Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al. Relations between earthquake surface traces and slips, and fault architecture and long-term propagation, for all earthquakes analyzed in present study.

1957 Bogd earthquake (Mw 8.1) Zone of largest coseismic slips Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity 8 6 4

slip (m) 2 Choi et al., 2012 0 Gichgeniyn Nuruu Thrust surfaceCoseismic 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Rupture length (km) N H Direction of long- term propagation 100 km North Baga Bogd of the Bogd fault

Mapping from Tapponnier and Molnar, 1979

1983 Borah Peak earthquake (Mw 7.3) Normal fault - Immature 3 Zone of largest coseismic slips

2

slip (m) 1 Crone and Machette, 1984;

Coseismic surfaceCoseismic Crone et al., 1987 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Rupture length (km) H N Direction of long-term propagation of the Mackay Thousand Springs- fault 5 km Lone Pine fault Warm Spring fault

Mapping from Crone and Haller, 1991

1968 Borrego Mountain earthquake (Mw 6.4) Zone of largest coseismic slips Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity 0.4 0.3 0.2 N 0.1

Coseismic Coseismic Clark, 1972 0 surface slip (m) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 km Rupture length (km) Direction of long- San Andreas Fault term propagation of the San Jacinto fault H

Mapping from Dorsey, 2002

1999 ChiChi earthquake 12 Horizontal net slip Zone of largest coseismic slips (Mw 7.6) N-S component Dominguez et al., 2003 10 E-W component Reverse and strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity 8 6

4 2 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic slip (m) 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Rupture length (km) N Direction of 10 km long-term propagation of the Chelungpu fault ~2.5 km/s ~2.5 km/s

H Mapping from Dominguez et al., 2003 Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al. (following) 2002 Denali earthquake (Mw 7.8) - Strike slip fault - Mature Mapping from Plafker and Berg, 1994

Direction of long-term Likely zone of propagation fault initiation Chatham Strait F. of the Denali N fault

EKF 500 km 10 Zone of largest coseismic slips 8 6 4 Togiak-Tikchik F. slip (m) 2 Haeussler et al., 2004 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Rupture length (km) Direction of long-term Denali Fault N propagation H 3.3 km/s 5-5.5 km/s of the Denali Susitna Glacier Totschunda Fault fault Fault

1954 Dixie Valley earthquake (Mw 6.7) - Normal fault - Immature 4 Zone of largest coseismic slips Vertical displacement Net displacement (dip = 50°) 3

2

1 Caskey et al., 1996 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic slip (m) 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Rupture length (km) Direction of long-term propagation of the Dixie Valley fault

Likely zone of fault Direction of initiation long-term propagation 10 km of the Dixie N Mapping from Bell and Katzer, 1990 Valley fault (H)

1980 El Asnam earthquake (Mw 7.1) Reverse (and strike slip) fault - Immature H N 10 km Direction of long-term propagation of the Cheli and Oued Fossa faults

Mapping from Yielding et al., 1989

6 Zone of largest coseismic slips 5 Cheli fault 4 3

slip (m) 2 1 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 Yielding et al., 1981 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Rupture length (km) Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al. (following) 4 From optical 2010 El Mayor Cucapah earthquake (Mw 7.2) Zone of largest coseismic slips pixel correlation Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity (black) and from 3 inversion model (dotted grey) of 2 Wei et al., 2011 slip (m) 1 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 San Gabriel 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Rupture length (km) Mountains Thrust H 1 km/s? Direction of 3 km/s? long-term propagation of 50 km Sierra Juarez faultsthe Elsinore fault N Mapping from Dorsey et al., 2012

1939 Erzincan earthquake (Mw 7.8) Strike slip fault - Mature 8 N 6 4 Zone of largest coseismic slips slip2 (m)

Coseismic surface0 Northern branch 0 100 Rupture length (km) Direction of 200 Barka, 1996 long-term 300 propagation Southern branch of the North Anatolian fault H 100 km East Anatolian Mapping from Sengör et al., 2005 Fault 1954 Fairview Peak earthquake (Mw 7.2) Vertical displacement (Fairview and Louderback sections) Normal (and strike slip) fault - Vertical displacement (Gold King section) 6 Zone of largest coseismic slips Lateral displacement (Fairview and Louderback sections) Immature Net displacement 5 (dip Fairview : 60°; Louderback : 70°; Gold King : 60°) 4 3

slip (m) 2 Caskey et al., 1996 1 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Rupture length (km) N ? Louderback strand Direction of long-term Fairview strand propagation of the Walker Lane shear zone Gold King Fairview Peak fault 20 km strand

Mapping from USGS website H

1857 Fort Tejon earthquake (Mw 7.9) Strike slip fault - Mature Zone of largest coseismic slips 10 Sieh, 1978 8 Zielke et al., 2012 6 4 slip (m) 100 km 2 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic N 0 0 100 200 300 Rupture length (km)

Mendocino Direction of fracture zone Calaveras fault San Jacinto fault long-term Creeping propagation Hayward fault zone H Elsinore fault of the San San Gabriel ? San Gregorio fault San Juan fault fault Newport-Inglewood- Andreas fault Rose Canyon fault zone

Mapping from Schwartz and Coppersmith 1984; USGS website Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al. (following) 1931 Fuyun earthquake (Mw 7.9) Lateral component : Strike slip fault - Zone of largest 16 Vertical coseismic slips Lin and Lin, 1998 Intermediate maturity component of slip only Jianbang et al., 1984 12 Klinger et al., 2011 8 slip (m) 4 Barkol Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 40 80 120 160 Tagh Rupture length (km) Range Direction of renewed propagation of the Fuyun fault Direction of long-term propagation of the Fuyun fault H N 100 km

Mapping from Tapponnier and Molnar, 1979

1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake (Mw 7.5) - Normal fault - Immature N (H) Direction of long-term propagation of the Hebgen fault

8

6 Zone of largest coseismic slips 10 km 4 slip (m) 2 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic

Myers and Hamilton, 1964 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Rupture length (km) Mapping from USGS website

1999 Hector Mine earthquake (Mw 7.1) 8 Strike slip fault - Immature fault Zone of largest coseismic slips 6

4 slip (m) 2 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic Jónsson et al., 2002 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Rupture length (km) 1.8 km/s 2.2-2.8 km/s Direction of Bullion Mtns Blind F. H N long-term Lavic Lake F. propagation of Mesquite Lake F. Pisgah F. Pinto the Lavic Bullion F. 20 km Mountain Lake-Bullion- fault Mesquite Lake fault Mapping from Jennings et al., 1994 in Jachens et al., 2002 Zone of largest coseismic slips 1940 Imperial Valley earthquake (Mw 7.0) 6 Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity ? 4

slip (m) 2 from J.P. Buwalda in Sharp, 1982 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 N Direction of long-term Rupture length (km) propagation of the Imperial fault 20 km H

Mapping from USGS website Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al. (following) 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake (Mw 6.5) 1 Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity ? Zone of largest coseismic slips

0.5 slip (m)

Sharp et al., 1982 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 10 20 30 40 Rupture length (km) N Direction of long-term propagation of the Imperial fault 20 km ~2 to 7-8.8 km/s 2.5-2.9 Mapping from USGS website km/s H

1999 Izmit earthquake (Mw 7.4-7.6) - Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity 6 Zone of largest coseismic slips 4 Northern branch

slip (m) 2 Direction of long-term surfaceCoseismic 0 0 propagation 30 60 90 120 Main North Anatolian fault Rupture length (km) of the North N Anatolian H fault and of 100 km its northern 3 km/s 4.8-5.8 branch N km/s

Barka et al., 2002; Michel and Avouac, 2002 Mapping from Sengör et al., 2005

2001 Kunlun earthquake (Mw 7.8) - Strike slip fault - Mature 8 Zone of largest coseismic slips Lasserre et al., 2005 6 Xu et al., 2006 Klinger et al., 2006 4 slip (m) 2 Direction of long-term Direction of surfaceCoseismic N 0 250 km propagation of long-term 0 100 200 300 400 500 Rupture length (km) the Kunlun fault propagation of the Kunlun fault H

2.6-3.3 km/s 5-6.7 km/s Likely zone of fault initiation

Mapping from Van der Woerd et al., 2002; Kirby et al., 2007

1992 Landers earthquake (Mw 7.3) - Strike slip fault - Immature 7 Zone of largest coseismic slips 6 5

4 3 2 1

Coseismic surfaceCoseismic slip (m) Sieh et al., 1993 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Rupture length (km)

Harper Lake fault Homestead Valley Camp Rock-Emerson fault Direction of long-term ~4 km/s propagation of the Camp Rock-Emerson-Homestead Johnson Valley ~2.5-3.6 Valley- Johnson Valley fault N 20 km km/s H system Mapping from Jennings et al., 1994 in Jachens et al., 2002 Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al. (following) 1997 Manyi earthquake (Mw 7.5) - Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity

Zone of largest coseismic slips 7 6 5 4 3 N slip (m) 2 1 Peltzer et al.., 1999 50 km Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Rupture length (km) Direction of long-term Direction of <3 km/s 3-3.2 km/s propagation of long-term the Manyi fault propagation of H the Manyi fault Likely zone of fault initiation

Mapping modi ed from Taylor and Yin 2009 in Bell et al., 2011

1967 Mudurnu earthquake (Mw 7.0) - Strike slip fault - Mature Zone of largest coseismic slips Northern branch N 2

1 slip (m)

Southern branch

Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 30 60 90 Rupture length (km)

Direction of 100 km N H long-term East Anatolian Fault propagation Barka, 1996 of the North Anatolian fault Mapping from Sengör et al., 2005

2005 Muza arabad earthquake 8 Zone of largest coseismic slips (Mw 7.6) 6 Reverse fault - Immature 4

slip (m) 2 Kaneda et al., 2008

Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Rupture length (km) N

MBT H Balakot-Bagh fault Direction of long-term 20 km propagation of the Balakot- Bagh fault

Mapping modi ed from Kaneda et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2009 Riassi fault 1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake (Mw 7.0) Normal fault - Immature Zone of largest coseismic slips 6 5 4 3

slip (m) 2 1 Wallace, 1984 Coseismic surface Coseismic 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Rupture length (km) Direction of Direction of long-term N long-term propagation of Pearce section propagation of the Pleasant the Pleasant Valley fault Valley fault Likely zone of H China Mtn 10 km fault initiation section

Mapping from USGS website Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al. (following)

1906 San Francisco earthquake (Mw 7.7) - Strike slip fault - Mature

10 Zone of largest coseismic slips 8 6 4 slip (m) 2 Lawson, 1908;

Coseismic surface Coseismic Thatcher et al., 1997 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Rupture length (km) N 100 km Mendocino Direction of Calaveras fault long-term fracture zone San Jacinto fault Creeping propagation Hayward fault zone Elsinore fault of the San San Gabriel ? Andreas fault 3.9 km/s H San Gregorio2.9 fault km/s San Juan fault fault Newport-Inglewood- Rose Canyon fault zone

Mapping from Schwartz and Coppersmith 1984; USGS website

Vertical displacement (Beichuan fault) 2008 Sichuan earthquake (Mw 7.9) Vertical displacement (Pengguan fault) Reverse (and strike slip) fault - Intermediate maturity Lateral displacement (Beichuan fault) 15 Zone of largest coseismic slips Net displacement (dip Beichuan : 80°; Pengguan : 40°; Jia et al., 2010) 10 From Liu Zeng et al., 2009; 5 slip (m) Lin et al., 2009, 2012; Zhang et al., 2010 0 Coseismic surface Coseismic 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Rupture length (km) Direction of long-term Beichuan fault N H propagation of the Beichuan fault 50 km Pengguan fault 3-3.4 km/s 2.5-3 km/s

Mapping from Shen et al., 2009

1987 Superstition Hills earthquake (Mw 6.6) 0.6 Zone of largest coseismic slips Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity 0.4 N 0.2 slip (m) 40 km Sharp et al., 1989 0

Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 10 20 30 Rupture length (km) San Andreas Fault Direction of long-term H propagation of the San Mapping from Dorsey, 2002 Jacinto fault 2010 Yushu earthquake (Mw 7.1) Zone of largest coseismic slips Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity 2 Li et al., 2012 Direction of long-term 50 km 1 propagation slip (m) of the Garze- Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 Yushu fault Xianshui He 0 20 40 60 80 fault Rupture length (km) N H 1.6-2.5 km/s 4-5 km/s Mapping from Wang et al., 2008

Supplementary Figure S1: All earthquakes analyzed in present study. The gures emphasize the relations between surface rupture traces, surface slip-length pro les, architecture and direction of long-term propagation of causative long-term faults (most fault maps are taken from compilation by Perrin et al., 2016; all data are described in Document S1 and compi- led in Table S1). For each earthquake, the causative fault and o-fault splays and associated secondary faults are in black (unless ruptured), the rupture surface trace is in red, the zone of largest coseismic surface slips (≥ 80% of maximum slip; indicated with horizontal dotted line in slip pro les) is in green, the hypocenter H as a red square with a 5 km uncertainty, and rupture speeds indicated in red where available along the ruptures. Blue rectangles locate zooms that are shown for some earthquakes. Slip mode and overall structural maturity of causative faults are indicated (see Table S1). References for surface slip pro les and maps are cited; references for direction of long-term propagation are in Document S1 and Table S1.