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(Magnoliales: Annonaceae) Extracts to Zabrotes Subfasciatus

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(Magnoliales: Annonaceae) Extracts to Zabrotes Subfasciatus Lethal and sublethal toxicities of Annona sylvatica (Magnoliales: Annonaceae) extracts to Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) Gabriel Luiz Padoan Gonçalves1, Leandro do Prado Ribeiro2,*, Leila Gimenes3, Paulo Cezar Vieira3, Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva3, Moacir Rossi Forim3, João Batista Fernandes3, and José Djair Vendramim1 Abstract Plant secondary metabolites comprise a diverse range of compounds (allelochemicals) that affect insect–plant interactions; many function in plant defense against herbivory. Thus, allelochemicals constitute an important source of insecticidal molecules that potentially can be used in different forms in integrated pest management programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioactivity of ethanolic extracts and partially puri- fied fractions of these extracts obtained from the leaves, branches, and seeds ofAnnona sylvatica A. St.-Hil. (Magnoliales: Annonaceae), a native Brazilian species, against Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). In the screening assay, the ethanolic extract −1 of A. sylvatica seeds was the most promising treatment, causing lethal (LC50 = 753.47 and 701.06 mg kg for males and females, respectively) -−1 and sublethal effects, mainly oviposition deterrence (EC50 = 438.70 mg kg ). On the other hand, ethanolic extracts prepared from branches and −1 leaves caused only sublethal effects including mainly oviposition deterrence (EC50 = 1,168.90 and 1,010.70 mg kg , respectively) and reduction in number of offspring. Based on these results, the extracts were submitted to liquid–liquid partitioning, and their fractions were tested against Z. subfasciatus to verify their bioactivity. Overall, the results of the fraction bioassays showed evidence of synergistic interactions among compounds of different chemical classes and polarities. Chemical analyses of active fractions revealed the presence of triglycerides, alkaloids, and acetogenins in the seed fractions; alkaloids, lignans, and long-chain fatty acid ethyl esters in the branch fractions; and glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, and long-chain fatty acid ethyl esters in the leaf fractions. Thus, A. sylvatica is an interesting and potentially important source of structurally diverse grain-protective compounds. Key Words: Mexican bean weevil; bioactivity; allelochemicals; acetogenins; alkaloids; lignans Resumo Metabólitos secundários de plantas compreendem uma gama diversificada de compostos (aleloquímicos) que, entre outras funções, atuam na regu- lação das interações inseto-planta e, muitos deles, atuam na defesa da planya contra a herbivoria. Assim, aleloquímicos constituem uma importante fonte de moléculas inseticidas que podem ser utilizadas em programas de manejo integrado de pragas (MIP) em diferentes formas. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a bioatividade de extratos etanólicos e frações parcialmente purificadas desses extratos obtidos de folhas, de ramos e de sementes de Annona sylvatica A.St.-Hil. (Magnoliales: Annonaceae), uma espécie nativa do Brasil, sobre Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). Na triagem inicial, o extrato etanólico de sementes foi o tratamento mais promissor, causando efeitos letal −1 (CL50 = 753,47 e 701,06 mg kg , respectivamente, para machos e fêmeas) e subletais, especialmente deterrência de oviposição (EC50 = 438,70 mg kg−1). Por outro lado, os extratos etanólicos preparados a partir de ramos e de folhas causaram apenas efeitos subletais, principalmente deterrência −1 de oviposição (EC50 = 1168,90 e 1010,70 mg kg , respectivamente) e efeito na progênie. Com base nesses resultados, os extratos foram submetidos à partição líquido-líquido e as frações obtidas testadas sobre Z. subfasciatus para verificar sua bioatividade. De um modo geral, os resultados dos bioensaios com as frações mostraram evidências de sinergismo entre compostos de diferentes classes químicas e polaridades. As análises químicas mostraram a presença de triglicerídeos, alcaloides e acetogeninas nas frações ativas do extrato de sementes; alcaloides, lignanas e ésteres etílicos de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa nas frações ativas do extrato de ramos; e glicosídeos, flavonoides, terpenoides e ésteres etílicos de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa nas frações ativas do extrato de folhas. Assim, A. sylvatica é uma fonte interessante de compostos estruturalmente diversificados com propriedades protetoras de grãos. Palavras Chave: caruncho-do-feijão; bioatividade; aleloquímicos; acetogeninas; alcaloides; lignanas The development of sustainable practices that can be incorporated Brazil, this is even more evident when taking into consideration that into food production systems currently constitutes one of the great- current pest management programs of major agricultural commodi- est challenges for the scientific community (Prasifka & Gray 2012). In ties are based on the systematic and routine application of synthetic 1Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo/ “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ) – Piracicaba, SP, Brazil 2Research Center for Family Farms, Research and Rural Extension Company of Santa Catarina (CEPAF/EPAGRI) – Chapecó, SC, Brazil 3Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) – São Carlos, SP, Brazil *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2015 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 98, No. 3 921 922 2015 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 98, No. 3 pesticides instead of an integrated pest management approach, which tus, chemical control has some limitations that are related mainly to takes into account the economic, environmental, and social aspects of the cost of insecticides, which hinders their availability to small-farm pest control interventions (Norris et al. 2003). owners, and the limited number of active ingredients of synthetic in- Recently, with the decreased availability of synthetic molecules secticides available on the Brazilian market. with insecticidal action from the market of compounds with broad- spectrum action, interest in botanical insecticides as an alternative method for insect pest control has been revived (Dayan et al. 2009). Materials and Methods The advantages of botanical insecticides compared with conventional insecticides are related to their lower mammalian toxicity and de- PLANT SAMPLES AND PREPARATION OF CRUDE EXTRACTS creased health risk to applicators and their rapid degradability, which reduces residues in the environment and in the treated products (Is- The plant parts used in the study (branches, leaves, and seeds) man 2006). Additionally, they generally contain various biologically ac- were collected on 23 Mar 2011 from specimens of A. sylvatica grown tive compounds capable of synergistic interactions that may reduce in a domestic orchard located in Erval Seco municipality, RS State, Bra- the selection of resistant pest populations in the field (Akhtar & Isman zil (27°25’41.8”S, 53°34’11.2”W; 466 m asl). A voucher specimen, pre- 2013). Owing to the ease of obtaining botanical derivatives (as plant viously identified by Dr. Renato Mello-Silva (Institute of Biosciences, powders, crude extracts, or oils), these botanical derivatives have been University of Sao Paulo, Brazil), was deposited in the ESA herbarium in used for various purposes in the management of insect pests of stored Piracicaba, SP, Brazil (record number 121205). grains in many countries, especially Latin America, Africa, and Asia (Is- For preparing the extracts, the collected plant structures were man 2008). Another important aspect of research on botanical deriva- dried in an oven at 40 °C for 48 to 72 h. Next, the structures were tives with insecticidal potential is the discovery of model prototypes ground in a knife mill, and the resulting branch (100 g), leaf (100 g), or that can be used in the synthesis of new insecticides, especially those seed (100 g) powders were stored separately in sealed glass contain- with different modes/mechanisms of action and less impact on the en- ers. The organic extracts were prepared by allowing each plant powder vironment and human health (Regnault-Roger et al. 2012). to steep in ethanol (1:5 w/v) in a hermetically sealed flask for 3 d. The Several phytochemicals with insect-associated biological proper- samples were then filtered through filter paper; this procedure was ties are known; these chemicals can act as feeding and oviposition repeated 3 times. The ethanol in the filtered solution was removed in deterrents, repellents, attractants, growth inhibitors, and insecticides a rotary evaporator at 50 °C at a vacuum of −600 mm Hg. After com- (Al Lawati et al. 2002). Brazilian scientists are in a prime position to pleting the evaporation of the solvent in an aerated chamber, the yield identify such active phytochemicals, as plant genetic diversity is higher was determined by weighing the extracts from each A. sylvatica plant in Brazil than in all other countries, with more than 55,000 vascular part, i.e., 5.01, 7.18, and 11.00% (w/w) for the branches, leaves, and plant species catalogued in Brazil (Simões & Schenkel 2002). seeds, respectively. Among botanical families from tropical regions, plants of the fam- ily Annonaceae are one of the most promising sources of bioactive BIOASSAYS molecules because of the wide variety of biologically active secondary All bioassays were conducted in a temperature-controlled room at metabolites produced by this family (Leboeuf
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