) Creating an Environment for Growth, pp. 17-31, Stockholm: SNS Forlag, 1999.

“Resource Endowments and the Real Exchange Rate: A Comparison of Latin America and East Asia,” in Takatoshi Ito and Anne Krueger (eds) Changes in Exchange Rates in Rapidly Developing Countries: Theory, Practice, and Policy Issues. NBER-EASE Vol. 7. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

“External Debt, Structural Adjustment and Economic Growth,” in International Monetary and Financial Issues for the 1990's, Volume IX. Conference volume for United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 1998.

“Globalization is the Driving Force for Growth in the U.S.,” in The Rising Tide: The Leading Minds of Business and Economics Chart a Course Toward Higher Growth and Prosperity, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1997.

“Emerging Markets and Foreign Aid,” in Emerging Markets and International Development: Options for U.S. Foreign Policy, Walter Surrey Memorial Series, National Planning Association, 1996.

“Achieving Rapid Growth: The Road Ahead for Egypt,” Distinguished Lecture Series 3, published by the Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, 1996.

“Comment on Rebelo and Vegh ‘Real Effects of Exchange-Rate-Based Stabilization: An Analysis of Competing Theories’”, in NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1995, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.

“Why Russia Has Failed to Stabilize,” in Russian Economic Reform at Risk, edited by Anders Aslund, Pinter: London, 1995.

“Economies in Transition: Some Aspects of Environmental Policy,” in Economic Instruments for Sustainable Development. Bedich Moldan (ed.), Workshop Proceeding, January 12-14, 1995, Prhonice, Czech Republic, Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic.

“Shock Therapy in Poland: Perspectives of Five Years,” The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Vol. 16, University of Utah, 1995.

“Do We Need an International Lender of Last Resort?” presented as Frank D. Graham Lecture at Princeton, April 1995.

“Russia's Struggle with Stabilization: Conceptual Issues and Evidence,” in Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference in Development Economics 1994, The World Bank, 1995.

“Life in the Economic Emergency Room,” in The Political Economy of Policy Reform, John Williamson (ed.), Institute for International Economics, January 1994.

“Increased IMF Intervention Would Strengthen the Republics' Economies,” in The Breakup of the Soviet Union: Opposing Viewpoints, David Bender & Bruno Leone, Series Editors, Opposing Viewpoints Series, Greenhaven Press: San Diego, 1994.

“Political Independence and Economic Reform in Slovenia,” with Boris Pleskovic, in The Transition in Eastern Europe: Volume 1, (edited by Sachs, Froot, and Blanchard), NBER Conference Volume, NBER and University of Chicago Press, 1994.

“Prospects for Monetary Stabilization in Russia," Economic Transformation in Russia, Anders Aslund (ed.),1994. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 39 of 65

“Understanding the Reform Experiences of China, Eastern Europe and Russia,” with Wing Thye Woo, in Chyng Lee and Helmut Reisen (ed.), From Reform to Growth: China and Other Countries in Transition, OECD, Paris, 1994; published in German as “Zum Verstandnis der Reformerfahrungen in China, Osteeuropa und Rubland” in Hansjorg Herr and Kurt Hubner (ed.) Der lange Marsch in die Marktwirtschaft: Entwicklungen und Erfahrungen in der VR China und Osteuropa, Fachhochschule fur Wirtschaft Berlin, 1999.

Introduction to Paper Tigers and Minotaurs: The Politics of Venezuela's Economic Reforms, by Moises Naim, A Carnegie Endowment Book, 1993.

“Comments on ‘The Chinese and Eastern European Routes to Reform’ by Alan Gelb, Gary Jefferson, and Inderjit Singh,” in NBER Macroeconomics Annual Conference Volume, NBER 1993.

“Western Financial Assistance and Russia's Reforms,” in Making Markets, S. Islam and M. Mandelbaum (eds.), New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993.

“The Russian Mass Privatization Program,” with Bozidar Djelic, Privatization Yearbook 1993, Rodney Lord (ed.), London: Privatization International, 1993.

“The Economic Transformation of Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland,” in Stabilization and Privatization in Poland, K. Poznanski (ed.), Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

“Transition from a Planned Economy to a Market Economy,” in Social and Ethical Aspects of Economics: A Colloquium in the Vatican, 1992.

“The Grand Bargain,” in The Post-Soviet Economy: Soviet and Western Perspectives, Anders Aslund (ed.), (London: Punter Publ.), 1992.

“Poland and Eastern Europe: What is to be Done?” in Foreign Economics Liberalization, Andras Koves and Paul Marer (eds.), Westview Press, 1991.

“Social Conflict and Populist Policies in Latin America” prepared for conference on “Markets, Institutions, and Cooperations: Labour Relations and Economic Performance,” Venice, Italy, October 1988, in R. Brunetta and C. Dell-Aringa (eds.), Labour Relations and Economic Performance, MacMillan Press, 1989. Spanish translation in Revista de Economica Politica, Vol. 10, No. 1(37), Jan- March, 1990, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and republished in Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Populismo Economico (Sao Paulo: Livraria Nobel S.A.) 1991. (previously NBER Working Paper 2897, March 1989).

“Bolivia's Economic Crisis,” with Juan Antonio Morales, in J. Sachs (ed.), Foreign Debt and Economic Performance, National Bureau of Economic Research and University of Chicago Press, 1989; and Developing Country Debt and Economic Performance: Country Studies--Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico, Vol 2, University of Chicago, 1990. (Previously NBER Working Paper 2620, June 1988).

“Implications of Policy Rules for the World Economy,” with W. McKibbin, in Macroeconomic Policies in an Interdependent World, R. Bryant et al. (eds.), Brookings Centre for Economic Policy Research and IMF, 1989.

“O Futuro da Crise das Dividas na America Latina,” in Nova Era da Economia Mundial, Norman Gall et al., Instituto Fernand Braudel de Economia Mundial, Pioneira: Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1989.

“Efficient Debt Reduction,” in Dealing with the Debt Crisis, Ishrat Husain and Ishac Diwan (eds.), A World Bank Symposium, Washington, DC, 1989.

“Strengthening IMF Programs in Highly Indebted Countries,” in The International Monetary Fund in a Multipolar World: Pulling Together, Catherine Gwin, Richard E. Feinberg and contributors, U.S.-Third World Policy Perspectives, No. 13, Overseas Development Council, Tranaction Books, New Brunswick (USA) and Oxford (UK), 1989.

“Default and Renegotiation of Latin American Foreign Bonds in the Interwar Period,” with Erika Jorgensen, in B. Eichengreen and P. Lindert (eds.), A Long Run Perspective on the Debt Crisis, 1989. (Previously NBER Working Paper 2636, June 1988). Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 40 of 65

“Correcting Global Imbalances: A Simulation Approach,” with W. McKibbin and N. Roubini, in Robert M. Stern (ed.), U.S.- Canadian Trade and Investment Relations with Japan, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 1989.

“The Debt Overhang of Developing Countries,” in G. Calvo et al (eds.) Debt Stabilization & Development--Essays in Memory of Carlos Diaz-Alejandro. WIDER/UNU (Helsinki) and Basil Blackwell Inc., 1989.

“International Payments Imbalances of the East Asian Developing Economies,” with Mark Sundberg in Fieleke, N.S. (ed.), International Payments Imbalances in the 1980's, Proceedings of a conference held in October 1988, Conference Series No. 32, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.

“Coordination of Monetary and Fiscal Policies in the Industrial Economies,” with W. McKibbin, in Jacob A. Frenkel (ed.), International Aspects of Fiscal Policies, National Bureau of Economic Research and University of Chicago Press, 1988. (Previously NBER Working Paper 1800, January 1986).

“International Policy Coordination: The Case of the Developing Country Debt Crisis,” in Martin Feldstein, International Economic Cooperation, National Bureau of Economic Research and University of Chicago Press, 1988. (Previously NBER Working Paper 2287, June 1987).

“Sources of Macroeconomic Imbalances in the World Economy: A Simulation Approach,” with N. Roubini, in Suzuki (ed.), Toward a World of Economic Stability: Optimal Monetary Framework and Policy, Bank of Japan, Tokyo, Japan, 1988. (Previously NBER Working Paper 2339, August 1987).

“Trade and Exchange Rate Policies in Growth-Oriented Adjustment Programs,” in Vittorio Corbo, M. Goldstein, and M. Khan (eds.), Growth -Oriented Adjustment Programs, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Spanish translation in Revista de Economic Politica, Volume 8, No. 2 (30), April-June, 1988. (Previously NBER Working Paper 2226, April 1987).

“High Unemployment in Europe: Diagnosis and Policy Implications,” in Unemployment in Europe, C-H Siven (ed.), proceedings of Yxtaholm Conference of September, 1985, SAF, Stockholm, Sweden. (previously NBER Working Paper 1830, February 1986.

“Is There a Case for More Managed Exchange Rates,” in The Dollar--Recent Developments, Outlooks, and Policy Options, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 1985.

“Borrowing Abroad: The Debtor's Perspective,” with Richard Cooper, in Cuddington and Smith (eds.), International Debt and the Developing Countries, World Bank Symposium, 1985. (Previously NBER Working Paper 1427, August 1984).

“Energy and Growth under Flexible Exchange Rates.” in J. Bhandari and B. Putnam, The International Transmission of Economic Disturbances, pp 191-220, (MIT Press, 1983). (Previously NBER Working Paper 582, November 1980).

“Comment: Real Adjustment and Exchange Rate Dynamics (Neary and Purvis),” in J. Frenkel (ed.), Exchange Rates and International Macroeconomics, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1983.

“Comment: IMF Conditionality in Italy, Portugal, and the United Kingdom (by Spaventa, Silva Lopes, and Crawford),” in J. Williamson (ed), IMF Conditionality, Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC, 1983.

“LDC Debt: Problems and Prospects,” in P. Wachtel (ed.), Crises in the Economic and Financial Structure, (Lexington Books, 1982) and LDC Debt in the 1980s: Risks and Reforms.

Newspaper, Magazine Articles, and Syndicated Columns (Partial)

“Trump’s policies will displace the dollar,” Project Syndicate, September 3, 2018 “Kofi Annan protected us from our worst instincts,” CNN, August 20, 2018 “Billionaires reach for the stars while world suffers,” CNN, August 15, 2018 “Medicare for all makes a lot of sense,” CNN, August 4, 2018 “We are all climate refugees now,” Project Syndicate, August 2, 2018 “Trump is robbing America of what makes it great,” The Washington Post, July 25, 2018 Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 41 of 65

“Trump is taking US down the path to tyranny,” CNN, July 24, 2018 “America is falling far behind on key world goals,” CNN, July 11, 2018 “Trump’s psychopathology is getting worse,” with Bandy X. Lee, Project Syndicate, July 3, 2018 “Energy for the common good,” Project Syndicate, June 18, 2018 “Trump’s insane trade war,” CNN, June 1, 2018 “Ending America’s war of choice in the Middle East,” Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development, May 20, 2018 “Europe must confront America’s extraterritorial sanctions,” Project Syndicate, May 17, 2018 “Denuclearization means the US, too,” Project Syndicate, May 7, 2018 “Lessons from the Millennium Villages Project: a personal perspective,” The Lancet, May 1, 2018 “Mick Mulvaney delivers the chilling truth,” CNN, April 26, 2018 “We can fix this: Don’t be dispirited by Big Oil’s power in the age of Trump – real climate change solutions are in reach,” New York Daily News, April 22, 2018 “UK regulators would be wise to block Fox bid,” Financial Times, Letters to the Editor, April 18, 2018 “Forget Trans Mountain, here’s the sustainable way forward for Canada’s energy sector,” The Globe and Mail, April 13, 2018 “Facebook and the future of online privacy,” Project Syndicate, April 12, 2018 “Scott Pruitt is the face of America’s big problem,” CNN, April 10, 2018 “Italian politics and Europe’s future,” Project Syndicate, April 9, 2018 “Trump is right about Syria: It’s time to leave,” The Boston Globe, April 5, 2018 “China’s bold energy vision,” Project Syndicate, April 2, 2018 “Meeting the challenges of a changing world, Imagine Magazine, March 16, 2018 “Gary Cohn is the latest Goldman Sachs alum to ill-serve America,” CNN, March 8, 2018 “Trump’s tariff move shows he flunked economics,” CNN, March 2, 2018 “Trump’s war psyche and world peace,” with Bandy X. Lee, Project Syndicate, February 23, 2018 “Ending America’s disastrous role in Syria,” Project Syndicate, February 16, 2018 “The World Bank needs to return to its mission,” Project Syndicate, February 9, 2018 “The West’s broken promises on education aid,” Project Syndicate, January 17, 2018 “A bold bid for climate justice,” CNN, January 12, 2018 “The bitcoin bubble will likely burst, and here’s why,” The Boston Globe, January 3, 2018 “A Trump Christmas Carol,” Project Syndicate, December 29, 2017 “America’s health is declining – and corporations are stoking this crisis,” CNN, December 27, 2017 “Stopping Armageddon,” The Boston Globe, December 14, 2017 “The GOP’s rush to tax cuts was brainless,” CNN, November 28, 2017 “A new grand coalition for Germany – and Europe,” Project Syndicate, November 28, 2017 “Runaway greed enabled by the tax bill will lead to a crisis,” The Boston Globe, November 28, 2017 “Dear Senators: Don’t bankrupt our country,” CNN, November 20, 2017 “The GOP tax cut is daylight robbery,” The Boston Globe, November 14, 2017 “Big data and big money have subverted our democracy,” The Boston Globe, November 3, 2017 “The US plutocracy’s war on sustainable development,” Project Syndicate, November 2, 2017 “The ominous absurdity of Trump’s tax cuts,” CNN, October 30, 2017 “Corporate tax cut propaganda,” The Boston Globe, October 20, 2017 “Sachs: A modest proposal on guns,” CNN, October 16, 2017 “15 questions about tax reform,” The Boston Globe, October 12, 2017 “An academic, an entrepreneur, and a former politician’s new plan to fix our broken politics,” with Daniel Squadron and Adam Pritzker, The Daily Beast, October 9, 2017 “The disunited states of American gun control,” Project Syndicate, October 6, 2017 “Sachs: Ban semiautomatic assault weapons and save lives,” CNN, October 4, 2017 “Trump on the warpath,” Project Syndicate, September 27, 2017 “Trump pushes US closer to war,” The Boston Globe, September 20, 2017 “Big Oil will have to pay up, like Big Tobacco,” CNN, September 15, 2017 “Disaster insurance needs an overhaul,” The Boston Globe, September 14, 2017 “Land and the SDGs,” Land Portal, September 6, 2017 “How to break the 40-year working class losing streak,” The Boston Globe, August 17, 2017 “Surviving America’s political meltdown,” Project Syndicate, August 11, 2017 “America’s dangerous anti-Iran posturing,” Project Syndicate, August 1, 2017 “Lessons from JFK in a time of Trump”, The Boston Globe, July 27, 2017 “On ethics, Trump is leading America in the wrong direction,” CNN, July 26, 2017 Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 42 of 65

“Lies and the lying lobbyists who tell them,” The Boston Globe, July 20, 2017 “The G20’s harmony without Trump,” Project Syndicate, July 11, 2017 “Ending the Ronald Reagan lie,” The Boston Globe, July 11, 2017 “America, we still have a jobs problem,” CNN, July 7, 2017 “A warning on the eve of the G-20 summit,” The Boston Globe, July 5, 2017 “Tax reform that works for all,” The Boston Globe, June 27, 2017 “Jeffrey Sachs: America can save $1 trillion and get better health care,” CNN, June 27, 2017 “Trump’s climate change sociopathy,” Project Syndicate, June 7, 2017 “How Trump could make US a climate pariah over Paris pact,” CNN, June 1, 2017 “America’s Broken Democracy,” Project Syndicate, May 31, 2017 “Will Economic Illiteracy Trigger a Trade War?” Project Syndicate, April 20, 2017 “Our misguided ‘wars of choice,’” The Boston Globe, April 17, 2017 “Eurasia is on the rise. Will the US be left on the sidelines?” The Boston Globe, April 9, 2017 “US military should get out of the Middle East,” The Boston Globe, April 3, 2017 “Donald Trump’s Climate Fantasies,” Project Syndicate, March 31, 2017 “Trump Passes the Baton of Technological Leadership to China,” The Boston Globe, March 27, 2017 “The Muslim Ban and American History,” The Boston Globe, March 19, 2017 “The Ethics and Practicalities of Foreign Aid,” The Boston Globe, March 13, 2017 “The High Costs of Abandoning International Law,” The Boston Globe, March 6, 2017 “The Three Trumps,” Project Syndicate, March 1, 2017 “Trump’s foreign policy populism is doomed to fail,” The Boston Globe, February 26, 2017 “The Middle East: Contradictory promises that led to a century of conflict,” The Boston Globe, February 19, 2017 “Trump and the Doomsday Clock,” The Boston Globe, February 12, 2017 “Donald Trump’s dangerous China illusions,” The Boston Globe, February 5, 2017 “Why Millennials Will Reject Trump,” Project Syndicate, February 2, 2017 “The Balance Sheet on ‘America First’,” The Boston Globe, January 29, 2017 “The Shifting Global Landscape,” The Boston Globe, January 22, 2017 “US Foreign Policy – from Primacy to Global Problem Solving,” The Boston Globe, January 15, 2017 “Learning to Love a Multipolar World,” Project Syndicate, December 29, 2016 “Restoring Civic Virtue in America,” The Boston Globe, December 4. 2016 “The End of AIDS,” Project Syndicate, November 29, 2016 “Big Innovations Require Big Investment,” The Boston Globe, November 27, 2016 “US Must Transition to Low-Carbon Energy,” The Boston Globe, November 20, 2016 “Donald Trump and the rebuilding of America,” The Boston Globe, November 13, 2016 “Prosperity in Sustainability,” The Boston Globe, November 7, 2016 “Investment for Sustainable Growth,” Project Syndicate, October 31, 2016 “The Fatal Expense of American Imperialism,” The Boston Globe, October 30, 2016 “Disparities and High Costs Fuel the Health Care Crisis,” The Boston Globe, October 24, 2016 “The Truth about Trade,” The Boston Globe, October 17, 2016 “Smart Machines and the Future of Jobs,” The Boston Globe, October 10, 2016 “Facing Up to Income Inequality,” The Boston Globe, October 2, 2016 “From the CIA to the GFE,” Project Syndicate, September 29, 2016 “Sustainable infrastructure after the Automobile Age,” The Boston Globe, September 26, 2016 “Apple’s $14.5bill in Back Taxes Should Belong to the U.S. – But We Didn’t Want to Take It,” Fast Company, September 19, 2016 “Decoding the Federal Budget,” The Boston Globe, September 18, 2016 “Economic choices facing the United States: Why we need a new direction,” The Boston Globe, September, 12, 2016 “America’s True Role in Syria,” Project Syndicate, August 30, 2016 “Sustainable development: a new kind of globalization,” Globalization, July 19, 2016 “Why ISIS Persists,” Project Syndicate, July 11, 2016 “Brexit is a symptom of globalization’s deeper ills,” The Boston Globe, June 28, 2016 “The Meaning of Brexit,” Project Syndicate, June 27, 2016 “Clinton’s Speech Shows that Only Sanders Is Fit for the Presidency,” The Huffington Post, June 6, 2016 “Financing Health and Education for All,” Project Syndicate, May 31, 2016 “Jeffrey Sachs: Bernie Sanders easily wins the policy debate,” The Washington Post, May 25, 2016 “The age of impunity,” The Boston Globe, May 13, 2016 “To end corruption, start with the US and UK. They allow it in broad daylight,” The Guardian, May 12, 2016 Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 43 of 65

“Repairing America’s Broken Foreign Policy,” with Hannah Sachs, Jadaliyya, May 6, 2016 “America, unrepentant still,” The Boston Globe, May 1, 2016 “New Politics for Clean Energy,” Project Syndicate, April 27, 2016 “American Returns to Cuba,” with Hannah Sachs, Project Syndicate, March 22, 2016 “A three-point solution to the migrant crisis,” The Boston Globe, March 16, 2016 “The big difference between Clinton and Sanders,” CNN, March 9, 2016 “Ending the Syrian War,” Project Syndicate, February 29, 2016 “Hillary Clinton and the Syrian Bloodbath,” The Huffington Post, February 11, 2016 “How the US Congress Hands US Corporate Taxes to Europe,” The Huffington Post, February 8, 2016 “Hillary is the Candidate of the War Machine,” The Huffington Post, February 5, 2016 “The GDP doesn’t tell the whole story about economic growth,” The Boston Globe, February 4, 2016 “The Global Economy’s Marshmallow Test,” Project Syndicate, January 27, 2016 “China at the economic crossroads,” The Boston Globe, January 11, 2016 “Jeffrey D. Sachs on How to Forge a Grand Bargain on Energy,” The Wall Street Journal, December 31, 2015 “A New Century for the Middle East,” Project Syndicate, December 19, 2015 “The Wall Street Journal Abandons Its Business Readers,” The Huffington Post, December 14, 2015 “Let’s hail the Paris climate agreement and get to work,” Financial Times, December 12, 2015 “From Good Intentions to Deep Decarbonization,” with Guido Schmidt-Traub & Jim Williams, Project Syndicate, December 4, 2015. “Ending Blowback Terrorism,” Project Syndicate, November 19, 2015. “TPP is too flawed for a simple ‘yes’ vote,” The Boston Globe, November 7, 2015. “There’s No Perfect Answer to the Migrant Crisis – and We Must Face That,” The Guardian, November 2, 2015. “The Japan Syndrome Comes to China,” Project Syndicate, October 16, 2015. “The Clean Energy Moonshot,” Project Syndicate, October 6, 2015. “Rational Drug Pricing,” Huffington Post, September 24, 2015. “The Data Revolution for Sustainable Development,” with S. Badiee, R. Chen, E. Giovannini, Project Syndicate, September 18, 2015. “Solving Syria in the Security Council,” Project Syndicate, September 15, 2015. “The UN at 70,” Project Syndicate, August 21, 2015. “The Cure for Gilead,” Huffington Post, August 3, 2015. “Gilead’s Greed that Kills,” Huffington Post, July 27, 2015. “Germany, Greece, and the Future of Europe,” Project Syndicate, July 20, 2015. “Saying No to the Warmongers,” Project Syndicate, July 17, 2015. “Down and Out in Athens and Brussels,” Project Syndicate, July 11, 2015. “Statesmanship and the Greek Crisis,” Project Syndicate, July 7, 2015. “A Corpse Can’t Carry Out Reform in Greece. Here’s What Can,” Project Syndicate, July 6, 2015. “A Way Out for Greece,” Project Syndicate, July 3, 2015. “A Call to Scale-Up Community Health Workers,” Huffington Post, June 15, 2015. “The G-7 Embraces Decarbonization,” Project Syndicate, June 10, 2015. “The Impunity Trap,” Project Syndicate, June 3, 2015. "Nutrition in the age of sustainable development," SCN News, May 26, 2015. “Defend Workers and the Environment Before Voting Fast Track,” Huffington Post, May 14, 2015. "Not So Fast," with Lisa Sachs and Lise Johnson, U.S. News & World Report, May 12, 2015. "A Call to Virtue," America Magazine, May 8, 2015. “Data for Development,” Project Syndicate, May 6, 2015. “Insuring for Disaster,” New York Times, May 4, 2015. “Climate Change and the Catholic Church,” Project Syndicate, May 3, 2015. "The Path to Happiness: Lessons from the 2015 World Happiness Report," Huffington Post, April 23, 2015. “ExxonMobil’s Dangerous Business Strategy,” Project Syndicate, April 17, 2015. "Krugman’s Anti-Cameron Contradiction," Project Syndicate, April 10, 2015. "Why the Sustainable Development Goals Matter,” Project Syndicate, March 30, 2015. “Financing Education for All,” Project Syndicate, March 19, 2015. "By separating nature from economics, we have walked blindly into tragedy," The Guardian, March 10, 2015. "No Hiding From Sustainable Development," Project Syndicate, March 3, 2015. "The Drug That Is Bankrupting America," Huffington Post, February 16, 2015. "The ECB’s New Macroeconomic Realism," Project Syndicate, January 22, 2015. "Let Greece profit from German history," The Guardian, January 21, 2015. "Why It’s Time to Raise the Federal Tax on Gasoline," Politico, January 19, 2015. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 44 of 65

"The real climate battle after a sweltering 2014," Financial Times, January 18, 2015. "Why the shadow of WW1 and 1989 hangs over world events," BBC News Magazine, December 16, 2014. "The Year of Sustainable Development," Project Syndicate, December 9, 2014. "China’s New Global Leadership," Project Syndicate, November 21, 2014."The climate breakthrough in Beijing gives the world a fighting chance," Financial Times, November 12, 2014. "Understanding and Overcoming America's Plutocracy," Huffington Post, November 6, 2014. "A New Macroeconomic Strategy," Project Syndicate, October 24, 2014. "We don't need an Ebola czar," CNBC, October 17, 2014. "Global Handwashing Day in the Time of Ebola," with Myriam Sidibe, Huffington Post, October 15, 2014. "Sustainable Development Goals for a New Era," HORIZONS, September 22, 2014. "Stop the ISIS War Before It Gets Worse!," with Michael Shank, The Daily Beast, September 17, 2014. "The Price of Scottish Independence," Project Syndicate, September 16, 2014. "Let the Middle East Fight Its Own War on ISIS," Huffington Post, September 10, 2014. "The 'Wall Street Journal' Parade of Climate Lies," Huffington Post, September 6, 2014. "Why I am Endorsing Zephyr Teachout and Tim Wu," Huffington Post, September 5, 2014. "Let the Middle East Govern Itself," Project Syndicate, September 1, 2014. "The G20, human health and sustainability: an interview with Jeffrey D Sachs," Medical Journal of Australia, August 2014. "Responding to Ebola," Project Syndicate, August 11, 2014. "Sanctions can help break the spiral of war," Financial Times, July 31, 2014. "The Waste of War," Project Syndicate, July 21, 2014. "How to decarbonise the global economy," Financial Times, July 8, 2014. "The Limits of Climate Negotiations," Project Syndicate, June 23, 2014. "Universal basic education is the millennium goal everyone forgot," Washington Post, June 22, 2014. "The EPA Is Right and US Chamber of Commerce Is Wrong on Climate Change," Huffington Post, June 16, 2014. "Interview with UNCCD News," UNCCD News, June 9, 2014. "Kudos to the White House and EPA on the New Climate Regulations," Huffington Post, June 3, 2014. "Our Last Chance for a Safe Planet," Project Syndicate, May 28, 2014. "Putin’s Perilous Course," Project Syndicate, April 21, 2014. "Market Reformer," America, March 24, 2014. "Ukraine and the Crisis of International Law," Project Syndicate, March 24, 2014 “From Moscow to Sochi,” Project Syndicate, February 17, 2014. “Why de Blasio wins the pre-K faceoff,” Daily News, February 9, 2014. “How the AEI Distorts the Climate Debate,” Huffington Post, February 8, 2014. “Our Dangerous Budget and What to Do About It, “New York Review of Books, February 6, 2014. “How the Obama Administration, Congress, and the Keynesians Gutted the Budget,” Huffington Post, February 6, 2014. “Keystone: The Pipeline to Disaster,” Huffington Post, February 3, 2014. “Europe still sets the standard for a low-carbon future,” Financial Times, January 28, 2014. “The Challenge of Deep Decarbonisation,” The Gulf News, January 22, 2014. “The Case for Aid,” Foreign Policy, January 21, 2014. “The Age of Sustainable Development,” Project Syndicate, December 23, 2013. “The Age of Sustainable Development,” Coursera, December 19, 2013. “World to Poor: Drop Dead” Huffington Post, December 4, 2013. “Cities and Sustainable Development” Project Syndicate, November 25, 2013. “Why We Need a New Macroeconomics,” Huffington Post, November 18, 2013. “What we can learn from JFK’s leadership,” Fareed Zakaria GPS, November 18, 2013. “JFK: Man of Hope,” The Times, November 15, 2013. “Winning the Fight Against Killer Diseases,” Project Syndicate, October 29, 2013. “The End of Poverty, Soon,” New York Times, September 25, 2013. “The next frontier,” The Economist, September 21, 2013. “New United Nations initiative on sustainable development comes to campus,” Columbia Spectator, September 17, 2013. “Zero new HIV infections among children can be a reality,” with Michel Sidibé, CNN, September 16, 2013. “What the US Can Learn from Denmark About Happiness!,” Huffington Post, September 9, 2013. “Global Development’s Winning Goals,” Project Syndicate, September 3, 2013. “Bring Back Egypt’s Elected Government,” Project Syndicate, July 15, 2013. “Restore Egypt’s Elected Government,” Huffington Post, July 10, 2013. “Profiles in Peacemaking,” Project Syndicate, June 27, 2013. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 45 of 65

“War lobby on top in Washington,” Fareed Zakaria GPS, June 20, 2013. “J.F.K. and the Power of Practical Idealism,” International Herald Tribune, June 9, 2013. “Sustainable Visions,” Project Syndicate, June 7, 2013. “How JFK Moved the World Towards Peace,” Huffington Post, June 4, 2013. “John F. Kennedy: ‘We all breathe the same air’,” Guardian, May 31, 2013. “Why Turkey is Thriving,” Project Syndicate, May 27, 2013. “Time to End the Tax Havens,” Huffington Post, May 9, 2013. “Austerity exposes the global threat from tax havens,” Financial Times, April 29, 2013. “Suffer the Children, Suffer the Country,” Project Syndicate, April 22, 2013. “A Better Approach Towards North Korea,” Huffington Post, April 15, 2013 “Obama’s budget signals the retreat of US government.” Financial Times, April 11, 2013. “Paths to Sustainable Power,” Project Syndicate, March 28, 2013. “How Not to Make America Great,” Esquire, March 25, 2013. “Happy Happiness Day!,” Huffington Post, March 20, 2013. “The hidden convergence of America’s rival budgets," Financial Times, March 18, 2013. "Deficits do matter," with Joe Scarborough, Washington Post, March 7, 2013. "How Obama's Politics Led to Sequestration," Huffington Post, March 4, 2013. "A Better Way to Fight Climate Change," Project Syndicate, February 28, 2013. "Obama has always planned to slash spending," Financial Times, February 27, 2013. "Mali is just the latest example of failed western thinking," Financial Times, February 7, 2013. "America’s New Progressive Era?" Project Syndicate, January 31, 2013. "Writing the Future," Project Syndicate, January 24, 2013. "The Vision and the Budget," Huffington Post, January 22, 2013. "That was no cliff. It was a kids’ playground," Times of London, January 2, 2013. "Reject the Deal," Huffington Post, January 1, 2013. "The One-Million Community Health Worker Campaign," with Prabhjot Singh, Global Health and Diplomacy, Winter 2013. "Going Over the Cliff Is the Only Way to Save the Government," Huffington Post, December 29, 2012. "Retreating From Violence in 2013," Huffington Post, December 27, 2012. "How the Right is Wrong About Happiness," Huffington Post, December 20, 2012. "Overcoming Delusions About the Second Amendment," Huffington Post, December 18, 2012. "Gun Control After Newtown," Project Syndicate, December 17, 2012. "Today’s challenges go beyond Keynes," Financial Times, December 17, 2012. "Polluters Must Pay," Project Syndicate, November 26, 2012. "The Great Fiscal Melodrama," Politico, November 15, 2012. "Obama Has Four Years to Fix the Economy," Financial Times, November 11, 2012. "Attention, Mr. President: No Politics, Just Our Solutions — Saving the Climate," Parade, November 4, 2012. "The Election," special in New York Review of Books, November 2012. “The Lost Generations,” Project Syndicate, October 24, 2012. “Washing Up - and Saving Lives by the Millions,” with Paul Polman, Huffington Post, October 15, 2012. “Finding the Keys to National Prosperity,” Project Syndicate, September 26, 2012. “Achieving universal health coverage in low-income settings,” The Lancet, September 8, 2012. “Economic Policy Beyond Gimmicks," Huffington Post, September 8, 2012. “Tackling Extreme Rural Poverty in Northern Ghana,” Huffington Post, August 28, 2012. “A Global Solutions Network,” Project Syndicate, August 22, 2012. “America has lost the battle over government,” Financial Times, August 16, 2012. “Waiting in Vain for the Quick Fix,” Huffington Post, August 6, 2012. “Our Summer of Climate Truth,” Project Syndicate, July 27, 2012. “Move America's economic debate out of its time warp,” Financial Times, July 12, 2012. “Does a country's economic prosperity lead to happiness?” Costco Connection, July 2012. “A Rio Report Card,” Project Syndicate, June 18, 2012. “From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals,” The Lancet, June 9, 2012. “Aid Works,” Project Syndicate, May 30, 2012 “The future of development goals,” in the Commonwealth Ministers Reference Book 2012. “To save the eurozone, save the banks,” Financial Times A-List, May 21, 2012. “Global health within our grasp, if we don't give up,” CNN Opinion, May 9, 2012. “We must move beyond growth versus austerity,” Financial Times, May 7, 2012. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 46 of 65

“Rise of Generation Occupy,” excerpted from “From Cairo to Wall Street,” Salon, May 1, 2012. “A World Adrift," Project Syndicate, April 22, 2012. “How Malawi Fed Its Own People," International Herald Tribune, April 19, 2012. “The Happiest Countries are in Northern Europe,” with John Helliwell and Richard Layard, Huffington Post, March 30, 2012. “Breakthrough Leadership for the World Bank.” Project Syndicate, March 27, 2012. “The new World Bank president should strive to make a difference in Africa.” Daily Nation, March 6, 2012. “How I would lead the World Bank.” Washington Post, March 1, 2012. “A World Bank for a New World.” Project Syndicate, February 24, 2012. “Entitlements Hysteria.” Huffington Post, February 17, 2012. “An American budget for the rich and powerful.” Financial Times, February 13, 2012. “Sustainable Humanity.” Project Syndicate, January 31, 2012. “Self-interest, Without Morals, Leads to Capitalism’s Self-Destruction.” Financial Times, January 18, 2012. “Breakthrough in Saving Lives in Rural Africa.” Huffington Post, January 17, 2012. “Libertarian Illusions.” Huffington Post, January 15, 2012. “How the Wall Street Journal Misleads About Federal Jobs.” Huffington Post, January 14, 2012. “Nigeria Hurtles Into a Tense Crossroad.” International Herald Tribune, January 10, 2012. “Gorbachev and the Struggle for Democracy.” Huffington Post, December 26, 2011. “Western politicians are dire, but we mustn’t despise government.” The Guardian, December 16, 2011. “How America is strangling the state.” Financial Times, December 15, 2011. “Challenges at the Cutting Edge of Fighting Global Poverty.” Huffington Post, December 4, 2011. “Politicians just don’t care enough to tackle this scourge.” The Independent, November 30, 2011. “Fairness and the Occupy Movement Revisited.” Huffington Post, November 28, 2011. “What Will Reform Wall Street?” Time Ideas, November 28, 2011. “Washington Leaves Millions to Die.” Huffington Post, November 25, 2011. “Services without Tears.” Project Syndicate, November 24, 2011. “The Super Committee’s Big Lie.” Huffington Post, November 20, 2011. “The New Progressive Movement.” New York Times, November 12, 2011. “Let’s Save the Eurozone From Itself.” Sunday Business Post, November 12, 2011. “Emerging economies are the key to the eurozone’s survival.” Financial Times, November 7, 2011. “Now is the moment to bring banks to heel.” Daily Mail, November 3, 2011. “Obama, the G20, and the 99 Percent.” Huffington Post, November 1, 2011. “A Nation of Vidiots.” Project Syndicate, October 28, 2011. “What sort of world awaits the seven billionth person?” Irish Times, October 28, 2011. “Plan B: Agree financial transaction tax.” New Statesman, October 18, 2011. “Message to Wall Street.” Huffington Post, October 17, 2011. “Occupy Wall Street and the Demand for Economic Justice.” Huffington Post, October 13, 2011. “The Murdoch Legacy.” Huffington Post, October 10, 2011. “The Budget for True National Security.” Huffington Post, October 7, 2011. “A New Direction for American Economic Policy.” Huffington Post, October 4, 2011. “In the Front Line.” Our Planet, September 2011. “Globalization’s Government.” Project Syndicate, September 30, 2011. “Why America Must Revive Its Middle Class.” TIME Magazine, September 30, 2011. “Grim Realities in the Obama Budget Plan.” Huffington Post, September 21, 2011. “Two Parties, No Solutions to Jobs.” Huffington Post, September 16, 2011. “A Real Jobs Program.” Huffington Post, September 9, 2011. “The Economics of Happiness.” Project Syndicate, August 29, 2011. “Tripped up by globalisation.”Financial Times, August 18, 2011. “A New Economic Strategy for America.” Politico, August 4, 2011. “Famine and Hope in the Horn of Africa.” Project Syndicate, July 31, 2011. “Budgetary Deceit and America's Decline.” Huffington Post, July 23, 2011. “A bank tax can help Greece avoid default.” Financial Times, July 19, 2011. “Greece can be saved - here's how to do it.” Financial Times, June 30, 2011. “Ban Ki-moon and the Age of Sustainable Development.” Project Syndicate, June 24, 2011. “How Communities Can End AIDS.” Huffington Post, June 9, 2011. “A manifesto for the fund's new supremo.” Financial Times, May 30, 2011. “Nigeria's Historic Opportunity.” International Herald Tribune, May 30, 2011. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 47 of 65

“A World of Regions.” Project Syndicate, May 25, 2011. “A budget plan that puts people first.” CNN, May 23, 2011. “Fairness and Efficiency in Taxation.” Huffington Post, April 23, 2011. “De-Mystifying the Budget Debate.” Huffington Post, April 18, 2011. “The Arab Young and Restless.” Project Syndicate, March 31, 2011. “Stop this race to the bottom on corporate tax.” Financial Times, March 28, 2011. “The Arab World's Agents of Change.” International Herald Tribune, March 28, 2011. “To end the food crisis, the G20 must keep a promise.” Financial Times, February 18, 2011. “In Search of Equilibrium.” International Herald Tribune, December 2, 2010. “Fight for Survival: Sustainability in the Gulf.” The Huffington Post, November 1, 2010. “Chile’s Lessons in Leadership.” International Herald Tribune, October 20, 2010. “America’s Investment Crisis.” The Daily Beast, October 7, 2010. “Millennium Goals, Five Years to Go.” Huffington Post, September 19, 2010. “Saying ‘Nuts’ to Hunger.” Huffington Post, September 9, 2010. “Sow the seeds of long-term growth.” Financial Times, July 21, 2010. “Time to plan for post-Keynsian era.” Financial Times, June 7, 2010. “Educated women hold the key to ending poverty.” The Independent, April 18, 2010. “Robin Hood Tax’s time has come.” The Guardian, March 18, 2010. “A frugal policy is the better solution.” Financial Times, March 14, 2010. “Rob rich bankers and give money to the poor.” Times of London, March 10, 2010. “Fixing the Broken Government Policy Process.” Scientific American, February 2010. “How to tame the deficit.” Time Magazine, February 18, 2010. “After the earthquake, how to rebuild Haiti from scratch.” Washington Post, January 17, 2010. “Looking for change in the beltway: the need for open process.” Scientific American, January 2010. “Hold the rich nations to their word.” Financial Times, December 16, 2009. “A Better Strategy for Afghanistan.” The Huffington Post, December 14, 2009. “The Surrealism of the Afghan Surge.” The Huffington Post, December 7, 2009. “Enough posturing politics. Time to let the experts lead.” The Guardian, December 2, 2009. “Can we feed and save the planet?” Scientific American, December 2009. “America’s Broken Politics.” The Guardian, November 23, 2009. “Obama has lost his way on jobs.” Financial Times, November 11, 2009. “Clunker of a Climate Policy.” Scientific American, November 2009. “It’s too late to seal a global climate deal. But we need action, not Kyoto II.” The Guardian, September 30, 2009. “America has passed on the baton.” Financial Times, September 29, 2009. “Good News on Malaria Control.” Scientific American, August 2009. “Still Needed: A Climate Plan.” Scientific American, July 2009. “Rethink the Global Money Supply.” Scientific American, June 2009. “No Need to Oversimplify Poverty.” Huffington Post, June 1, 2009. “Paying for What Government Should Do.” Scientific American, May 2009. “Peace Through Development,” Project Syndicate, May 2009. “Moyo’s Confused Attack on Aid for Africa,” with John McArthur. Huffington Post, May 27, 2009. “Without Aid, Rwanda’s Investment Programmes Would Have Collapsed.” Financial Times, May 27, 2009. “Aid Ironies.” Huffington Post, May 24, 2009. “Putting a Price on Carbon: An Emissions Cap or a Tax?” Yale Environment 360, May 7, 2009. “Food for Thought.” Economy Viewpoint, The Report – Senegal 2009, Oxford Business Group, April 2009. “Water Wars,” Project Syndicate, April 2009. “Needed: A Fiscal Framework – not a Stimulus.” Scientific American, April 2009. “The big ZERO in G20,” with Brett House. Mail & Guardian, April 21, 2009. “Homegrown Aid.” The New York Times, April 8, 2009. “The Geithner-Summers plan is worse than you think,” with Laurence J. Kotlikoff. Financial Times, April 6, 2009 “The Geithner-Summers plan is even worse than we thought.” Huffington Post, April 6, 2009. “G20 accomplishments beyond expectation.” Huffington Post, April 2, 2009. “The Transition to Sustainability,” Project Syndicate, March 2009. “Crisis with a cure.” Financial Times Health Supplement, March 26, 2009. “Obama’s bank plan could rob the taxpayer.” Financial Times, March 25, 2009 “Will Geithner and Summers try to raid the FDIC?” Huffington Post, March 23, 2009. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 48 of 65

“Capitalism and moral sentiments.” Huffington Post, March 21, 2009. “3 billion poor people need world’s help.” CNN.com, March 20, 2009. “An Industrial Policy for Climate Change.” McKinsey Quarterly, February 2009. “Global Macroeconomic Cooperation,” Project Syndicate, February 2009. “Transforming the Auto Industry.” Scientific American, February 23, 2009. “Recession Watch: Boost the Developing World.” Nature, February 18, 2009. “How to bring back the Big 3.” Fortune, February 17, 2009. “A proposal on how to clean up the banks.” Huffington Post, February 12, 2009. “5 points on the critical state of the economy.” Huffington Post, February 9, 2009. “A strategy of contingent nationalization.” Financial Times, February 5, 2009. “A Breakt hrough Against Hunger,” Project Syndicate, January 2009. “Blackouts and Cascading Failures of the Global Markets.” Scientific American, January 2009. “Eight Principles for a Global Agreement on Climate Change.” COP15 UN Climate Change Conference Blog, January 28, 2009. “Rewriting the rule book for 21st Century capitalism.” The Guardian, January 28, 2009. “The stimulus is a fiscal straightjacket.” FT.com’s The Economists’ Forum, January 27, 2009. “The Case for Bigger Government.” Time Magazine, January 8, 2009. “Good News in Bad Times,” Project Syndicate, December 2008. “Priorities for fixing the Financial Crisis.” Scientific American, December 2008. “Monday Meltdown: How Lehman's Fall Created a Global Panic.” Fortune, December 15, 2008. “The Obama Generation Takes the Helm.” GOOD Magazine, December 10, 2008. “A Sustainable Recovery,” Project Syndicate, November 2008. “Looking after the Future.” Scientific American, November 2008. “A New System for Development Aid.” FT.com’s Comment, November 28, 2008. “A Bridge for the Carmakers.” Washington Post, November 17, 2008. “Better Cities, Better Life: Challenges for Shanghai.” Shanghai Daily, November 12, 2008. “Obama Needs Time to Rescue Economy.” Irish Times, November 11, 2008. “Work With the World: The US cannot go it alone if it is to get through the financial mess.” The Guardian, November 10, 2008. “Job One: Some thoughts on what Obama's top priority should be.” Washington Post, November 9, 2008. “Boom, Bust, and Recovery in the World Economy,” Project Syndicate, October 2008. “How to Fix the U.S. Financial Crisis.” Scientific American, Online October 2008, Printed December 2008. “Briefing: The Hype - and Hope - of clean coal.” The Week, October 30, 2008. “The Best Recipe for Avoiding a Global Recession.” Financial Times, October 27, 2008. “How to Rebuild America.” Fortune, October 14, 2008. “The American Anti-Intellectual Threat,” Project Syndicate, September 2008. “Why the Oil Crisis Will Persist.” Scientific American, September 2008 “Using Carbon Taxes to Pay for Development.” Financial Times, September 24, 2008. “Puzzlement at banks' bail-out while aid commitments flounder.” Financial Times, September 23, 2008. “The American Anti-Intellectual Threat.” Project Syndicate, September 22, 2008. “This week should see real progress on poverty alleviation.” Financial Times, September 22, 2008. “The Digital War on Poverty,” Project Syndicate, August 2008. “Are Malthus's Predicted 1798 Food Shortages Coming True?” Scientific American, August 2008. “Safety in Numbers.” Time, August 28, 2008. “The Digital War on Poverty.” The Guardian, August 21, 2008. “Where are the Global Leaders?,” Project Syndicate, July 2008. “Land, Water and Conflict.” Newsweek, July 2008. “Africa Needs More Funds to Deliver U.N.’s Goals by 2015 Deadline.” Scientific American, July 2008. “The Olympics and China.” People’s Daily, July 2008. “Climate Change: Feed it and Weep, or Lead and Reap,” Sydney Morning Herald, July 25, 2008. “How to Solve the Growing Global Food Crisis, in Three Steps.” NY Daily News, July 23, 2008. “A User’s Guide to the Century.” The National Interest, July 2, 2008. “Saving Resources to Save Growth,” Project Syndicate, June 2008. “A Deadline on Malaria.” Scientific American, June 2008. “Less Talk, More Action Needed.” The Guardian, June 25, 2008. “The Challenge of Sustainable Development in Asia.” International Herald Tribune, June 16, 2008. “Stagflation is Back. Here’s How to Beat It.” Fortune, June 9, 2008. “A New Deal for Poor Farmers,” Project Syndicate, May 2008 Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 49 of 65

“Surging Food Prices Mean Global Instability.” Scientific American, May 2008. “We Need a Power Surge.” Time Magazine, May 29, 2008. “How to Feed the World.” Newsweek, May 10, 2008. “Bhagwati and Sachs on the Food Crisis.” International Herald Tribune, May 7, 2008. “Reinventing Energy,” Project Syndicate, April 2008. “The African Green Revolution.” Scientific American, April 2008. “The Roots of America’s Financial Crisis,” Project Syndicate, March 2008. “Common Wealth.” TIME Magazine, March 2008. “Technological Keys to Climate Protection.” Scientific American, March 2008. “Technological Cooperation,” Project Syndicate, February 2008. “Climate Change After Bali.” Scientific American, February 2008. “Recount Kenyans’ Votes,” Project Syndicate, January 2008. “Primary Health for All.” Scientific American, January 2008. “New Hope on Climate Change,” Project Syndicate, December 2007. “Meaningful Goals for Climate Talks.” Scientific American, December 2007. “America’s Failed Militarized Foreign Policy,” Project Syndicate, November 2007. “Climate Change and the Law.” Scientific American, November 2007. “The Nobel Message,” Project Syndicate, October 2007. “Ending Malaria Deaths in Africa.” Scientific American, October 2007. “The Forbes One Billion.” Forbes Magazine, October 2007 “The Rising Cost of Nature,” Project Syndicate, September 2007. “Breaking the Poverty Trap.” Scientific American, September 2007. “A Global Coalition of Good.” TIME Magazine, September 2007. “The Healthier Poor,” Project Syndicate, August 2007. “Making Development Less Risky.” Scientific American, August 2007. “No Development, No Peace,” Project Syndicate July 2007. “The Promise of the Blue Revolution.” Scientific American, July 2007. “What a Little Fertilizer Can Do.” TIME Magazine, July 26, 2007. “The Palestine Follies,” Project Syndicate, June 2007. “Climate Change Refugees.” Scientific American, June 2007. “How I’d fix the World Bank.” Fortune, June 26, 2007. “Malaria control needs mass distribution of insecticidal bednets,” with Awash Teklehaimanot and Chris Curtis. The Lancet, June 21, 2007. “Enough Excuses, Canada.” Ottawa Citizen, June 13, 2007. “China’s Lessons for the World Bank,” Project Syndicate, May 2007. “The Road to Clean Energy Starts Here.” Scientific American, May 2007. “How the Rich World can Help Africa Help Itself,” with Glenn Denning. Financial Times, May 30, 2007. “Why We Should Share the Wealth.” TIME Magazine, May 10, 2007. “The G-8’s Broken Aid Promises,” Project Syndicate, April 2007. “Rapid Victories Against Extreme Poverty.” Scientific American, April 2007. “Absent-Minded Killers,” Project Syndicate, March 2007. “A Climate for Change,” TIME Magazine, March 2007. “Threats of War, Chances for Peace.” Scientific American, March 2007. “The Secretary General: Indispensable for Sustainable Development.” UN Chronicle, March 2007. “Take the guessing out of giving aid to Africa.” Financial Times, March 1, 2007. “The Climate Change Revolution,” Project Syndicate, February 2007. “Moving Beyond Kyoto.” Scientific American, February 2007. “Winning the Peace,” Project Syndicate, January 2007. “The Neglected Tropical Diseases.” Scientific American, January 2007. “The $10 Solution.” TIME Magazine, January 4, 2007. “Getting Practical in Controlling Malaria,” Project Syndicate, December 2006. “The Challenge of Sustainable Water.” Scientific American, December 2006. “The New Face of the United Nations,” Project Syndicate, November 2006. “The Welfare State Beyond Ideology.” Scientific American, November 2006. “The Environment Fights Back,” Project Syndicate, October 2006. “Fiddling While the Planet Burns.” Scientific American, October 2006. “Falsely accused.” Good Magazine, Issue 1, Sept.-Oct., 2006. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 50 of 65

“Escaping George Bush’s Future,” Project Syndicate, September 2006. “Hitting the Target,” with Guido Schmidt-Traub. Words Into Action, Publication of the IMF and World Bank Annual Meetings, September 2006. “The Year of Implementation for the MDGs,” with Guido Schmidt-Traub. Commonwealth Finance Ministers Reference Report, September 2006. “Lower Fertility: A Wise Investment.” Scientific American, September 2006. “Peace Now,” Project Syndicate, August 2006. “Virtuous Circles and Fragile States.” Scientific American, August 2006. “The Middle East’s Military Delusions,” Project Syndicate, July 2006. “Ecology and Political Upheaval.” Scientific American, July 2006. “It Only Takes a Village.” India Today, July 2, 2006. “Citizens Versus Extreme Poverty,” Project Syndicate, June 2006. “The New Geopolitics.” Scientific American, June 2006. “Pay for it Now, or Pay for it Later.” The Globe and Mail, June 19, 2006. “Does Conservation Matter to the Poor?” The Nature Conservancy magazine, Summer 2006. “The Haitian Miracle?,” Project Syndicate, May 2006. “Investments Toward Sustainable Development,” with Walter V. Reid. Science, Vol. 312, May 19, 2006. “Foreign Aid Skeptics Thrive on Pessimism,” May 7, 2006. “Lessons from the North,” Project Syndicate, April 2006. “Net Gains.” The New York Times, April 29, 2006. “How to Help the Poor: Piecemeal Progress or Strategic Plans?” The Lancet, Vol. 367, No. 9519, April 22, 2006. “How the fund can regain and sustain global legitimacy.” Financial Times, April 20, 2006. “Populists Can be Right,” Project Syndicate, March 2006. “Fighting Tropical Diseases,” with Peter Hotez. Science, Vol. 311, March 17, 2006. “Development Aid for Development’s Sake,” Project Syndicate, February 2006. “Embracing Science,” Project Syndicate, January 2006. “Tzedakah in a Global Community.” Sh’ma, January 1, 2006. “Who Beats Corruption?,” Project Syndicate, December 2005. “Why the U.S. Needs the U.N. More than Ever.” Opening Argument, Vol. 1, Issue 2, December 2005. “Can Extreme Poverty Be Eliminated?” Cooperation South, United Nations Development Programme, 2005. Reprinted from Scientific American, September 2005. “What I Did on my Summer Vacation.” Esquire (‘Best and Brightest’ issue), December 2005. “It is Time for Fine Words to Give Way to Meaningful Action.” Financial Times, December 27, 2005. “Changing Climate Change,” Project Syndicate, November 2005. “Response to Amir Attaran,” with John McArthur and Guido Schmidt-Traub. PLoS Medicine, November 29, 2005. “Facing Nature’s Fury,” Project Syndicate, October 2005. “The Cost of Making the Poor Pay,” with Awash Teklehaimanot and Gordon McCord. SciDev.Net, October 31, 2005. “The Time for Action.” DACNews, September-October, 2005.“Bush Inherits the Wind,” Project Syndicate, September 2005. “Look Into the Future.” The Guardian (special supplement), September 3, 2005. “Can Extreme Poverty Be Eliminated?” Scientific American, September 2005. “What it will take to meet the Millennium Development Goals,” with John McArthur and Guido Schmidt-Traub. Sustainable Development International, Fifteenth Edition, September 2005. “2005 – The Year of Development.” Commonwealth Finance Ministers Reference Report 2005, September 2005. 2005 U.N. World Summit Blog. Financial Times (online), September 12-16, 2005. “Ambition and action are as important as commitments.” Financial Times, September 15, 2005. “Millennium Development Goals 'not doomed to fail,” with John McArthur & Guido Schmidt-Traub. SciDev.Net, September 13, 2005. “US leadership may be set to reach a consensus with the world’s poorest.” Financial Times, September 13, 2005. “Why Aid Does Work.” BBC Online, September 11, 2005. “Beckoning for our Hands.” The Guardian, September 7, 2005. “The Case Against Emergency Food Aid,” Project Syndicate, August 2005. “Make Politics, Not War, In Iraq,” Project Syndicate, July 2005. “A European Development Fund for the MDGs,” with John McArthur and Guido Schmidt-Traub. Revamping Development Efforts: An Assessment of Development Policy in the EU, European Policy Centre Issue Paper 36, July 2005. “Hope and Generosity can Triumph over Hate.” Financial Times, July 11, 2005. “How Africa Lit up the World.” Sunday Times Magazine, July 3, 2005. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 51 of 65

“Savable Africa,” Project Syndicate, June 2005. “Testimonials,” with M. Goldman, P. Samuelson & M. Weitzman. Comparative Economic Studies, Vol. 47, June 2005. “The End of Poverty.” Optima, June 2005. “Aiuti e povertà.” Aspenia, n. 29, June 2005. “Four Easy Pieces.” The New York Times, June 25, 2005. “Africa’s Suffering is Bush’s Shame.” Los Angeles Times, June 12, 2005. “The Year of Development.” Global Future, Second Quarter, 2005. “America Wakes Up to Climate Change,” Project Syndicate, May 2005. “India in the Era of Economic Reforms: From Outsourcing to Innovation,” with Nirupam Bajpai. Think On, Vol. 6, May 2005. “Bush’s Gambling Debts,” Project Syndicate, April 2005. “Augmenter l’aide publique avant qu’il ne soit trop tard.” Jeune Afrique l’Intelligent – l’Etat de l’Afrique 2005, April 2005. “The End of the World as We Know it.” The Guardian, April 5, 2005. “The Development Challenge.” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2005. “Giving Till it Heals,” Project Syndicate, March 2005. “It is Time to Free the World Bank.” Financial Times, March 23, 2005. “The End of Poverty.” Time Magazine, March 14, 2005. “Africa, Climate Change, and the G-8 Summit,” Project Syndicate, February 2005. “What the President Doesn’t Want to Hear.” Esquire, February 2005. “The Democratization of Aid,” Project Syndicate, January 2005. “An accountable approach to aid.” Financial Times, January 24, 2005. “The Millennium Project: a plan for meeting the Millennium Development Goals.” Lancet, Vol. 365, January 22, 2005. “A Practical Plan to End Poverty.” Washington Post, January 17, 2005. “The Class System of Catastrophe.” Time, January 10, 2005. “A New Year’s Resolution,” Project Syndicate, December 2004. “Book Review: Solving global crises: Economists Alone are Not Enough.” Lancet, Vol. 354, Issue 9451, December 11, 2004. “We Can End World Hunger: Here’s How,” with Pedro Sanchez. World Ark, November/ December 2004. “Iraq’s Silent Dead,” Project Syndicate, November 2004. “How to Halve World Poverty.” The Economist – World in 2005, November 2004. “Time for Chile’s Next Step in Economic Development,” with Gordon C. McCord. Business Chile, November 12, 2004. “If the U.S. Won’t, Germany Must.” Internationale Politik, Fall 2004. “The Case for Slowing Population Growth,” Project Syndicate, October 2004 “Ending World Hunger.” Poder Magazine, October 2004. “Making Globalization Work for All,” Project Syndicate, September 2004 “Building on the Commonwealth Action Plan.” Commonwealth Finance Ministers Report 2004, September 2004. “Three Years and Three Lessons since 9/11.” Facts Magazine (Switzerland), September 2004. “Remembering the First ‘War on Terror,’” Project Syndicate, August 2004 “Une révolution verte pour l’Afrique,” with Pedro Sanchez. Le Monde, August 2004. “Seeking a Global Solution: The Copenhagen Consensus neglects the need to tackle climate change.” Nature, August 12, 2004. “How to Run the IMF.” Foreign Policy, July-August 2004. “La lección china a Brasil.” Vanguardia Dossier, July-September 2004. “India Takes the Lead,” Project Syndicate, July 2004. “Myanmar: Sanctions won’t work.” Financial Times, July 28, 2004. “The Best Countries in the World.” Newsweek, July 26, 2004. “Mother of All Headaches,” Review of The End of Oil and Energy at the Crossroads. OnEarth Magazine, Summer 2004. “Getting Latin America Unstuck,” Project Syndicate, June 2004. “The G-8 must fund the war against poverty.” Financial Times, June 7, 2004. “Don’t Know, Should Care.” The New York Times, June 5, 2004. “The March to Barbarism,” Project Syndicate, May 2004. “A Simple Plan to Save the World.” Esquire, May 2004. “Doing the sums on Africa.” The Economist, May 20, 2004. “Third World Disease.” Ob.Gyn. May 1, 2004. “Our Energy Future,” Project Syndicate, April 2004. “Sustainable Development.” Science, April 2004. “Priorities for meeting the Millennium Development Goals,” with John McArthur. Global Future Magazine, First Quarter 2004. “The Decline of America,” Project Syndicate, March 2004. “From His First Day in Office, Bush was Ousting Aristide.” Los Angeles Times, March 4, 2004. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 52 of 65

“Don’t fall for Washington’s spin on Haiti.” Financial Times, March 1, 2004. “The Fire this Time in Haiti,” Project Syndicate, February 2004. “How Bush ruined a decade’s good work.” The Banker, February 3, 2004. “Brazil Breaks Out,” Project Syndicate, January 2004. “India in the era of economic reforms,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu Business Line, January 28, 2004. “The Unfinished Agenda,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu Business Line, January 28, 2004. “Touching the Rural Landscape,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu Business Line, January 28, 2004. “Welcome to the Asian Century.” Fortune Magazine, January 12, 2004. “New Challenges 1: The Millennium Development Goals - How Far We Have Come,” Development Cooperation Ireland Annual Report 2003. “The Strategic Significance of Global Inequality,” (reprint), Environmental Change and Security Project Report, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Issue 9, 2003. “Getting Through the Bottleneck,” Our Planet: The Magazine of the UNEP, Vol. 13 No 4, 2003. “Lessons from America’s Fiscal Recklessness,” Project Syndicate, December 2003 “America’s disastrous energy plan.” Financial Times, December 23, 2003. “A Declaration of Independence from the US,” Project Syndicate, November 2003. “The New Urban Planning.” Development Outreach, The World Bank Institute, November 2003. “No Place for Piety.” New Scientist, November 8, 2003. “What Bolivia’s Chaos Means,” Project Syndicate, October 2003. “Call It Our Bolivian Policy of Not-So-Benign Neglect.” Washington Post, October 26, 2003. “The World must not let America set its agenda.” Financial Times, October 15, 2003. “Minding the Gaps.” Newsweek Asia International, October-December, 2003. “Mobilization of Domestic and Donor Resources for Health.” World Bank Viewpoint, October 2003. “Donor Funds are Needed for Poverty, Not Iraq,” Project Syndicate, September 2003. “Spring Broke: Trade Negotiations Gone Wild.” The New Republic, September 22, 2003. “A Better Use for our $87 Billion.” Boston Globe, September 13, 2003. “Bush’s Billions will Prolong Iraq’s Woes.” Financial Times, September 10, 2003. “Leaving Baghdad,” Project Syndicate, August 2003. “World needs Japan in fight against diseases,” with Joanne Carter. The Asahi Shimbun, August 26, 2003. “The real target of the war in Iraq was Saudi Arabia.” Financial Times, August 13, 2003. “Re-thinking Trade Sanctions,” Project Syndicate, July 2003. “A Miserly Response to a Global Emergency.” Financial Times, July 17, 2003. “AIDS Funds Fall Short,” with Paul Zeitz. Boston Globe, July 11, 2003. “Well-Directed Development Aid can Unlock Forces of Economic Growth,” with Philip Lane. Irish Times, July 10, 2003. “A Rich Nation, a Poor Continent.” The New York Times, July 2003. “If We Cared to, We Could Defeat World Poverty,” with Sakiko Fukuda-Parr. Los Angeles Times, July 9, 2003. “A Roadmap to Peace that Can Work,” Project Syndicate, June 2003. “Institutions Matter, but not for Everything.” IMF Finance and Development, Vol. 40, No. 2, June 2003. “Securing the Future at the Evian Summit,” Project Syndicate, May 2003. “American intentions are tainted by Iraq’s oil.” Financial Times, May 22, 2003. “An economic ‘menu of pain’,” with Laurence Kotlikoff. Boston Globe, May 19, 2003. “American Crony Capitalists Go to War,” Project Syndicate, April 2003. “A world for which Bush cares little.” Financial Times, April 9, 2003. “Consequences of the Iraq War,” Project Syndicate, March 2003. “Smart Money: What military power can’t do.” The New Republic, March 3, 2003. “The Globalization of Mass Politics,” Project Syndicate, February 2003. “America should not fight AIDS alone.” Financial Times, February 4, 2003. “Who will lead the war on want?” Global Agenda 2003 – Magazine of the World Forum Economic Annual Meeting 2003. “Towards a Global Partnership for Development,” Interview in the UN Chronicle, Vol. 39, No. 4, Dec 2002 – Feb 2003. “Oil is America’s Motive for War,” Project Syndicate, January 2003. “Take from the Poor, Give to the Rich,” Project Syndicate, December 2002. “The Growing Fiscal Risks in the United States,” Project Syndicate, December 23, 2002. “High Time to Negotiate Turkey’s Membership in the European Union,” Project Syndicate, November 18, 2002. “Diagnosing the Problems with Globalization,” Project Syndicate, October 22, 2002. “Weapons of Mass Salvation.” The Economist, October 26, 2002. “The High Economic Costs of a War with Iraq,” Project Syndicate, September 30, 2002. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 53 of 65

“Sacudir el futuro.” Revista Incae, Vol XII, No. 2, September 2002. “Nature’s Warnings on the way to the Johannesburg Summit,” Project Syndicate, August 23, 2002. “The Essential Ingredient.” New Scientist, August 17, 2002. “Will the U.S. Stock Market Collapse Lead to Depression?,” Project Syndicate, July 24, 2002. “Making Sense out of the Swings in Financial Markets,” Project Syndicate, June 26, 2002. “Responsibilities of the Rich.” The Economic Times, India, June 21, 2002. “Bononomics Rocks.” The Wall Street Journal, June 6, 2002. “Deaths of the Poor and Responsibilities of the Rich,” Project Syndicate, May 26, 2002. “Interview with Jeffrey D. Sachs.” Harvard Health Policy Review, Vol. 3, No. 1, Spring 2002. “Argentina’s Continuing Crisis,” Project Syndicate, April 22, 2002. Interview: “Discover dialogue: Economist Jeffrey Sachs” Discover, April 2002. “Investing in Health for Economic Development – Time for U.S. Action.” Global HealthLink, March-April 2002. “Putting New International Limits on Tyranny,” Project Syndicate, March 17, 2002 “Why have some Indian States grown faster than the others,” with Nirupam Bajpai and Ananthi Ramiah. Rediff Money Special, February 26, 2002. “AIDS and Africa: Where is the US?” with Sonia Ehrlich Sachs. Boston Globe, February 4, 2002. “Duhalde’s Wrong Turn.” Financial Times, January 11, 2002. “Investing in Health for Economic Development,” Project Syndicate, December 16, 2001. “Globalization and the United Nations,” Project Syndicate, November 18, 2001. “Islamic Culture and Economic Development,” Project Syndicate, November 18, 2001. “Development in a Global Context” Canadian Parliamentary Review, vol. 24, no.3, Autumn 2001. “Understanding Global Competitiveness,” Project Syndicate, October 21, 2001. “Defeating Terrorism through Global Prosperity,” October 21, 2001. “International Economic Strategy after September 11,” Project Syndicate, September 23, 2001. “When Capital Markets Fail,” Project Syndicate, August 20, 2001. “The Climate Change Agreement: Bridging Gaps through Science,” Project Syndicate, July 23, 2001. “How to Lift the Malaise.” Time, July 23, 2001. “What’s good for the poor is good for America.” The Economist, July 12, 2001. “From Talk to Action in Fighting AIDS in Developing Countries.” Topics in HIV Medicine, Vol. 9, Issue 2, June 2001. “Business and the Public Interest.” Global Thinking, no. 5, Summer 2001. “Argentina: Stuck in a Time Warp,” Project Syndicate, May 20, 2001. “Las Patentes y Los Pobres.” Reforma, May 2, 2001. “The Benefits of a Weaker Yen.” Financial Times, April 18, 2001. “A Global Fund for the Fight Against AIDS.” Washington Post, April 7, 2001. “Japan’s New Monetary Policy,” Project Syndicate, March 22, 2001. “To Climb A Steep Gradient Firmly,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, February 27, 2001.“Meeting Economic Growth Agenda” with Nirupam Bajpai. Hindu Business Line, February 20, 2001. “Basic Truths about Exchange Rate Policy,” Project Syndicate, February 19, 2001. “Miles to Go” with Nirupam Bajpai. India Today, February 19, 2001. “Budget and the Development Decade” with Nirupam Bajpai. Hindu Business Journal, February 19, 2001. “Fighting AIDS is a Bargain and a Moral One at That.” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, February 14, 2001. “Unproductive Spending,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, February 13, 2001. “The 2001-02 Budget” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu, February 13, 2001. “AIDS, Drugs, and Africa.” Financial Times, February 12, 2001. “The Best Possible Investment in Africa.” New York Times, February 10, 2001. “Face to Face with Reform,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, February 2, 2001. “Subtract the Divide,” with Geoffrey Kirkman. World Link, January 25, 2001. “Lessons from a Divided Island,” Project Syndicate, January 21, 2001. “No Health Available at $7.50 per person per year.” Medicus Mundi Switzerland Bulletin, No. 79, December 2000. “The U.S. and the Health Crisis of the World’s Poor,” Project Syndicate, December 16, 2000. “Mexico’s New President,” Project Syndicate, November 27, 2000. “No Reform in a Hurry,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, November 20, 2000. “Argentina’s Monetary Mess,” Project Syndicate, November 15, 2000. “Reforms and Growth Prospects,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu, November 14, 2000. “The Rising Uncertainties in the U.S. Economy,” Project Syndicate, October 22, 2000 “Vaccinating the South.” Worldview, The National Peace Corps Association, Vol. 13 No. 3, Summer 2000. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 54 of 65

“The Charade of Debt Sustainability,” Financial Times, Sept. 26, 2000. “A New Map of the World.” The Economist, June 24 2000. Reprinted in Imagining Tomorrow: Rethinking the Global Challenge. K. Sharma, ed. UN Millennium Assembly, August 2000. “India’s Push to Center Stage of the World Economy,” Project Syndicate, August 21, 2000 “Facing up to the Global AIDS Pandemic,” Project Syndicate, July 27, 2000. “Great Barrier Reefs,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, July 17, 2000. “Foreign Helping Hand,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, July 4, 2000. “Coming to Grips with Man-Made Climate Change,” Project Syndicate, June 18, 2000.“Does the Clinton Administration Deserve Credit for the U.S. Prosperity?,” Project Syndicate, June 18, 2000. “Give Poor Nigeria a Chance.” Financial Times, June 15, 2000. “Glorifying Mediocrity.” The International Economy, May/June 2000. “The Historical Significance of China’s Entry to the WTO,” Project Syndicate, May 24, 2000. “Zones and Phones,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, May 22, 2000. “Development and Goal Setting II,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu, May 11, 2000. “Development and Goal Setting I,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu, May 10, 2000. “Decade of Development,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, May 8, 2000. “The Emerging Lessons of the New Economy,” Project Syndicate, April 28, 2000. “Foreign Direct Investment in India – Issues and Problems,” Development Discussion Paper No 759, Harvard Institute for International Development, Harvard University, with Nirupam Bajpai, March 2000. “A Blueprint for IMF Reform,” with Allan Meltzer. The Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2000, The Asian Wall Street Journal, March 9, 2000, and The Wall Street Journal Europe, March 9, 2000. “Russia’s Tumultuous Decade.” Washington Monthly, March 1, 2000. “Some Export Advice,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, February 28, 2000. “Lowering Revenue Deficit, Subsidies Hold Key to Fiscal Consolidation,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Rediff Pre-Budget Special, February 24, 2000. “India is on the Move.” Irish Times, February 23, 2000. “Time for Bold Action II,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu, February 23, 2000. “Time for Bold Action I,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu, February 22, 2000. “Time to Take Harsh Measures,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Economic Times, February 21, 2000. “Fish out of Water,” with Nirupam Bajpai. Telephone and Telegraph, February 18, 2000. “Nigeria: Will the Creditors Sink the New Democracy?” Project Syndicate, February 18, 2000. “Testing Seattle's Mettle.” World Link, January/February 2000. “Much can be Done to Make a Healthier World,” with Tore Godal. International Herald Tribune, January 28, 2000. “Reform in the States III,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu, January 26, 2000. “Reform in the States II,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu, January 25, 2000. “Reform in the States I,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu, January 24, 2000. “India’s Chance for a Breakthrough in Development,” Project SyndicateJanuary 23, 2000. “Time to say –20 Years and You’re Out.” Irish Times, January 7, 2000. “Power to Bind and Loose,” with Nirupam Bajpai. Telephone and Telegraph, January 3, 2000. “Apocalypse, Soon?” Boston Magazine, December 1999. “State-level Reforms in India,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Times of India, December 27, 1999. “First among States,” with Nirupam Bajpai. Telephone and Telegraph, December 27, 1999. “Leading the Pack,” with Nirupam Bajpai. Telephone and Telegraph, December 20, 1999. “Transfer Ticket,” with Nirupam Bajpai. Telephone and Telegraph, December 13, 1999. “The State of State Government Finances II,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu, December 7, 1999. “The State of State Government Finances I,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Hindu, December 6, 1999. “In a State of Deficit,” with Nirupam Bajpai. Telephone and Telegraph, December 6, 1999. “Sense and Nonsense in Seattle.” The Harvard Crimson, December 3, 1999. “The IMF's New Leader.” Financial Times, November 18, 1999. “Life After Communism.” Wall Street Journal, November 17, 1999. “IMF Needs to Tap the Best Global Talent.” Business Day (South Africa), November 16, 2000. “Time to End Backroom Poker Game.” Financial Times, November 15, 1999. “Taking Stock of the Transition.” Central European Economic Review, Vol. VII, No. 9, November 1999. “Health and Wealth: How Geography Influences Socioeconomic Development,” with John Gallup. DRCLAS News, Fall 1999 Newsletter. “Upstairs, Downstairs.” The International Economy, September/October 1999. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 55 of 65

“Eastern European Reforms: Why the Outcomes differed so Sharply.” Boston Globe, September 19, 1999. “Calling the IMF to Account.” The New York Times OP-ED, September 18, 1999. “Sachs to the IMF: Get Real.” Global Finance, September 1, 1999. “Helping the World’s Poorest.” Economist, August 1999. “What caused Asia’s Fall?” with Andrew Warner. The Straits Times (Singapore), July 25, 1999. “How the IMF failed its Patients.” Global Finance, July 1, 1999. “Let’s Forgive the Debt of the World’s Poorest Countries.” Houston Chronicle, June 17, 1999. “A Millennial Gift to Developing Nations.” The New York Times, June 6, 1999. “A Cure for Indifference,” with Michael Kremer. Financial Times, May 5, 1999. “Investing in the World Health Organization,” with Barry Bloom, David Bloom, and Joel Cohen. Science, Vol. 284, May 7, 1999. “Missing Pieces.” Far Eastern Economic Review, February 25, 1999. “India - Fiscal Restraint is the Need of the Hour,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Economic Times, February 11, 1999. “A New Social Contract Needed for Rural India,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Economic Times, February 10, 1999. “India’s Failure on the Policy Front,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Economic Times, February 9, 1999. “Strengthening India’s Strategy,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Economic Times, February 8, 1999. “The Global Crisis: Tell the Global Financial Architects to Pay More.” The Independent (London), February 1, 1999. “Self-Inflicted Wounds.” Financial Times, January 22, 1999. “Putting Public Health at the Center of the Struggle against Poverty,” Project Syndicate, January 20, 1999. “Brazil’s Economic Crisis Shows Failure of Bailout Policy by US and IMF.” The Boston Globe, January 16, 1999. “The Devil's in the Details--An Interview with Jeffrey Sachs." World Economic Affairs, pp 28-33, Winter 1999. “Money Order,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, December 21, 1998. “India - Country Roads,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, December 14, 1998. “Sales Across the Seas,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, December 7, 1998. “Competition Success,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, December 2, 1998. “The Dismal Decade: Failure East and West.” LA Times, November 22, 1998. “Baker's Bank Bailout.” The New Republic, November 14, 1988. “Central America Needs Help on a Global Scale,” with Felipe Larrain and Amina Tirana. Herald Tribune, November 9, 1998. “Stop Preaching.” Financial Times, November 5, 1998. “The Real Causes of Famine.” Time, October 26, 1998. “Time to Try a New Way.” Time International, October 12, 1998. “Next Stop: Brazil,” with Steven Radelet. The New York Times, October 4, 1998. “Global Capitalism: Making it Work.” Economist, September 12, 1998. “Interview: Jeffrey Sachs,” in Harvard Asia Quarterly, p 40, Summer 1998. “Towards a New Strategy for Asian Recovery” with Steven Radelet. Singapore Straits-Times, July 26, 1998. “Prescribe the Right Medicine for Asia.” The New Straits Times, July 20, 1998. “Why not let the Banks own the Debtor Firms?” The Straits Times (Singapore), July 26, 1998. “Rule of the Ruble.” The New York Times, June 4, 1998. “Danger in Flogging Japan.” Financial Times, April 24, 1998. “The IMF and the Asian Flu.” The American Prospect, No. 37, March-April 1998. “Fixing the IMF Remedy.” The Banker, February 1, 1998. “International Monetary Failure?” Time, December 8, 1997. “A Guide to 1998's Crises,” in “The World in 1998”, published by The Economist, 1997. “Power into Itself.” Financial Times, December 11, 1997. “An Interview with Dr. Jeffrey Sachs,” in Hemispheres, pp. 127-133, Vol. 20, 1997. “The Wrong Medicine for Asia.” New York Times OP-ED, November 3, 1997. “Asia and the Law of Economic Gravity.” Decision Magazine, Automne/Falle 1997. “Erm, Which Rate is Right--Sachs on Competitiveness.” World Link, September/October 1997. “POINT: Jeffrey Sachs says Asia Miracle is still alive.” Time, September 29, 1997. “Growing Hot and Cold,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, August 4, 1997. “Recipe for Success,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, July 7, 1997. “Model that Couldn’t,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, June 23, 1997. “The Limits of Convergence--Nature, Nurture, and Growth.” Economist, June 14, 1997. “Emerging Asia's Bright Prospects.” Asian Wall Street Journal, May 19, 1997. “Exchange Rate Tectonics.” World Link, May/June 1997. “Help Congo Now,” with Robert Rotberg. The New York Times, May 29, 1997. “The Need for Tax Reform,” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Rediff Special, March 5, 1997. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 56 of 65

“Take a Fresh Look at Foreign Aid,” International Herald Tribune, February 1997. “Down to Brass Tax” with Nirupam Bajpai. The Telegraph, February 28, 1997. “When Foreign Air Makes a Difference.” The New York Times, February 3, 1997. “On the Tiger's Trail--Sachs on Competitiveness.” World Link, November/December 1996. “The Timing of Exchange Regime Collapse under Capital Controls,” with Daekeun Park, in International Economic Journal, Volume 10, Number 4, Winter 1996. “The Tankers are Turning--Sachs on Competitiveness.” World Link, September/October 1996. “Toward Peace and Prosperity.” World Economic Affairs, Summer 1996. “Growth in Africa: It can be done.” Economist, June 29-15, 1996. “It Could Have Been So Much Better: Reflections on Russian Economic Reform.” The Moscow Times Russia Review, Vol. 3, No. 90, May 6, 1996. “Lessons from Asia.” Central European Economic Review, Vol. 4, No. 3, April 1996. “China's Transition Experience Reexamined,” with Wing Thye Woo, Transition: The Newsletter About Reforming Economies, Vol. 7, No. 3-4, March-April 1996. “Old Myths About Poland's Reform Die Hard.” Transition: The Newsletter About Reforming Economies, Vol. 6, No. 11-12, pp. 11-12, November-December 1995. The World Bank Transition Economics Division. “Post-Communist Parties and the Politics of Entitlements.” Transition, Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1995. “A Common Sense Approach will put SA's Economic Miracle within Reach.” The Business Times (South Africa), October 1, 1995. “Keep the Baby in the Bath Water.” World Link, September/October 1995. “Wanted: Some Brand New Thinking.” Millennium, October 1995. “The Age of Global Capitalism.” Foreign Policy, Number 98, Spring 1995. “Crash of Nations.” The New Republic, February 6, 1995. “Reforms Must Move Faster,” interview in Business Today, Vol. 4, No. 8, April 22, 1995. “Post-Communist Parties and the Politics of Entitlements.” Transition, Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1995. “The Real Story,” with Aaron Tornell and Andres Velasco. International Economy, March/April 1995. “Mexican Precedent for Ukraine.” Financial Times, February 17, 1995. “Why did we snub Russia and air Mexico?” The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 1995. “The Prospects for Reform in Russia.” Canadian Business Review, Autumn 1994. “Beyond Bretton Woods: A New Blueprint.” Economist, October 1, 1994. “What the IMF should advise Ukraine.” Financial Times, July 29, 1994. “IMF, Reform Thyself.” Wall Street Journal, July 24, 1994. “Estonia has set good currency example.” Financial Times, July 15, 1994. “Toward Glasnost in the IMF.” Challenge, May/June 1994. “Inflation, Debt, and Liquidity,” with Kevin McDonald. Harvard Business Review, May/June 1994. “Buying Time for Democracy.” European Brief, April/May 1994. “Russia: IMF gives too little, too late.” Financial Times, March 31, 1994. “Betrayal.” The New Republic, January 31, 1994. Monthly Articles for Yomiuri Shimbun, 1992-93. “Big Bang Smear Job,” with Wing Thye Woo. International Economy, November/December 1993. “Open Trade Vital to Former Communists.” The Kikkei Weekly, October 18, 1993. “A Shocking Answer to Inflation.” Independent (London), October 11, 1993. “Moscow's Monetary Meltdown.” The New Republic, August 23& 30, 1993. “Remove roadblock to Russian Reforms,” with Stanley Fischer. Financial Times, July 6, 1993. “La Russie va s'en soritr,” interview in Capital (France), No. 22, July 1993. “Hey, Pudits, What about Yeltsin?” The New York Times, April 30, 1993. “The Road to the Market.” Washington Post, March 28, 1993. “Strengthening Economic Support for Russia.” International Economic Insights. Vol. IV, No. 1, January/February 1993. “Russian Sachs Appeal.” The International Economy, January/February 1993. “Home Alone 2.” The New Republic, December 21, 1992. “Western Financial Assistance to Support Russia's Reforms.” Keizai Seminar Special Issue, 1992. “The Leadership Deficit.” Time, Vol. 140, No. 19, November 9, 1992. “Russia on the Brink,” with David Lipton. Financial Times, October 16, 1992. “Russia on the Ropes.” Washington Post, September 27, 1992. Interview in Kauppalehti Optio (Finland) September 10, 1992. Interview in Comparative Economic and Social Systems, 4, 1992. Interview in Prism, “The Russian Republic: Issues and Opportunities,” Third Quarter 1992. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 57 of 65

Interview in Politique Internationale, No. 57, Fall 1992. “Aftershocks: Reflecting on Two Years of 'Shock Therapy' in Poland,” interview in Harvard International Review, Spring 1992. “Building a Market Economy in Poland,” Scientific American, March 1992. “Testimony to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee--Subcommittee on European Affairs,” in Asteion, a Suntory Foundation publication, Japan, Winter 1992. “Helping Russia.” Economist, December 21, 1991- January 3, 1992. “Soviet Reforms: Cold Turkey.” World Link, No. 2, 1991. “Crossing the Valley of Tears in East European Reform,” Challenge, September/October 1991. “Economic Assistance to the Soviet Union at the G-7 Summit.” Nihon Keizai, July 1991. “Poland's Big Bang: A First Report Card.” The International Economy, January/February 1991. “Sachs on Poland.” Economist, January 19, 1991 “Interview: ‘Charting Poland's Economic Rebirth’.” Challenge, January/February 1990. “Eastern Europe's Economies--What is to be Done?” Economist, January 13, 1990. “Jeffrey Sachs: My Plan for Poland,” in the International Economy, VIII, No. 6, December 1989/January 1990. “Lack of Solidarity.” The New Republic, August 7 & 14, 1989. “Debt Management: A Hard Look at Realities,” Dividend, the Magazine of the School of Business Administration, University of Michigan, pp. 16-19, June 1988. “Interview: 'The Debt Crisis at a Turning Point.” Challenge, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 17-26, May/June 1988. “Don't Go for the Gold.” The New Republic, August 11 & 12, 1986. “LDC Borrowing with Default Risk,” with D. Cohen. Kredit and Kapital, 1985. “How to Save the Third World.” The New Republic, October 28, 1985. “Israel's Economic Disaster.” The New Republic, July 8, 1985. “Future Fiscal Shock.” The New Republic, March 18, 1985.

Unpublished Academic Work

“The Best of Times, The Worst of Times: Macroeconomics of Robots,” Work in Progress, June 6, 2016

"A General Equilibrium Model for Analyzing African Rural Subsistence Economies and an African Green Revolution," with John W. McArthur, Brookings Africa Growth Initiative Working Paper 12, June 2013.

"Green Growth and Equity in the Context of Climate Change: Some Considerations," with Shiv Someshwar, ADBI Working Paper Series 371, July 2012.

“Improving Empirical Estimation of Demographic Drivers: Fertility, Child Mortality & Malaria Ecology,” with Gordon McCord and Dalton Conley, August 2010.

“Smallholder Food Production and Poverty Reduction,” Prepared by the Ad Hoc Advisory Group to the Madrid Conference on Food Security, Fundacion Ideas Foundation, February 2009.

“The Millennium Development Goals: Running out of Excuses,” G8 Summit 2008 Publication, July 2008.

“Progress Summary of the MDGs: Update for Ministers,” The Commonwealth Ministers Reference Book, June 2008.

“Scaling up Primary Health Services in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka: Public Investment Requirements and Health Sector Reform,” with Nirupam Bajpai, Ravindra H. Dholakia, CGSD Working Paper No. 33, January 2008.

“Scaling up Primary Education Services in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka: Public Investment Requirements and Policy Reform,” with Nirupam Bajpai and Ravindra H. Dholakia, CGSD Working Paper No. 34, January 2008.

“Africa’s Lagging Demographic Transition: Evidence from Exogenous Impacts of Malaria Ecology and Agricultural Technology,” with Dalton Conley and Gordon C. McCord, NBER Working Paper 12892, February 2007.

“Scaling Up Primary Health Services in Rural India,” with Nirupam Bajpai and Ravindra H. Dholakia, CGSD Working Paper No. 29, November 2005. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 58 of 65

“Scaling Up Primary Education Services in Rural India,” with Nirupam Bajpai and Ravindra H. Dholakia, CGSD Working Paper No. 28, November 2005.

“India's Challenge to Meet the Millennium Development Goals,” with Nirupam Bajpai and Nicole H. Volavka, CGSD Working Paper No. 24, April 2005.

“National Common Minimum Programme of the Congress-led United Progessive Alliance: Policy Reform and Public Investment Requirements,” with Nirupam Bajpai, CGSD Working Paper No. 22, August 2004.

“Reaching the Millennium Development Goals in South Asia,” with Nirupam Bajpai and Nicole H. Volavka, CGSD Working Paper No. 17, July 2004.

“Global Services Sourcing: Issues of Cost and Quality,” with Nirupam Bajpai, Rohit Arora and Harpreet Khurana, CGSD Working Paper No. 16, June 2004.

“Institutions Don’t Rule: Direct Effects of Geography on Per Capita Income,” NBER Working Paper 9490, January 2003.

“Global Expert Consensus on Responding to the AIDS Epidemic,” CID, June 2001.

“Tropical Underdevelopment,” NBER Working Paper 8119, February 2001.

“The Decade of Development: Goal Setting and Policy Changes in India” with Nirupam Bajpai, CID Working Paper No. 62, February 2001.

“Institutions and Geography: Comment on Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson,” with John W. McArthur, NBER Working Paper 8114, February 2001.

“Long-Term Perspectives on Economic Development in the Middle East,” delivered as the Eitan Berglas Lecture, Tel Aviv University, January 2001.

“Tropical Underdevelopment,” NBER Working Paper 8119, February 2001. (Prepared for Economic History Association Annual Meeting, September 2000 and CID Working Paper No. 57, December 2000).

“Is the Environmental Kuznets Curve Driven by Structural Change? What Extended Time Series may imply for Developing Countries,” with Theo Panayotou and Alix Peterson, CAER II No 80, 2000.

“The Economic Burden of Malaria,” with John Luke Gallup, CID Working Paper No. 52, July 2000.

“Linkages between Physical Geography and Economic Development,” with Andrew Mellinger and John G. Gallup, CID, April 2000.

“A New Global Consensus on Helping the Poorest of the Poor,” CID, April 2000.

“Foreign Direct Investment in India: Issues and Problems,” with Nirupam Bajpai, HIID Development Discussion Paper No. 759, March 2000.

“Patterns and Determinants of Economic Reform in Transition Economies: 1990-1998,” with Clifford Zinnes and Yair Eilat. HIID CAER II Discussion Paper no. 61, February 2000.

“Economic Consequences of Health Status: A Review of the Evidence,” with Amar A. Hamoudi, CID Working Paper No. 30, December 1999.

“Nigeria and Debt Reduction,” with Dr. Lisa Cook, CID, November 1999.

“Developing Countries and the Control of Climate Change: A Theoretical Perspective and Policy Implications,” with Theodore Panayotou and Alix Peterson, HIID CAER II Discussion Paper No. 44, November 1999. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 59 of 65

“The Progress of Policy Reform and Variation in Performance at the Sub-national level in India," with Nirupam Bajapi, HIID Development Discussion Paper No. 730, November 1999.

“The State of State Government Finances in India,” with Nirupam Bajpai, HIID Discussion Paper No. 719, September 1999.

“A Structural Analysis of Chile's Long-Term Growth: History, Prospects, and Policy Implications,” with Felipe Larrain B and Andrew Warner. Prepared for the Government of Chile as part of the Project “Development Strategies in the Context of Natural Resource Abundance and Global Integration: the Case of Chile,” September 1999.

“Climate, Water Navigability, and Economic Development,” with Andrew Mellinger and John Gallup, CID Working Paper Number 24, September 1999.

“The Fall of the Berlin Wall: Ten Years Later,” CID, September 1999.

“Implementing Debt Relief for the HIPCs,” with Kwesi Botchwey, Maciej Cuchra, and Sara Sievers, CID, August 1999.

“Developing Countries and the Control of Climate Change: Empirical Evidence,” with Theo Panayotou and Alix Peterson, CAER II Discussion Paper No 45, August 1999.

“Developing Countries and the Control of Climate Change: A Theoretical Perspective and Policy Implications,” with Theo Panayotou and Alix Peterson, prepared for UNAID/CAER II, CAER II Discussion Paper No. 44, August 1999.

“Developing Countries and the Control of Climate Change: Empirical Evidence and A Theoretical Perspective and Policy Implications,” with Theodore Panayotou and Alix Peterson, prepared for UNAID/CAER II, August 1999.

“The Case for a Vaccine Purchase Fund,” with Michael Kremer and Amar Hamoudi, CID mimeo, June 1999.

“The Manufactured Exports, Export Platforms, and Economic Growth: Insights from Asia for Egypt,” with Steven Radelet and Lisa Cook, HIID, May 1999.

“Pattern of Trade and Economic Development in the Model of Monopolistic Competition,” with X. Yang and D. Zhang, CID Working Paper No. 14, April 1999.

“Trade Pattern and Economic Development when Endogenous and Exogenous Comparative Advantages Coexist,” with X. Yang and D. Zhang, CID Working Paper No. 3, April 1999.

“The Changing Global Distribution of Malaria: A Review,” with Amar Hamoudi, CID Working Paper No. 2, March 1999.

“Global Financial Crisis: Lessons for Egypt,” Conference: Growth Beyond Stabilization: Prospects for Egypt. Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, February 1999.

“The Asian Financial Crisis: What Happened and What is to be Done,” with Wing Thye Woo, Davidson Institute Working Paper #253, January 1999.

“The Determinants of Economic Growth in Asia, 1965-90,” with Steven Radelet and Jong-Wha Lee (revised July 1998). Prepared as background material for the Asian Development Bank's study Emerging Asia: Changes and Challenges.

“Strengthening India's Strategy for Economic Growth,” with Nirupam Bajpai, HIID Development Discussion Paper No. 641, July 1998.

“The External-Debt Problem in Central America,” with Felipe Larrain B. Harvard Institute for International Development: Cambridge, MA. pp. 251-296, 1998.

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“Promotion of Broad-Based Growth in the Philippines,” with Richard Goldman, Nilgun Gokgur, Steven Radelet, Vijaya Ramachandran, Eli Remolonga, Donald Snodgrass, and Jeffrey Vincent, Manila: National Economics and Development Authority HIID and UNDP, 1998.

“Shipping Costs, Manufactured Exports and Economic Growth,” with Steven Radelet, paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Economics Association, January 1998.

“The Rule of Law and Economic Reform in Russia: Progress, Pitfalls, Scenarios, and Lost Opportunities,” with Katharina Pistor, HIID Development Discussion Paper No. 581, December 1997.

“Raw Materials and Economic Growth,” with Joseph Zeira. Presented at ICC Jerusalem International Convention Center Stabilization, Growth, and Transition: Symposium in Memory of Michael Bruno, Jerusalem, Israel, November 23-24, 1997.

“Geography and Economic Transition,” presented at ICC Jerusalem International Convention Center Stabilization, Growth, and Transition: Symposium in Memory of Michael Bruno, Jerusalem, Israel, November 23-24, 1997.

“Economic Growth in Asia,” with Steven Radelet and Jong-Wha Lee, prepared as background for Asian Development Bank's study: Emerging Asia: Changes and Challenges, July 1997 and HIID Discussion Paper No. 609, May 1997.

“Economic Reforms in China and India: Selected Issues in Industrial Policy,” with N. Bajpai and Tialun Jian, HIID Development Discussion Paper No. 580, April 1997.

“New Partnership for Growth in Africa,” HIID mimeo, February 1997.

“The Geography of Global Capitalism,” mimeo, HIID, May 1997.

“Zimbabwe's Growth Prospects: the Steps Ahead,” with Robert Rotberg, mimeo, HIID, January 1997.

“Achieving Rapid Growth in the Transition Economies of Central Europe,” with Andrew Warner, HIID Development Discussion Paper 544, July 1996.

“Trends in Inter-State Inequalities of Income in India,” with Nirupam Bajpai, HIID Development Discussion Paper No. 528, May 1996.

“Mexican Peso Crisis: Sudden Death or Death Foretold?,” with Aaron Tornell and Andres Velasco, NBER Working Paper Series, No. 5563, May 1996.

“Globalization and Employment,” presented at International Institute for Labour Studies Public Lectures, March 18, 1996.

“Towards a Growth-Oriented Economic Program for Mozambique,” remarks prepared for Workshop on Growth in Mozambique, March 6, 1996.

“International Trade and Wage Inequality in the United States: Some New Results,” with Howard J. Shatz, prepared for Brookings Project on Imports, Exports, and the American Worker. HIID Discussion Paper 524, February 1996.

“Towards a Macroeconomic Framework for Growth with Equity in South Africa,” presented at the Conference on Growth with Equity sponsored by HIID and Witswatersrand Business School, Capetown, South Africa, January 19, 1996.

“EU Membership for Central Europe: Commitments, Speed, and Conditionality,” with Alain de Crombrugghe and Zanny Minton- Beddoes, mimeo, November 1995.

“Lessons from Mexico,” with Aaron Tornell and Andres Velasco, mimeo Harvard University, March 1995.

“Interpreting the Mexican Peso Crisis,” January 1995, mimeo.

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“Economic Convergence and Economic Policies,” with Andrew Warner, presented at conference in Prague, December 1994, as part of Asia Foundation project on Economies in Transition. (Previously NBER Working Paper 5039, September 1995).

“Monetary Institutions and Credible Stabilizations: A Comparison of Experiences in the Baltics,” with Ardo Hansson, presented at conference at University of Chicago Law School, April 22-23, 1994.

“Bolivia: On the Road to Development,” project report prepared for the Ministry of Exports and Competitiveness of the Government of Bolivia, September 1993.

“Ethics and the Global Wave of Economic Reform,” prepared for the Conference on Judaism and a Just Economy, Washington, DC, May 1993.

“Achieving Monetary Stabilization in Russia in 1993,” mimeo.

“Fiscal Federalism and Optimum Currency Areas: Evidence for Europe from the United States,” with Xavier Sala-I-Martin. NBER Working Paper No. 3855, October 1991.

“Strengthening Western Support for Russia's Economic Reforms,” mimeo.

“Living Standards in Poland and the Economic Reforms,” mimeo.

“Is Tokyo Worth Four Trillion Dollars? An Explanation for High Japanese Land Prices,” with Peter Boone, mimeo, October 1989.

“Sachs-McKibbin Global Model: Theory and Specifications,” with Warwick McKibbin, Brookings Discussion Paper #78, August 1989. (Previously NBER Working Paper 3100, September 1989).

“Federal Fiscal Policy and Optimum Currency Area,” with Xavier Sala-I-Martin, Harvard and NBER, mimeo, June 1989.

“Conditionality, Debt Relief, and the Developing Country Crisis,” Harvard and NBER Working Paper 2644, mimeo, April 1986.

“Contractionary Devaluation and Dynamic Adjustment of Exports and Wages,” with F. Larrain, NBER Working Paper, No. 2078, November 1986.

“Capital Controls and the Timing of Exchange Regime Collapse,” with D. Park, NBER Working Paper, No. 2213, May 1987.

“Dynamic Optimization in Two-Party Models,” with W. McKibbin and N. Roubini, NBER Working Paper, No. 2231, April 1987.

“Macroeconomic Policies in the OECD and LDC External Adjustment,” with Warwick McKibbin, NBER Working Paper, No. 1534, March 1985.

“Developing Country Debt and the Market Value of Large Commercial Banks,” with Steven Kyle, NBER Working Paper, No. 1470, September 1984.

“International Policy Coordination in a Dynamic Macroeconomic Model,” NBER Working Paper, No. 1166, July 1983.

“Multiple Shooting in Rational Expectations Models,” NBER Working Paper, No. 3, June 1983.

“Comment: The Employment-Real Wage Relationship, An International Study (Geary and Kennan),” mimeo, Harvard, 1982.

“LDC Debt in the 1980s: Risk and Reforms,” NBER Working Paper, No. 861, February 1982.

“The International Economics of Transitional Growth--The Case of the United States,” with Laurence Kotlikoff and Edward Leamer, NBER Working Paper, No. 773, September 1981.

“Stocks and Prices and Materials in the Macro-Model,” with O. Blanchard, Harvard, March 1980.

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“Macroeconomic Adjustment with Import Price Shocks: Real and Monetary Aspects,” with Michael Bruno, NBER Working Paper, No. 340, April 1979.

Selected Congressional Testimony

“Testimony to the House Committee on Financial Services,” December 5, 2008. “Testimony to the House Committee on Financial Services,” November 19, 2008. “Testimony to the Canadian Parliament’s Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade,” April 6, 2005. “Testimony to the House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, on The Situation on Haiti,” March 3, 2004. “Testimony to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on African Affairs,” February 14, 2002. “Testimony to the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs,” March 9, 2000. “Testimony to the House Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs,” April 19, 1994. “Testimony to the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs,” February 5, 1994. “Testimony to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs,” February 24, 1993. “Testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee,” February 17, 1993. “Testimony to the House Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs,” April 1, 1992. “Testimony to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,” September 24, 1991. “Testimony to the Joint Economic Committee,” May 16, 1990. “Testimony to the House Banking Committee,” March 1, 1990. “Testimony to the House Foreign Affairs Committee,” March 1, 1990. “Testimony to the House Appropriations Committee,” February 27, 1990. “Testimony to the House Budget Committee,” February 8, 1990. “Testimony to the House Agricultural Committee,” May 11, 1989. “Testimony to the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on International Economic Policy,” April 19, 1989. “Testimony to the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs,” February 28, 1989. “Testimony to the Joint Economic Committee,” February 9, 1989. “Testimony to the Senate Banking Committee,” February 8, 1989. “Testimony to the House Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs,” January 5, 1989. “Testimony to the Subcommittee on International Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs,” July 13, 1988. “Testimony to the House Banking Committee,” February 4, 1988. “Testimony to the Joint Economic Committee, United States Congress,” April 28, 1987. “Testimony to the Subcommittee on International Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs,” March 3, 1987. “Testimony to the Subcommittee on International Trade, Senate Finance Committee,” May 13, 1986.

Other Academic Activities Commissioner, The UNAIDS and Lancet Commission: Defeating AIDS — Advancing global health, May 2013-present. Member, Scientific Board, WWWforEurope, Vienna, Austria, March 2014-present. Distinguished Visiting Fellow, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Vienna, Austria, March 2014-present. Member, Board of Trustees, Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE), May 2013- present. Member, Board of Advisors, Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development, 2013-present. Founding Member, Africa Investment Council, May 2012-present. Member, Faculty Advisory Board, Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development Member, Advisory Board International Poverty Reduction Center in China (IPRCC). Faculty Fellow, Institute for Social and Economic Research Policy (ISERP), Columbia University, September 2002 – June 2005. Member, Advisory Council, Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE). Member, International Advisory Board of the Center for Contemporary China, National Tsing Hua Univ, Taiwan. Advisory Council Member, 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment Initiative, IFPRI. Advisory Board, Division of Labor and Transaction Costs – A Journal of the Society for Inframarginal Economics. Honorary Member, Board of Directors, Center for Global Development. Member, World Economics Forum's Global Leaders for Tomorrow, 1995. Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Comparative Economics. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 63 of 65

Member, Research Advisory Committee, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS). Permanent Panel Member, Sapir Forum, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Consultant, United Nations Development Project, Mission to Managua, Nicaragua, May, 1988. Member, Program Advisory Committee, Overseas Development Council, Washington, DC. Member, FAIR, Tokyo, Japan. Member, Board of Advisors, Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC. Member, Board of Advisors, Committee on Economic Development, Washington, DC. Member, International Advisory Board of the Russian Science Foundation (RSF). Member, Board of Directors for Economists Against the Arms Race (ECAAR). Member, International Advisory Council, Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Brussels. Member, International Centre for Research into Economic Reforms (ICRER) Scientific Council (London). Member, Editorial Advisory Board, The World Economy. Member, Board of Advisors, The International Economy. Associate Editor, Journal of Japanese and International Economics. Member, Panel of Economic Advisors, Congressional Budget Office, 1988-1992. Member, Panel of Academic Advisors, Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System, Spring 1984. Visitor, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administracion (IESA), Caracas, September 1984. Member, Consultative Group on U.S.-Japanese Financial Relations. Member, Advisory Board for "economic literacy" program for Russian journalists, Center for War, Peace and the News Media. Member, Editorial Board, The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development. Member, Board of Advisors, Chinese Economists Society. Member, Advisory Committee, Institute for Global Economics, Seoul. Member, Council on Foreign Relations, 1981-1986 and 1994-present. Member, Advisory Board, U.S.-Africa Chamber of Commerce. Member, Advisory Board, World Economic Affairs. Member, The Bretton Woods Committee. Member, Board of Directors, World Links for Development (WorLD). Chair, Committee on Macroeconomics and Health (2000-2001) and member of Panel of Economic Advisers of the World Health Organization. Member, International Financial Institution Advisory Commission (U.S. Congress), 1999-2000. Faculty Fellow, Environmental Economics Program, Harvard University. Member, Biotech Advisory Council, Monsanto. Member, Board of Governors, New York Academy of Sciences. Member, HELP Commission (U.S. Congress). Member, Board, Ethical Globalization Initiative. Member, Board of Advisors, American Jewish World Service. Member, Board of Advisors, Institute for International Economics. Member-at-Large, Social, Economic and Political Sciences Section, American Association for the Advancement of Science Member, Advisory Board, Sanaria Inc. Member, Board of Directors, Millennium Villages Inc. Referee for numerous academic journals.

Selected Special Lectures

University Lecture, Columbia University, February 25, 2014. Conference on Bio Diversity Linnaeus Lecture, May 23, 2008. 50 Years of NASA Aeronautical Research Lecture, October 21, 2008. Chicago Humanities Festival: Franke Lecture in Economics, October 30, 2008. BBC Reith Lectures, Winter/Spring 2007. Rafael Salas Memorial Lecture, United Nations, April 4, 2003. Razin Prize and Economic Policy Lecture, Georgetown University, January 10, 2002. Arthur Ashe AIDS Endowment 2001 Annual Lecture, Weill-Medical College of Cornell University, January 6, 2002. The Eitan Berglas Lecture, Tel Aviv University, January 24, 2001. The Arthur M. Okun Memorial Lecture, Yale University, April 10-12, 2000. First foreigner to deliver Japan’s LDP Nation Convention Keynote Address, 1998. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 64 of 65

The Panglaykim Memorial Lecture, June 18, 1996. The Frank D. Graham Lecture, Princeton University, April 20, 1995. The McKenna Lecture in International Trade and Economics, Claremont McKenna College, April 10, 1995. The Kathleen Price Bryan Visiting Professor of Financial Affairs, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, April 3-4, 1995. The Cook Lectures on American Institutions, University of Michigan Law School, January 17-19, 1995. The Finlay O'Brien Lecture, University College Dublin, November 9, 1994. The Tanner Lecture, University of Utah, April 6-7, 1994. 1994 Alice Conner Gorlin memorial Lecture, Oakland University, March 17, 1994. Wallenberg Bankers Forum, Georgetown University, September 26, 1993. The Carl Snyder Memorial Lecture, UC/Santa Barbara, May 4-5, 1993. The Marsh and McLennan Lecture, Furman University, April 22, 1993. Hans Bosman Lecture, Tilburg University, December 1992. The Ernest Sturc Memorial Lecture, SAIS/John Hopkins, November 1992. Henry George Lecture Series, St. John's University, October 1992. Wellington-Burnham Lecture, Tufts University, April 1992. David Horowitz Lecture, Tel-Aviv, December 1991. Annual Hicks Lectures, Oxford, March 1991. The Lionel Robbins Memorial Lectures, London School of Economics, January 1991. A Progressive Policy Institute Lecture, U.S. Policy Towards Economic Reform in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, February 20, 1990.

Selected Awards and Scholarships Honorary Degree, University of Lodz, Poland, May 24, 2019 Honorary Degree, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, October 24, 2018 Honorary Degree, Monash University, Melbourne, October 16, 2018 AIB Eminent Scholar Award, Michigan State University, June 27, 2018 Honorary Degree, Babeș-Bolyai University, Romania, March 9, 2018 Honorary Degree, University of Brescia, Italy, February 12, 2018 Boris Mints Institute Prize, Tel Aviv University, May 18, 2017 World Sustainability Award (2017), Cape Town, January 27, 2017 Honorary Degree, Portland State University, June 12, 2016 Quartz Podcast Award for 2015 best business/economics podcast, 2015. Blue Planet Prize, Asahi Glass Foundation, 2015. Honorary Degree, University of Delaware, May 30, 2015. Honorary Degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, Drexel University, June 13, 2014. M.S. Swaminathan Award, Asia Initiatives, October 14, 2013. Honorary Degree, Doctor of Science, University of Michigan, April 28, 2013. Dag Hammarskjold Inspiration Award, Dag Hammarskjold Fund for Journalists, November 13, 2012. Honorary Degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, Bryant University, May 19, 2012. Named one of top 3 most influential economists of past decade, The Economist, February 10, 2011. Honorary Degree, Doctor of Laws, Carleton University, November 13, 2010. Pro Bono Humanum Award, Prix Galien, September 30, 2009. United Nations Correspondents Association (UNCA) Citizen of Year, December 4, 2008. Honorary Degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, Pace University, May 19, 2008. Honorary Doctor of Science Degree, State University of New York, May 16, 2008. The Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution International Advocate for Peace Award, 2008. Jefferson Award for Public Service, 2007. Honorary PhD. Degree, Whitman College, May 2007. Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree, Ursinus College, May 2007. Honorary PhD. Degree, Cracow University of Economics, May 2007. The Centennial Medal, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University, June 2007. Padma Bhushan Award, awarded by the President of India, January 2007. American Association of Geographers, Honorary Geographer, 2007. First holder of the Royal Professor Ungku Aziz Chair in Poverty Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree, Ohio Wesleyan University, October 5, 2006. Honorary Dean, Western China Poverty Reduction Program, Sichuan University, August 22, 2006. Case 1:19-cv-02424-TNM Document 34-10 Filed 11/30/20 Page 65 of 65

Honorary PhD. Degree, Trinity College Dublin, July 6, 2006. Honorary PhD. Degree, College of the Atlantic, June 3, 2006. Honorary PhD. Degree, Southern Methodist University, May 20, 2006. The Memorial Sloane-Kettering Medal for Outstanding Contributions to Biomedical Research, May 16, 2006. University of California Berkeley School of Public Health International Public Health Hero Award, 2006 Sargent Shriver Award for Equal Justice, 2005. Honorary PhD. Degree, Simon Fraser University, October 7, 2005. Honorary Fellow, OXONIA, The Oxford Institute of Economic Policy, Oxford, UK. Honorary PhD. Degree, McGill University, May 27, 2005. Honorary PhD. Degree, Southern New Hampshire University, May 13, 2005. Named one of 100 Most Influential People in the World, Time Magazine, April 2005. Honorary PhD. Degree, St. John’s University, n.d. Named one of 100 Most Influential People in the World, Time Magazine, April 2004. Elected to the Institute of Medicine, October 2003. The Distinguished Public Service Award of the Secretary of State's Open Forum, June 28, 2002. Bernhard Harms Prize, Kiel Institute, June 24, 2000. Honorary PhD. Degree, Iona College, New Rochelle, NY, May 13, 2000. Honorary PhD. Degree, University of Varna, Bulgaria, May 3, 2000. Commanders Cross Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland, 1999. Honorary PhD. Degree, Lingnan College, Hong Kong, 1998. Honorary Professorship, Universidad del Pacífico, Peru, 1997. Frank E. Seidman Award in Political Economy, 1991. Honorary PhD. Degree, St. Gallen University, Switzerland, 1990. Fellow, World Econometric Society. Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA. Irving Fischer Award for Outstanding Dissertation, Omicron Delta Epsilon Society, 1982. Wells Prize for Economics Dissertation, Harvard University, 1981. Fellow, Harvard Society of Fellows. Recipient of the John Williams Prize for best overall record of a graduating economics major at Harvard College, 1976. Elected to Phi Beta Kappa during junior year at Harvard. John Harvard Scholarship for Highest Academic Achievement (1973, 1974, 1975, 1976). Whitaker Prize, 1976. Detur Book Prize, 1976. National Merit Scholarship winner, 1972.