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x TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements iii Abstract (in English) v Abstract (in Thai) vii Table of Contents x List of Tables xi List of Figures xii List of Maps xvi Chapter 1 General Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Molecular Phylogeny of Genus Artabotrys (Annonaceae) 8 Chapter 3 Pollen Morphology of Genus Artabotrys and Selected Genera of Tribe Unoneae (Annonaceae) in Thailand 25 Chapter 4 Taxonomic Study of Genus Artabotrys (Annonaceae) in Thailand 44 Chapter 5 Conclusions 121 References 124 Curriculum Vitae 132 xi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 List of Species, collector number, herbarium or silica- gel materials (H/ S), and origin 11 2.2 Primer sequences used for amplification and sequencing of the markers trnL- F, ndhF and psbA- trnH 15 2.3 Details of maximum parsimony search 18 3.1 Pollen materials studied 27 3.2 Pollen morphological data of the genus Artabotrys. Polar axis (P), equatorial diameter (E), ratio P/ E, shape, size and ornamentation 31 3.3 Palynological results of tribe Unoneae 38 4.1 List of Artabotrys in Thailand 47 xii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Schematic representation the position of family Annonaceae within the Order Magnoliales 2 1.2 Distribution maps of Annonaceae in pantropical region 4 1.3 Distribution maps of Artabotrys in tropical Asia and Africa 5 2.1 One of the shortest phylograms after maximum parsimony analysis of the combined data set 19 2.2 50% Majority rule consensus tree of the Bayesian inference analysis of combined trnL- F, ndhF, psbA- trnH and AP3 data set 20 3.1 SEM micrographs of pollen grains. A- B, Artabotrys vanprukii Craib; C- D, A. uniflorus Craib; E- F, A. siamensis Miq. 32 3.2 SEM micrographs of pollen grains. A- B, A. burmanicus A.DC. ; C- D, A. brevipes Craib; E- F, A. harmandii Finet & Gagnep. 33 3.3 SEM micrographs of pollen grains. A- B, A. hexapetalus (L. f.) Bandhari; C- D, A. multiflorus C. E. C. Fischer; E- F, Artabotrys spinosus Craib 34 3.4 SEM Photographs of pollen grains. A- B, A. oblanceolatus; C- D, A. sauveolens Blume; E, Cananga odorata var. odorata; F, Cyathocalyx martabanicus var. martabanicus 35 xiii LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED) Figure Page 3.5 SEM micrographs of pollen grains. A- B, Desmos chiensis Lour.; C- D, Polyalthia lateriflora King; E- F, Polyalthia longifolia 36 3.6 LM photographs of pollen grains of some Artabotrys in Thailand. A, Artabotrys hexapetalus (L. f.) Bandhari; B, A. Burmanicus A. DC.; C, A. spinosus Craib; D, A. harmandii Finet & Gagnep.; E, A. uniflorus Craib; F, A. sauveolens Blume 37 3.7 Relationships within the tribe Unoneae based on pollen characters in Thailand 42 4.1 Variation of leaf shapes of Artabotrys in Thailand 49 4.2 The main types of leaves apex of Artabotrys in Thailand 50 4.3 Photograph of petal shapes of Artabotrys in Thailand 52 4.4 The main types of stamens of Artabotrys species in Thailand 54 4.5 The main types of pistils of Artabotrys species in Thailand 55 4.6 SEM Photographs of stamens of Artabotrys species in Thailand 56 4.7 Photographs of stamen of Artabotrys in Thailand 57 4.8 SEM Photographs of pistils of Artabotrys in Thailand 58 4.9 Photographs of pistil shape of Artabotrys in Thailand 59 4.10 Artabotrys brevipes Craib 65 xiv LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED) Figure Page 4.11 Artabotrys burmanicus A.DC. 67 4.12 Artabotrys grandiflorus King 69 4.13 Artabotrys harmandii Finet & Gagnep. 72 4.14 Artabotrys harmandii Finet & Gagnep. 73 4.15 Flower of Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari 75 4.16 Leaves and flowers of Artabotrys lowianus King 77 4.17 Artabotrys lowianus King 78 4.18 Artabotrys multiflorus C. E. C. Fisher 81 4.19 Artabotrys multiflorus C. E. C. Fisher 82 4.20 Artabotrys oblanceolatus Craib 84 4.21 Artabotrys oblanceolatus Craib 85 4.22 Flowering specimens of Artabotrys oxycarpus King 87 4.23 Artabotrys sauveolens Blume 91 4.24 Artabotrys sauveolens Blume 92 4.25 Artabotrys siamensis Miq. 95 4.26 Artabotrys spinosus Craib 97 xv LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED) Figure Page 4.27 Artabotrys spinosus Craib 98 4.28 Artabotrys uniflorus Craib 101 4.29 Artabotrys uniflorus Craib 102 4.30 Artabotrys vanprukii Craib 104 4.31 Leaves and flowers A- B: (S. Phusomsaeng 272) 105 4.32 Flowering of A. sp Su rat (S. Gardner ST 2374, BKF) 108 4.33 Leave and flower of A. sp 3 (Kerr 17693; BM) 109 4.34 A: Fruiting specimen; B: Flowering specimen (A- B: Th. Wongprasert 9912-19) 111 4.35 Flowering of A. sp 5 (Kao Yai). (A- B: U. Thongpairoj 235) 114 4.36 Leaves and floweres (M. C. Lakshnakara 781, BM) 115 xvi LIST OF MAPS Map Page 4.1 Distribution of A. brevipes Craib, A. burmanicus A. DC. and A. grandiflorus King in Thailand 70 4.2 Distribution of A. harmandii Finet & Gagnep., A. hexapetalus (L. f.) Bandhari and A. lowianus King in Thailand 79 4.3 Distribution of A. multiflorus C. E.C. Fischer, A. oblanceolatus Craib and A. oxycarpus King in Thailand 88 4.4 Distribution of A. sauveolens Blume, A. siamensis Miq. and A. spinosus Craib in Thailand 99 4.5 Distribution of A. uniflorus Craib, A. vanprukii Craib and A. sp (Trang) in Thailand 106 4.6 Distribution of A. sp 2 (Surat), A. sp (3) and A. sp 4 (La-un) in Thailand 112 4.7 Distribution of A. sp. 5 (Kao Yai) and A. sp. 6 (Narathiwat) 116 .
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