DOCSLIB.ORG

Pamunkey Indian Subsistence Practices and the Market Economy 1800-1900

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pamunkey Indian Subsistence Practices and the Market Economy 1800-1900 W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2017 Knowing the River, Working the Land, and Digging for Clay: Pamunkey Indian Subsistence Practices and the Market Economy 1800-1900 Ashley Spivey College of William and Mary, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Spivey, Ashley, "Knowing the River, Working the Land, and Digging for Clay: Pamunkey Indian Subsistence Practices and the Market Economy 1800-1900" (2017). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1516639670. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/S2NQ2Z This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Knowing the River, Working the Land, and Digging for Clay: Pamunkey Indian Subsistence Practices and the Market Economy 1800 – 1900 Ashley Layne Atkins Spivey Pamunkey Indian Reservation, King William, Virginia Master of Arts, College of William & Mary, 2009 Bachelor of Arts, James Madison University, 2007 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of The College of William & Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology College of William & Mary August 2017 © Copyright by Ashley Atkins Spivey 2017 COMPLIANCE PAGE Research approved by Protection of Human Subjects Committee (PHSC) Protocol number(s): PHSC-2010-02-25-6513-mdgall PHSC-2013-05-20-8743-mdgall Date(s) of approval: March 1, 2010 August 8, 2013 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the responses and engagement of the Pamunkey Indians with an expanding capitalist economy in nineteenth century Tidewater Virginia. Framed by theoretical discourses of political economy and landscape, I investigate the Pamunkey community’s Reservation subsistence economy, and the transitional effects the infiltration of industrial capitalism had on the economic life and experiences of Pamunkey people. Evidence uncovered from archaeological investigations on the Reservation, archival resources, and oral testimony from tribal members reveal how the Pamunkey community structured their engagement with the market. Pamunkey market engagement formed a mixed economy that followed an annual seasonal round grounded in the Reservation landscape. The annual round combined traditional subsistence practices of pottery making, fishing, hunting, trapping and horticulture with migratory wage labor. It is apparent these processes and the relationships that fueled them are still at work within the contemporary Reservation community. Thus, this dissertation and the questions that inform it are also shaped by the historical consciousness of the Pamunkey people. Pamunkey economic experiences throughout the nineteenth century highlight the persistence, creative agency, and ingenuity of an Indigenous community that was socially, economically, and politically marginalized. The Pamunkey community’s ability to strategically adapt these practices structured the community’s engagement in the capitalist economy to the Tribe’s advantage, while simultaneously ensuring these practices and the knowledge required to do them survived for future generations. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii Dedication iii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Methodologies and Theoretical Framework 18 Chapter 3. Pamunkey Men and the Reservation Economy 75 Chapter 4. Pamunkey Women and the Reservation Economy 187 Chapter 5. Pamunkey Consumer Practices and Reservation Homestead Economy 237 Chapter 6. Wage Labor and the Pamunkey Economy 264 Chapter 7. The Pamunkey Economy in Transition 295 Chapter 8. Conclusions 325 Bibliography 352 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to my advisor, Martin Gallivan. Twelve years ago he recognized in me the potential to become a dedicated and determined anthropologist. Without his foresight I would not have had the courage to begin this journey. Martin’s guidance and support as a mentor provided me with the tools necessary to complete this journey. I am thankful for Danielle Morreti-Langholtz whose mentorship and encouragement provided the foundation I needed to become a successful scholar. Her unwavering support and confidence sustained me through this journey. Thank you to Brad Weiss whose feedback and enthusiasm inspired me to always do better. And last, but not least, I thank Andy Fisher, whose humor reminded me that while the dissertation is important, I should not to take the journey or myself too seriously. I would like to thank my mother Layne Cook for her continual support and encouragement through this journey to complete my dissertation. Thank you to my grandfather, Warren Cook, whose footsteps I have chosen to follow. Through his dedication in serving his tribal community, my grandfather provided the example and knowledge I needed to begin and complete this journey, and to use my education as an opportunity to serve my people. I thank my community, the Pamunkey Indian Tribe, for their dedication to learning more about the past of our ancestors. Their interests and enthusiasm for Pamunkey history are the foundation for this dissertation, and provided the inspiration needed to complete this journey. Thank you to my Pamunkey ancestors, whose experiences and sacrifices forged the path that made it possible for me to pursue this journey. Most importantly, and with much love, I thank my husband, Daniel Spivey. His, empathy and encouragement throughout this process gave me the strength and support I needed to earn this accomplishment. ii This Ph.D. is dedicated to: Pamunkey ancestors who came before, Pamunkey people of the here and now, Pamunkey generations yet to come iii Chapter 1: Introduction In 2008, one year following the 2007 commemoration of Jamestown’s founding in 1607, I sat down with several members of my community, the Pamunkey Indian Tribe, to reflect on this celebration of colonial history, and the centuries proceeding European colonial expansion. These conversations highlighted community members’ profound interest in the historical experiences of their ancestors over the last four centuries. They revealed various, but common threads in our perceptions about the history of the past 400 years, and the complicated landscape the Pamunkey1 community faced during this time. That complicated landscape encompassed numerous points of reference for Pamunkey individuals that extended well beyond the year 1607. They included an adamant recognition that our history spans thousands of years, not hundreds; a regard for important Indigenous historical figures; reflections on how the wider public perceives our community; and an insistence that traditional subsistence on our Reservation lands sustained Pamunkey persistence despite the past 400 years. This last element is of tremendous importance to Pamunkey people, and this dissertation in particular. Despite the political and social erosion that took place within the Virginia Indian world, the Pamunkey were able to hold onto Through out this dissertation I use the term Pamunkey to reference, 1) the community1 – a people comprised of enrolled tribal members at present, and 2) a place, the Reservation. Importantly, these references traverse the past and present. I argue for continuity in my use of “Pamunkey people” and “Pamunkey community” as they signify a connection through ancestry, place, shared experiences, and a shared past. 1 central elements of their traditional subsistence economy that have came to serve as identifying features of the Pamunkey community. During these conversations, one statement in particular epitomized Pamunkey interest in documenting the processes through which our practices in traditional subsistence became marketable, cash earning activities. Former Pamunkey chief, Kevin Brown, explained “Pottery for sale was a way of carrying tradition on, if it wasn’t for sale it would have stopped somewhere along the line,” (personal communication January 13, 2008). This statement struck me as a profound recognition that our ability to persist was bounded in the intersections between traditional subsistence practices supported by the Reservation landscape, and the rise of industrial capitalism that began in the southern United States during the nineteenth century. Moreover, it demonstrates Pamunkey priorities related to documenting and critically understanding our history lie well beyond the outsider perceptions that our historical value and significance began and ended in the seventeenth century. However, for the rest of America, the seventeenth century defines Pamunkey history. Our historical significance and recognized contributions to the history of Virginia are book ended between 1607, with the arrival of the English, and 1677 with the signing of our last treaty. Thus, in general, this dissertation attempts to open and expand the seventeenth century frame of reference that has unfortunately come to define Pamunkey history. Importantly K. Brown’s declaration brings to light the very real and complex intersections between postcolonial social changes in American Indian 2 communities and the rise of an industrial capitalist economy. Scholars in the past have, at times, treated Native participation in a market economy as detrimental to Indigenous knowledge and destructive of cultural, economic,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nanjemoy and Mattawoman Creek Watersheds
    Defining the Indigenous Cultural Landscape for The Nanjemoy and Mattawoman Creek Watersheds Prepared By: Scott M. Strickland Virginia R. Busby Julia A. King With Contributions From: Francis Gray • Diana Harley • Mervin Savoy • Piscataway Conoy Tribe of Maryland Mark Tayac • Piscataway Indian Nation Joan Watson • Piscataway Conoy Confederacy and Subtribes Rico Newman • Barry Wilson • Choptico Band of Piscataway Indians Hope Butler • Cedarville Band of Piscataway Indians Prepared For: The National Park Service Chesapeake Bay Annapolis, Maryland St. Mary’s College of Maryland St. Mary’s City, Maryland November 2015 ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this project was to identify and represent the Indigenous Cultural Landscape for the Nanjemoy and Mattawoman creek watersheds on the north shore of the Potomac River in Charles and Prince George’s counties, Maryland. The project was undertaken as an initiative of the National Park Service Chesapeake Bay office, which supports and manages the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail. One of the goals of the Captain John Smith Trail is to interpret Native life in the Middle Atlantic in the early years of colonization by Europeans. The Indigenous Cultural Landscape (ICL) concept, developed as an important tool for identifying Native landscapes, has been incorporated into the Smith Trail’s Comprehensive Management Plan in an effort to identify Native communities along the trail as they existed in the early17th century and as they exist today. Identifying ICLs along the Smith Trail serves land and cultural conservation, education, historic preservation, and economic development goals. Identifying ICLs empowers descendant indigenous communities to participate fully in achieving these goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposed Finding
    This page is intentionally left blank. Pamunkey Indian Tribe (Petitioner #323) Proposed Finding Proposed Finding The Pamunkey Indian Tribe (Petitioner #323) TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................... ii INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................1 Regulatory Procedures .............................................................................................1 Administrative History.............................................................................................2 The Historical Indian Tribe ......................................................................................4 CONCLUSIONS UNDER THE CRITERIA (25 CFR 83.7) ..............................................9 Criterion 83.7(a) .....................................................................................................11 Criterion 83.7(b) ....................................................................................................21 Criterion 83.7(c) .....................................................................................................57 Criterion 83.7(d) ...................................................................................................81 Criterion 83.7(e) ....................................................................................................87 Criterion 83.7(f) ...................................................................................................107
    [Show full text]
  • (#) Indicates That This Book Is Available As Ebook Or E
    ADAMS, ELLERY 11.Indigo Dying 6. The Darling Dahlias and Books by the Bay Mystery 12.A Dilly of a Death the Eleven O'Clock 1. A Killer Plot* 13.Dead Man's Bones Lady 2. A Deadly Cliché 14.Bleeding Hearts 7. The Unlucky Clover 3. The Last Word 15.Spanish Dagger 8. The Poinsettia Puzzle 4. Written in Stone* 16.Nightshade 9. The Voodoo Lily 5. Poisoned Prose* 17.Wormwood 6. Lethal Letters* 18.Holly Blues ALEXANDER, TASHA 7. Writing All Wrongs* 19.Mourning Gloria Lady Emily Ashton Charmed Pie Shoppe 20.Cat's Claw 1. And Only to Deceive Mystery 21.Widow's Tears 2. A Poisoned Season* 1. Pies and Prejudice* 22.Death Come Quickly 3. A Fatal Waltz* 2. Peach Pies and Alibis* 23.Bittersweet 4. Tears of Pearl* 3. Pecan Pies and 24.Blood Orange 5. Dangerous to Know* Homicides* 25.The Mystery of the Lost 6. A Crimson Warning* 4. Lemon Pies and Little Cezanne* 7. Death in the Floating White Lies Cottage Tales of Beatrix City* 5. Breach of Crust* Potter 8. Behind the Shattered 1. The Tale of Hill Top Glass* ADDISON, ESME Farm 9. The Counterfeit Enchanted Bay Mystery 2. The Tale of Holly How Heiress* 1. A Spell of Trouble 3. The Tale of Cuckoo 10.The Adventuress Brow Wood 11.A Terrible Beauty ALAN, ISABELLA 4. The Tale of Hawthorn 12.Death in St. Petersburg Amish Quilt Shop House 1. Murder, Simply Stitched 5. The Tale of Briar Bank ALLAN, BARBARA 2. Murder, Plain and 6. The Tale of Applebeck Trash 'n' Treasures Simple Orchard Mystery 3.
    [Show full text]
  • EPA Interim Evaluation of Virginia's 2016-2017 Milestones
    Interim Evaluation of Virginia’s 2016-2017 Milestones Progress June 30, 2017 EPA INTERIM EVALUATION OF VIRGINIA’s 2016-2017 MILESTONES As part of its role in the accountability framework, described in the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load (Bay TMDL) for nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is providing this interim evaluation of Virginia’s progress toward meeting its statewide and sector-specific two-year milestones for the 2016-2017 milestone period. In 2018, EPA will evaluate whether each Bay jurisdiction achieved the Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) partnership goal of practices in place by 2017 that would achieve 60 percent of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment reductions necessary to achieve applicable water quality standards in the Bay compared to 2009. Load Reduction Review When evaluating 2016-2017 milestone implementation, EPA is comparing progress to expected pollutant reduction targets to assess whether statewide and sector load reductions are on track to have practices in place by 2017 that will achieve 60 percent of necessary reductions compared to 2009. This is important to understand sector progress as jurisdictions develop the Phase III Watershed Implementation Plans (WIP). Loads in this evaluation are simulated using version 5.3.2 of the CBP partnership Watershed Model and wastewater discharge data reported by the Bay jurisdictions. According to the data provided by Virginia for the 2016 progress run, Virginia is on track to achieve its statewide 2017 targets for nitrogen and phosphorus but is off track to meet its statewide targets for sediment. The data also show that, at the sector scale, Virginia is off track to meet its 2017 targets for nitrogen reductions in the Agriculture, Urban/Suburban Stormwater and Septic sectors and is also off track for phosphorus in the Urban/Suburban Stormwater sector, and off track for sediment in the Agriculture and Urban/Suburban Stormwater sectors.
    [Show full text]
  • M N Gazette of the College of William & Mary in Virginia Volume V
    M N GAZETTE OF THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY IN VIRGINIA VOLUME V. WILLIAMSBURG, VA., TUESDAY, AUGUST 31, 1937 NO. 1 CHARLES P. McCURDY SELECTED FOR d Attend ]) COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES BRING ASSOCIATION EXECUTIVE SECRETARY | Homecoming I MANY TO WILLIAMSBURG IN JUNE Was Prominent in the Affairs of Da Washington, D. C. W.&M. OLDEST LIVING ALUMNUS I y \ WHITTINGTON APPOINTED Said to Be One of Largest Alumni Club. Groups to Return to William OBSERVES 83RD BITHDAY d SATURDAY, 5 and Mary Campus. Announcement of the appointment § NOVEMBER 13 ? NYA HOMEMAKING HEAD of Charles Post McCurdy, Jr., to the John Peyton Little, oldest living al- The four days of commencement ac- tivities and festivities, June 4-7, were post of Executive Secretary of the Al- umnus of the College was 83 on Aug- Announcement has been made by umni Association, has been made by ust 11th and celebrated his birthday Football participated in and greatly enjoyed by Dr. Walter S. Newman, State NYA one of the largest, if not the largest, President Sidney B. Hall. McCurdy, by a trip through part of a twenty-five William and Mary director, of the appointment of Ruby thousand acre tract of timber land. alumni groups that has ever returned prominent in the affairs of the Wash- VS. Whittington, B. S. '34, of Woodlawn, ington Alumni Club, -was a member of Still very active in the lumber busi- to this ancient and honorable campus. Va. to the position of supervisor of The program opened on Friday the Board of Managers of the Asso- ness, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • American Indians of the Chesapeake Bay: an Introduction
    AMERICAN INDIANS OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY: AN INTRODUCTION hen Captain John Smith sailed up the Chesapeake Bay in 1608, American Indians had W already lived in the area for thousands of years. The people lived off the land by harvesting the natural resources the Bay had to offer. In the spring, thousands of shad, herring and rockfish were netted as they entered the Chesapeake’s rivers and streams to spawn. Summer months were spent tending gardens that produced corn, beans and squash. In the fall, nuts such as acorns, chestnuts and walnuts were gathered from the forest floor. Oysters and clams provided another source of food and were easily gathered from the water at low tide. Hunting parties were sent overland in search of deer, bear, wild turkey and other land animals. Nearby marshes provided wild rice and tuckahoe (arrow arum), which produced a potato-like root. With so much food available, the American Indians of the Chesapeake region were able to thrive. Indian towns were found close to the water’s edge near freshwater springs or streams. Homes were made out of bent saplings (young, Captain John Smith and his exploring party encounter two Indian men green trees) that were tied into a spearing fish in the shallows on the lower Eastern Shore. The Indians framework and covered with woven later led Smith to the village of Accomack, where he met with the chief. mats, tree bark, or animal skins. Villages often had many homes clustered together, and some were built within a palisade, a tall wall built with sturdy sticks and covered with bark, for defense.
    [Show full text]
  • The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts: Its Founding, 1930-1936
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1993 The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts: its Founding, 1930-1936 Elizabeth Geesey Holmes College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, Museum Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Holmes, Elizabeth Geesey, "The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts: its Founding, 1930-1936" (1993). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625838. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-xr1t-4536 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS ITS FOUNDING, 1930-1936 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Elizabeth Geesey Holmes 1993 Copyright © 1993 by Elizabeth Geesey Holmes APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Approved, August 1993 Richard B . Sherman Philip j /j) FunigielJ^o• ^ Douglas Smith Colonial WilvLiamsburg Foundation DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my husband, Jim, my sister, Kate, and my parents, Ron and Jean Geesey. Without their love, support and encouragement I could not have completed this project and degree.
    [Show full text]
  • VMFA Annual Report 2005-2006
    2005–2006 Annual Report Mission Statement Table of Contents VMFA is a state-supported, Officers and Directors . 2 Forewords . 4 privately endowed Acquisition Highlights educational institution Julie Mehretu . 8 Uma-Mahesvara. 10 created for the benefit Gustave Moreau. 12 of the citizens of the Victor Horta . 14 William Wetmore Story . 16 Commonwealth of Gifts and Purchases . 18 Virginia. Its purpose is Exhibitions . 22 to collect, preserve, The Permanent Collection. 24 The Public-Private Partnership. 32 exhibit, and interpret art, Educational Programs and Community Outreach. 36 to encourage the study Attendance: At the Museum and Around the State . 44 of the arts, and thus to Behind the Scenes at VMFA. 45 The Campaign for the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts . 48 enrich the lives of all. Honor Roll of Contributors. 60 Volunteer and Support Groups . 72 Advisory Groups . 72 Financial Statements. 73 Staff . 74 Credits . 76 Cover: Stadia III (detail), 2004, by Julie Mehretu (American, born Ethopia Publication of this report, which covers the fiscal year July 1, 2005, to June 30, 1970), ink and acrylic on canvas, 107 inches high by 140 inches wide (Museum 2006, was funded by the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Foundation. Purchase, The National Endowment for the Arts Fund for American Art, and Web site: www.vmfa.museum partial gift of Jeanne Greenberg Rohalyn, 2006.1; see Acquisition Highlights). Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Virginia 23221-2466 USA Right: Buffalo Mask, African (Mama Culture, Nigeria), 19th–20th century, © Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Foundation. All rights reserved. wood and pigment, 171/4 inches high by 137/8 inches wide by 14 3/4 inches Printed in the United States of America.
    [Show full text]
  • The First People of Virginia a Social Studies Resource Unit for K-6 Students
    The First People of Virginia A Social Studies Resource Unit for K-6 Students Image: Arrival of Englishmen in Virginia from Thomas Harriot, A Brief and True Report, 1590 Submitted as Partial Requirement for EDUC 405/ CRIN L05 Elementary Social Studies Curriculum and Instruction Professor Gail McEachron Prepared By: Lauren Medina: http://lemedina.wmwikis.net/ Meagan Taylor: http://mltaylor01.wmwikis.net Julia Vans: http://jcvans.wmwikis.net Historical narrative: All group members Lesson One- Map/Globe skills: All group members Lesson Two- Critical Thinking and The Arts: Julia Vans Lesson Three-Civic Engagement: Meagan Taylor Lesson Four-Global Inquiry: Lauren Medina Artifact One: Lauren Medina Artifact Two: Meagan Taylor Artifact Three: Julia Vans Artifact Four: Meagan Taylor Assessments: All group members 2 The First People of Virginia Introduction The history of Native Americans prior to European contact is often ignored in K-6 curriculums, and the narratives transmitted in schools regarding early Native Americans interactions with Europeans are often biased towards a Euro-centric perspective. It is important, however, for students to understand that American History did not begin with European exploration. Rather, European settlement in North America must be contextualized within the framework of the pre-existing Native American civilizations they encountered upon their arrival. Studying Native Americans and their interactions with Europeans and each other prior to 1619 aligns well with National Standards for History as well as Virginia Standards of Learning (SOLs), which dictate that students should gain an understanding of diverse historical origins of the people of Virginia. There are standards in every elementary grade level that are applicable to this topic of study including Virginia SOLs K.1, K.4, 1.7, 1.12, 2.4, 3.3, VS.2d, VS.2e, VS.2f and WHII.4 (see Appendix A).
    [Show full text]
  • STANDARD VS.2G
    Attachment A, Memo No. 014-13 January 18, 2013 STANDARD VS.2g The student will demonstrate knowledge of the physical geography and native peoples, past and present, of Virginia by g) identifying and locating the current state-recognized tribes. Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills American Indian people have lived in What are the names of the current American Indians, who trace their Draw conclusions and make Virginia for thousands of years. state-recognized tribes? family histories back to well before generalizations. (VS.1d) 1607, continue to live in all parts of Today, eleven† American Indian tribes Where are the current state-recognized Virginia today. Interpret ideas and events from in Virginia are recognized by the tribes located in Virginia today? different historical perspectives. Commonwealth of Virginia. The current state-recognized tribes (VS.1g) are located in the following regions: Coastal Plain (Tidewater) region: Analyze and interpret maps to explain – Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Tribe† relationships among landforms, water – Chickahominy Tribe features, climatic characteristics, and – Eastern Chickahominy Tribe historical events. (VS.1i) – Mattaponi Tribe – Nansemond Tribe Pronunciation guide: – Nottoway Tribe† Cheroenhaka (Nottoway): Chair-oh- – Pamunkey Tribe en-HAH-kah (NAH-toh-way)† – Patawomeck Tribe† Chickahominy: CHICK-a-HOM-a-nee – Rappahannock Tribe Mattaponi: ma-ta-po-NYE – Upper Mattaponi Tribe Nansemond: NAN-sa-mund Piedmont region: Nottoway: NAH-toh-way† – Monacan Tribe Pamunkey: pa-MUN-kee Patawomeck: Pət- OW-ə-meck† Rappahannock: RAP-a-HAN-nock Monacan: MON-a-cun (The pronunciation guide for these words will not be assessed on the test.) †Revised January 2013 These technical edits will not affect the Virginia Studies Standards of Learning test at this time.
    [Show full text]
  • Rum, Romanism, and Virginia Democrats: the Party Leaders and the Campaign of 1928 James R
    Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons History Faculty Publications History 1982 Rum, Romanism, and Virginia Democrats: The Party Leaders and the Campaign of 1928 James R. Sweeney Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/history_fac_pubs Part of the American Politics Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Repository Citation Sweeney, James R., "Rum, Romanism, and Virginia Democrats: The aP rty Leaders and the Campaign of 1928" (1982). History Faculty Publications. 6. https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/history_fac_pubs/6 Original Publication Citation Sweeney, J. R. (1982). Rum, Romanism, and Virginia democrats: The ap rty leaders and the campaign of 1928. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 90(4), 403-431. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Virginia Magazine OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY ft Vol. 90 October 1982 No. 4 w *fc^?i*L> U&J*L> U*lJfcL> OfoJtU U&JRj im4b <J*IJ?L> ?J?im^ U&J&> 4?ft,t~JD* RUM, ROMANISM, AND VIRGINIA DEMOCRATS The Party Leaders and the Campaign of 1928 hy James R. Sweeney* 'The most exciting and most bitterly fought State-wide campaign held in Virginia since the days of General William Mahone and the Readjusters." In these words the Richmond Times-Dispatch described the just-concluded campaign on election day morning, 6 November 1928. Democratic nomi- nees had carried Virginia in every presidential election since 1872; how- ever, in predominantly agricultural, dry, Protestant Virginia a political upheaval was a distinct possibility in 1928.
    [Show full text]
  • Defining the Greater York River Indigenous Cultural Landscape
    Defining the Greater York River Indigenous Cultural Landscape Prepared by: Scott M. Strickland Julia A. King Martha McCartney with contributions from: The Pamunkey Indian Tribe The Upper Mattaponi Indian Tribe The Mattaponi Indian Tribe Prepared for: The National Park Service Chesapeake Bay & Colonial National Historical Park The Chesapeake Conservancy Annapolis, Maryland The Pamunkey Indian Tribe Pamunkey Reservation, King William, Virginia The Upper Mattaponi Indian Tribe Adamstown, King William, Virginia The Mattaponi Indian Tribe Mattaponi Reservation, King William, Virginia St. Mary’s College of Maryland St. Mary’s City, Maryland October 2019 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY As part of its management of the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail, the National Park Service (NPS) commissioned this project in an effort to identify and represent the York River Indigenous Cultural Landscape. The work was undertaken by St. Mary’s College of Maryland in close coordination with NPS. The Indigenous Cultural Landscape (ICL) concept represents “the context of the American Indian peoples in the Chesapeake Bay and their interaction with the landscape.” Identifying ICLs is important for raising public awareness about the many tribal communities that have lived in the Chesapeake Bay region for thousands of years and continue to live in their ancestral homeland. ICLs are important for land conservation, public access to, and preservation of the Chesapeake Bay. The three tribes, including the state- and Federally-recognized Pamunkey and Upper Mattaponi tribes and the state-recognized Mattaponi tribe, who are today centered in their ancestral homeland in the Pamunkey and Mattaponi river watersheds, were engaged as part of this project. The Pamunkey and Upper Mattaponi tribes participated in meetings and driving tours.
    [Show full text]