Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al. Relations between earthquake surface traces and slips, and fault architecture and long-term propagation, for all earthquakes analyzed in present study. 1957 Bogd earthquake (Mw 8.1) Zone of largest coseismic slips Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity 8 6 4 slip (m) 2 Choi et al., 2012 0 Gichgeniyn Nuruu Thrust surfaceCoseismic 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Rupture length (km) N H Direction of long- term propagation 100 km North Baga Bogd of the Bogd fault Mapping from Tapponnier and Molnar, 1979 1983 Borah Peak earthquake (Mw 7.3) Normal fault - Immature 3 Zone of largest coseismic slips 2 slip (m) 1 Crone and Machette, 1984; Coseismic surfaceCoseismic Crone et al., 1987 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Rupture length (km) H N Direction of long-term propagation of the Mackay Thousand Springs- fault 5 km Lone Pine fault Warm Spring fault Mapping from Crone and Haller, 1991 1968 Borrego Mountain earthquake (Mw 6.4) Zone of largest coseismic slips Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity 0.4 0.3 0.2 N 0.1 Coseismic Coseismic Clark, 1972 0 surface slip (m) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 km Rupture length (km) Direction of long- San Andreas Fault term propagation of the San Jacinto fault H Mapping from Dorsey, 2002 1999 ChiChi earthquake 12 Horizontal net slip Zone of largest coseismic slips N-S component Dominguez et al., 2003 (Mw 7.6) (m) 10 E-W component Reverse and strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity 8 6 4 2 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic slip 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Rupture length (km) N Direction of 10 km long-term propagation of the Chelungpu fault ~2.5 km/s ~2.5 km/s H Mapping from Dominguez et al., 2003 Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al. (following) 2002 Denali earthquake (Mw 7.8) - Strike slip fault - Mature Mapping from Plafker and Berg, 1994 Direction of long-term Likely zone of propagation fault initiation Chatham Strait F. of the Denali N fault EKF 500 km 10 Zone of largest coseismic slips 8 6 4 Togiak-Tikchik F. slip (m) 2 Haeussler et al., 2004 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Rupture length (km) Direction of long-term Denali Fault N propagation H 3.3 km/s 5-5.5 km/s of the Denali Susitna Glacier Totschunda Fault fault Fault 1954 Dixie Valley earthquake (Mw 6.7) - Normal fault - Immature 4 Zone of largest coseismic slips Vertical displacement (m) Net displacement (dip = 50°) 3 2 1 Caskey et al., 1996 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic slip 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Rupture length (km) Direction of long-term propagation of the Dixie Valley fault Likely zone of fault Direction of initiation long-term propagation 10 km of the Dixie N Mapping from Bell and Katzer, 1990 Valley fault (H) 1980 El Asnam earthquake (Mw 7.1) Reverse (and strike slip) fault - Immature H N 10 km Direction of long-term propagation of the Cheli and Oued Fossa faults Mapping from Yielding et al., 1989 6 Zone of largest coseismic slips 5 Cheli fault 4 (m) 3 slip 2 1 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 Yielding et al., 1981 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Rupture length (km) Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al. (following) 4 From optical 2010 El Mayor Cucapah earthquake (Mw 7.2) Zone of largest coseismic slips pixel correlation Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity (black) and from 3 inversion model (dotted grey) of (m) 2 Wei et al., 2011 slip 1 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 San Gabriel 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Rupture length (km) Mountains Thrust H 1 km/s? Direction of 3 km/s? long-term propagation of 50 km Sierra Juarez faultsthe Elsinore fault N Mapping from Dorsey et al., 2012 1939 Erzincan earthquake (Mw 7.8) Strike slip fault - Mature 8 N 6 4 Zone of largest coseismic slips slip2 (m) Coseismic surface0 Northern branch 0 100 Rupture length (km) Direction of 200 Barka, 1996 long-term 300 propagation Southern branch of the North Anatolian fault H 100 km East Anatolian Mapping from Sengör et al., 2005 Fault 1954 Fairview Peak earthquake (Mw 7.2) Vertical displacement (Fairview and Louderback sections) Normal (and strike slip) fault - Vertical displacement (Gold King section) 6 Zone of largest coseismic slips Lateral displacement (Fairview and Louderback sections) Immature Net displacement 5 (dip Fairview : 60°; Louderback : 70°; Gold King : 60°) 4 3 slip (m) 2 Caskey et al., 1996 1 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Rupture length (km) N ? Louderback strand Direction of long-term Fairview strand propagation of the Walker Lane shear zone Gold King Fairview Peak fault 20 km strand Mapping from USGS website H 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake (Mw 7.9) Strike slip fault - Mature Zone of largest coseismic slips 10 Sieh, 1978 8 Zielke et al., 2012 6 4 slip (m) 100 km 2 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic N 0 0 100 200 300 Rupture length (km) Mendocino Direction of fracture zone Calaveras fault San Jacinto fault long-term Creeping propagation Hayward fault zone H Elsinore fault of the San San Gabriel ? San Gregorio fault San Juan fault fault Newport-Inglewood- Andreas fault Rose Canyon fault zone Mapping from Schwartz and Coppersmith 1984; USGS website Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al. (following) 1931 Fuyun earthquake (Mw 7.9) Lateral component : Strike slip fault - Zone of largest 16 Vertical coseismic slips Lin and Lin, 1998 Intermediate maturity component of slip only Jianbang et al., 1984 12 Klinger et al., 2011 8 slip (m) 4 Barkol Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 40 80 120 160 Tagh Rupture length (km) Range Direction of renewed propagation of the Fuyun fault Direction of long-term propagation of the Fuyun fault H N 100 km Mapping from Tapponnier and Molnar, 1979 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake (Mw 7.5) - Normal fault - Immature N (H) Direction of long-term propagation of the Hebgen fault 8 6 Zone of largest coseismic slips 10 km 4 slip (m) 2 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic Myers and Hamilton, 1964 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Rupture length (km) Mapping from USGS website 1999 Hector Mine earthquake (Mw 7.1) 8 Strike slip fault - Immature fault Zone of largest coseismic slips 6 4 slip (m) 2 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic Jónsson et al., 2002 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Rupture length (km) 1.8 km/s 2.2-2.8 km/s Direction of Bullion Mtns Blind F. H N long-term Lavic Lake F. propagation of Mesquite Lake F. Pisgah F. Pinto the Lavic Bullion F. 20 km Mountain Lake-Bullion- fault Mesquite Lake fault Mapping from Jennings et al., 1994 in Jachens et al., 2002 Zone of largest coseismic slips 1940 Imperial Valley earthquake (Mw 7.0) 6 Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity ? 4 slip (m) 2 from J.P. Buwalda in Sharp, 1982 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 N Direction of long-term Rupture length (km) propagation of the Imperial fault 20 km H Mapping from USGS website Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al. (following) 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake (Mw 6.5) 1 Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity ? Zone of largest coseismic slips 0.5 slip (m) Sharp et al., 1982 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 10 20 30 40 Rupture length (km) N Direction of long-term propagation of the Imperial fault 20 km ~2 to 7-8.8 km/s 2.5-2.9 Mapping from USGS website km/s H 1999 Izmit earthquake (Mw 7.4-7.6) - Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity 6 Zone of largest coseismic slips 4 Northern branch slip (m) 2 Direction of long-term surfaceCoseismic 0 0 propagation 30 60 90 120 Main North Anatolian fault Rupture length (km) of the North N Anatolian H fault and of 100 km its northern 3 km/s 4.8-5.8 branch N km/s Barka et al., 2002; Michel and Avouac, 2002 Mapping from Sengör et al., 2005 2001 Kunlun earthquake (Mw 7.8) - Strike slip fault - Mature 8 Zone of largest coseismic slips Lasserre et al., 2005 6 Xu et al., 2006 Klinger et al., 2006 4 slip (m) 2 Direction of long-term Direction of surfaceCoseismic N 0 250 km propagation of long-term 0 100 200 300 400 500 Rupture length (km) the Kunlun fault propagation of the Kunlun fault H 2.6-3.3 km/s 5-6.7 km/s Likely zone of fault initiation Mapping from Van der Woerd et al., 2002; Kirby et al., 2007 1992 Landers earthquake (Mw 7.3) - Strike slip fault - Immature 7 Zone of largest coseismic slips 6 5 4 3 2 1 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic slip (m) Sieh et al., 1993 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Rupture length (km) Harper Lake fault Homestead Valley Camp Rock-Emerson fault Direction of long-term ~4 km/s propagation of the Camp Rock-Emerson-Homestead Johnson Valley ~2.5-3.6 Valley- Johnson Valley fault N 20 km km/s H system Mapping from Jennings et al., 1994 in Jachens et al., 2002 Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al. (following) 1997 Manyi earthquake (Mw 7.5) - Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity Zone of largest coseismic slips 7 6 5 4 3 N slip (m) 2 1 Peltzer et al.., 1999 50 km Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Rupture length (km) Direction of long-term Direction of <3 km/s 3-3.2 km/s propagation of long-term the Manyi fault propagation of H the Manyi fault Likely zone of fault initiation Mapping modied from Taylor and Yin 2009 in Bell et al., 2011 1967 Mudurnu earthquake (Mw 7.0) - Strike slip fault - Mature Zone of largest coseismic slips Northern branch N 2 1 slip (m) Southern branch Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 30 60 90 Rupture length (km) Direction of 100 km N H long-term East Anatolian Fault propagation Barka, 1996 of the North Anatolian fault Mapping from Sengör et al., 2005 2005 Muzaarabad earthquake 8 Zone of largest coseismic slips (Mw 7.6) 6 Reverse fault - Immature 4 slip (m) 2 Kaneda et al., 2008 Coseismic surfaceCoseismic 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Rupture length (km) N MBT H Balakot-Bagh fault Direction of long-term 20 km propagation of the Balakot- Bagh fault Mapping modied from Kaneda et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2009 Riassi fault 1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake (Mw 7.0) Normal fault - Immature Zone of largest coseismic slips 6 5 4 3 slip (m) 2 1 Wallace, 1984 Coseismic surface Coseismic 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Rupture length (km) Direction of Direction of long-term N long-term propagation of Pearce section propagation of the Pleasant the Pleasant Valley fault Valley fault Likely zone of H China Mtn 10 km fault initiation section Mapping from USGS website Supplementary Figure S1; Perrin et al.