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The Interaction of Drought and the Outbreak of Phoracantha
The interaction of drought and the outbreak of Phoracantha semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on tree collapse in the Northern Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest. by Stephen Seaton (BSc Environmental Science) This thesis is presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours) School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia November 2012 ii Declaration I declare that that the work contained within this thesis is an account of my own research, except where work by others published or unpublished is noted, while I was enrolled in the Bachelor of Science with Honours degree at Murdoch University, Western Australia. This work has not been previously submitted for a degree at any institution. Stephen Seaton November 2012 iii Conference Presentations Seaton, S.A.H., Matusick, G., Hardy, G. 2012. Drought induced tree collapse and the outbreak of Phoracantha semipunctata poses a risk for forest under climate change. Abstract presented at the Combined Biological Sciences Meeting (CBSM) 2012, 24th of August. University Club, University of Western Australia. Seaton, S.A.H., Matusick, G., Hardy, G. 2012. Occurrence of Eucalyptus longicorn borer (Phoracantha semipunctata) in the Northern Jarrah Forest following severe drought. To be presented at The Australian Entomological Society - 43rd AGM & Scientific Conference and Australasian Arachnological Society - 2012 Conference. 25th – 28th November. The Old Woolstore, Hobart. iv Acknowledgments I greatly appreciate the guidance, enthusiasm and encouragement and tireless support from my supervisors Dr George Matusick and Prof Giles Hardy in the Centre of Excellence for Climate Change Forests and Woodland Health. I particularly appreciate the interaction and productive discussions regarding forest ecology and entomology and proof reading the manuscript. -
Presidio Phytophthora Management Recommendations
2016 Presidio Phytophthora Management Recommendations Laura Sims Presidio Phytophthora Management Recommendations (modified) Author: Laura Sims Other Contributing Authors: Christa Conforti, Tom Gordon, Nina Larssen, and Meghan Steinharter Photograph Credits: Laura Sims, Janet Klein, Richard Cobb, Everett Hansen, Thomas Jung, Thomas Cech, and Amelie Rak Editors and Additional Contributors: Christa Conforti, Alison Forrestel, Alisa Shor, Lew Stringer, Sharon Farrell, Teri Thomas, John Doyle, and Kara Mirmelstein Acknowledgements: Thanks first to Matteo Garbelotto and the University of California, Berkeley Forest Pathology and Mycology Lab for providing a ‘forest pathology home’. Many thanks to the members of the Phytophthora huddle group for useful suggestions and feedback. Many thanks to the members of the Working Group for Phytophthoras in Native Habitats for insight into the issues of Phytophthora. Many thanks to Jennifer Parke, Ted Swiecki, Kathy Kosta, Cheryl Blomquist, Susan Frankel, and M. Garbelotto for guidance. I would like to acknowledge the BMP documents on Phytophthora that proceeded this one: the Nursery Industry Best Management Practices for Phytophthora ramorum to prevent the introduction or establishment in California nursery operations, and The Safe Procurement and Production Manual. 1 Title Page: Authors and Acknowledgements Table of Contents Page Title Page 1 Table of Contents 2 Executive Summary 5 Introduction to the Phytophthora Issue 7 Phytophthora Issues Around the World 7 Phytophthora Issues in California 11 Phytophthora -
Phytophthora Science and Management in Western Australia
From ‘then to now’ – Phytophthora science and management in Western Australia • Work from many Postdocs, PhD and Honours students Overview of Talk Disease development and long-term survival of Phytophthora cinnamomi and can we eradicate it? • Overview of Phytophthora impact in Australia. • Alcoa’s mining and restoration activities. • Emphasis on the biology, ecology, pathology and control of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the jarrah forest. • Will not talk about phosphite work, plantation work, or climate change and woodland and forest health research. Phytophthora Taxonomy • Phytophthora species are ‘Water Moulds’ or Oomycetes they are not True Fungi • More closely related to brown algae than fungi • Filamentous Protists - Kingdom Chromista Currently, approximately 150 Phytophthora species described worldwide Estimated another 100-300 species will be described from trees P. cinnamomi isolations and broad climatic envelope of P. cinnamomi susceptibility in Australia (O’Gara et al. 2005b) Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) forest Kwongan heaths Severely infested ‘Black gravel’ site Banksia Woodland on Bassendean Sands South of Perth Fitzgerald River National Park Loss of susceptible species Along creek lines Healthy montane heath in Stirling Ranges Diseased health in Stirling Ranges Impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on plant species in Western Australia Direct Impacts • Out of 5710 described species in the South-West Botanical Province • 2285 species susceptible (40%) • 800 highly susceptible (14%) Indirect Impacts Indirect Impacts • Loss of biomass -
Background: Threat Abatement Plan for Disease in Natural Ecosystems Caused by Phytophthora Cinnamomi
Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi January 2014 Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi © Copyright Commonwealth of Australia, 2014 ISBN: 978-1-921733-94-9 Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use under a Creative Commons By Attribution 3.0 Australia licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by third parties, and any images depicting people. For licence conditions see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/. This report should be attributed as ‘Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, Commonwealth of Australia, 2014’. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for the Environment. The contents of this document have been compiled using a range of source materials and are valid as at August 2013. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. Photo credits Front cover: Mondurup Peak, Stirling Range, 2010 (Department of Parks and Wildlife, Western Australia) Back cover: Wildflowers on Mondurup Peak, Stirling Range, 1993 (Rob Olver) ii / Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Contents 1. -
WRA Species Report
Family: Xanthorrhoeaceae Taxon: Xanthorrhoea preissii Synonym: Xanthorrhoea reflexa D.A.Herb. Common Name: Balga Xanthorrhoea pecoris F.Muell. Grass Tree Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score -5 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Intermediate substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 n 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic -
Clock Model Makes a Large Difference to Age Estimates of Long-Stemmed
Crisp et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014, 14:263 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/14/263 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Clock model makes a large difference to age estimates of long-stemmed clades with no internal calibration: a test using Australian grasstrees Michael D Crisp1*, Nate B Hardy2 and Lyn G Cook3 Abstract Background: Estimating divergence times in phylogenies using a molecular clock depends on accurate modeling of nucleotide substitution rates in DNA sequences. Rate heterogeneity among lineages is likely to affect estimates, especially in lineages with long stems and short crowns (?broom?clades) and no internal calibration. We evaluate the performance of the random local clocks model (RLC) and the more routinely employed uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model (UCLN) in situations in which a significant rate shift occurs on the stem branch of a broom clade. We compare the results of simulations to empirical results from analyses of a real rate-heterogeneous taxon ? Australian grass trees (Xanthorrhoea) ?whose substitution rate is slower than in its sister groups, as determined by relative rate tests. Results: In the simulated datasets, the RLC model performed much better than UCLN: RLC correctly estimated the age of the crown node of slow-rate broom clades, whereas UCLN estimates were consistently too young. Similarly, in the Xanthorrhoea dataset, UCLN returned significantly younger crown ages than RLC (mean estimates respectively 3?6 Ma versus 25?35 Ma). In both real and simulated datasets, Bayes Factor tests strongly favored the RLC model over the UCLN model. Conclusions: The choice of an unsuitable molecular clock model can strongly bias divergence time estimates. -
Western Australian Natives Susceptible to Phytophthora Cinnamomi
Western Australian natives susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi. Compiled by E. Groves, G. Hardy & J. McComb, Murdoch University Information used to determine resistance to P. cinnamomi : 1a- field observations, 1b- field observation and recovery of P.cinnamomi; 2a- glasshouse inoculation of P. cinnamomi and recovery, 2b- field inoculation with P. cinnamomi and recovery. Not Provided- no information was provided from the reference. PLANT SPECIES COMMON NAME ASSESSMENT RARE NURSERY REFERENCES SPECIES AVALABILITY Acacia campylophylla Benth. 1b 15 Acacia myrtifolia (Sm.) Willd. 1b A 9 Acacia stenoptera Benth. Narrow Winged 1b 16 Wattle Actinostrobus pyramidalis Miq. Swamp Cypress 2a 17 Adenanthos barbiger Lindl. 1a A 1, 13, 16 Adenanthos cumminghamii Meisn. Albany Woolly Bush NP A 4, 8 Adenanthos cuneatus Labill. Coastal Jugflower 1a A 1, 6 Adenanthos cygnorum Diels. Common Woolly Bush 2 1, 7 Adenanthos detmoldii F. Muell. Scott River Jugflower 1a 1 Adenanthos dobagii E.C. Nelson Fitzgerald Jugflower NP R 4,8 Adenanthos ellipticus A.S. George Oval Leafed NP 8 Adenanthos Adenanthos filifolius Benth. 1a 19 Adenanthos ileticos E.C. George Club Leafed NP 8 Adenanthos Adenanthos meisneri Lehm. 1a A 1 Adenanthos obovatus Labill. Basket Flower 1b A 1, 7 14,16 Adenanthos oreophilus E.C. Nelson 1a 19 Adenanthos pungens ssp. effusus Spiky Adenanthos NP R 4 Adenanthos pungens ssp. pungens NP R 4 Adenanthos sericeus Labill. Woolly Bush 1a A 1 Agonis linearifolia (DC.) Sweet Swamp Peppermint 1b 6 Taxandria linearifolia (DC.) J.R Wheeler & N.G Merchant Agrostocrinum scabrum (R.Br) Baill. Bluegrass 1 12 Allocasuarina fraseriana (Miq.) L.A.S. Sheoak 1b A 1, 6, 14 Johnson Allocasuarina humilis (Otto & F. -
Background: Threat Abatement Plan for Disease in Natural Ecosystems Caused by Phytophthora Cinnamomi
Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi March 2017 DRAFT FOR COMMENT © Copyright Commonwealth of Australia, 2017 Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use under a Creative Commons By Attribution 3.0 Australia licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by third parties, and any images depicting people. For licence conditions see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/. This DRAFT report should be attributed as ‘Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, Commonwealth of Australia, 2017’. The contents of this document have been compiled using a range of source materials and are valid as at March 2017. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. Table of Contents Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi .................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction -
Phytophthora Multivora on V8 Agar (C); Oogonia of P
MAR09PathogenPathogen of the of the month month – –MarchMarch 20092009 abc d Fig. 1. Severe dieback and mortality of a forest stand of Eucalyptus gomphocephala (a); crown symptoms of a er, Stukely, Jung & Hardy er, Stukely, declining E. gomphocephala (b); sporangia of Phytophthora multivora on V8 agar (c); oogonia of P. multivora with paragynous antheridia and plerotic oospores, scale bar = 50 µm (d). Photo credits: Thomas Jung, Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management. Disease: Phytophthora multivora dieback Classification: D: Eukaryota, K: Stramenopila, C: Oomycota, O: Peronosporales, F: Pythiaceae. Phytophthora multivora is pathogenic to Eucalyptus gomphocephala and E. marginata and is believed to be involved in the decline syndrome of both eucalypt species within the tuart woodland in south-west Western Australia. Further research is required to determine the role of P. multivora in ecosystems throughout the known distribution. Scott, Burgess,Scott, Barber, Shear The Pathogen: P. multivora was previously been isolated from 16 species including Eucalyptus identified as P. citricola in WA based on gomphocephala, E. marginata and multiple Banksia morphological characters and similar growth rates species. at 25 °C. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS and coxI gene regions show that P. multivora is Impact: P. multivora is the first record of a unique and comprises a discrete cluster within the Phytophthora species associated with E. major ITS clade 2 of Cooke et al. (2000) with its gomphocephala decline and has been shown to present closest relative being P. citricola. proliferate on calcareous soils, believed to be suppressive to other Phytophthora species including Morphology: P. multivora isolates are similar to P. -
Specialist Phytophthora Research: Biology, Pathology, Ecology and Detection of PTA Final Report
Specialist Phytophthora Research: Biology, Pathology, Ecology and Detection of PTA Final Report MPI Contract 11927 Prepared for Chris Green on behalf of the Planning & Intelligence team, Kauri Dieback Joint Agency Response by Stanley E. Bellgard, Bevan S. Weir, Shaun R. Pennycook, Elsa P. Paderes, Chris Winks, Ross E. Beever [deceased] (Landcare Research), Daniel J. Than (Biodiscovery NZ Ltd), Lee Hill (Auckland Council) and Stephen E. Williams (University of Wyoming) ISBN No: (contact Publications team) ISSN No: December 2013 Disclaimer While every effort has been made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, the Ministry for Primary Industries does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information. Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publications Logistics Officer Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-resources/publications.aspx © Crown Copyright - Ministry for Primary Industries Frontispiece “Me he kauri whakaruruhau, ka toro ngā peka, hei awhi i te wao” Like a kauri I stretch my branches to embrace the forest Hirini Melbourne Contents Page 1 Executive summary 1 2 Introduction, aims and report structure 5 3 A unified species concept for PTA 8 4 Host range of PTA 19 5 Transfer of PTA infection 34 6 Spatial extent of PTA in a forest stand 40 7 Vertical distribution of PTA in roots below infected trees 53 8 Spatial distribution of soil inoculum of PTA around an infected tree 57 9 Development of a species-specific assay for PTA 62 10 Recommendations 71 11 Kauri at risk from the genus Phytophthora? – considering the wider picture 73 12 Acknowledgements 80 13 References 82 Appendix 1. -
Anthropogenic Disturbance Impacts Stand Structure and Susceptibility of an Iconic Tree Species to an Endemic Canker Pathogen
Anthropogenic disturbance impacts stand structure and susceptibility of an iconic tree species to an endemic canker pathogen a,b* a c a a Trudy Paap , Treena I. Burgess , Victor Rolo , Emma Steel , Giles E. St. J. Hardy aCentre for Phytophthora Science and Management, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150 bDepartment of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa cForest Research Group, INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, 10600, Plasencia, Spain * Corresponding author Email addresses: [email protected] (T. Paap), [email protected] (T.I. Burgess), [email protected] (E. Steel), [email protected] (V. Rolo), [email protected] G.E.S.J Hardy) Highlights • The incidence of an endemic canker pathogen increased with anthropogenic disturbance. • Disturbed edges showed significantly different composition from forest transects. • Increased tree species diversity was associated with decreased canker incidence. • We demonstrate the impact of global change and anthropogenic drivers on forest health. 1 Abstract Forest ecosystems characterised by higher tree species diversity have been linked to a reduced susceptibility to pathogens. Conversely, endemic pathogens contribute to forest ecosystem dynamics and process. In the face of global change, however, negative impacts arising from more frequent and severe forest disturbances are increasingly observed. An increase in the susceptibility of Corymbia calophylla, a keystone tree species of southwest Western Australia, to cankers caused by the endemic fungus Quambalaria coyrecup, has emerged in recent decades. Landscape scale assessment of disease incidence has implicated the predisposing role of anthropogenic disturbance, indicating a need for this to be examined at a finer resolution. -
The Role of Phytophthora Soil Borne Pathogens in Eucalyptus
The role of Phytophthora multivora in Eucalyptus gomphocephala (tuart) woodland decline By Peter Scott BSc (Hons) Murdoch University The thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological Science and Biotechnology Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia September 2011 Declaration The work described in this thesis was undertaken while I was an enrolled student for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Murdoch University, Western Australia. I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains, as its main content, work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. To the best of my knowledge, all work performed by others, published or unpublished, has been duly acknowledged. Peter Scott September 2011 i Abstract Since the 1990’s Eucalyptus gomphocephala (tuart) has been suffering a significant decline in Yalgorup National Park, approximately 100 km south of Perth Western Australia. Symptoms range from chronic deterioration to sudden mass collapse. The role of Phytophthora pathogens was investigated because the progressive canopy thinning, dieback and heterogeneous distribution of the decline were similar to other forest declines caused by a range of Phytophthora species which are widespread throughout south-west Western Australia and worldwide. In combination with sampling for Phytophthora isolation, an initial diagnostic trial tested the effect of trunk applied phosphite, nutrients and combined phosphite and nutrients on natural stands of declining E. gomphocephala. Phosphite injection was used as a diagnostic tool to identify the possible role of Phytophthora pathogens because the chemical specifically suppresses Phytophthora pathogens and has no known direct fertilizer effect on the host.