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WRA Species Report Family: Xanthorrhoeaceae Taxon: Xanthorrhoea preissii Synonym: Xanthorrhoea reflexa D.A.Herb. Common Name: Balga Xanthorrhoea pecoris F.Muell. Grass Tree Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score -5 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Intermediate substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 n 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 y 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 5/12/2011 Xanthorrhoea preissii (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Page 1 of 7 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 n 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: L WRA Score -5 Print Date: 5/12/2011 Xanthorrhoea preissii (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2002. Wheeler, J.R./Marchant, N.G./Lewington, [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence M.. Flora of the South West: Introduction, keys, ferns to monocotyledons. UWA Publishing, Crawley, Western Australia 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2005. Korczynskyj, D./Lamont, B.B.. Grasstree [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s)? 1-intermediate] (Xanthorrhoea preissii) leaf growth in relation to "Xanthorrhoea preissii is an arborescent species ubiquitous throughout much of season and water availability. Austral Ecology. mediterranean, southwestern Australia." 30: 765–774. 202 2005. Korczynskyj, D./Lamont, B.B.. Grasstree [Quality of climate match data? 2-high] "Xanthorrhoea preissii is an arborescent (Xanthorrhoea preissii) leaf growth in relation to species ubiquitous throughout much of mediterranean, southwestern Australia." season and water availability. Austral Ecology. 30: 765–774. 203 2004. Windmill Outback Nursery. Xanthorrhoea [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Temperature Rating: species. USDA Zone 9" http://www.australiaplants.com/xanthorrhoea.htm 203 2010. rarepalmseeds.com. Xanthorrhoea preissii. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "It does best in warm http://www.rarepalmseeds.com/pix/XanPre.shtml temperate climates and prefers a place in sun on well drained ground." 203 2011. Western Australian Herbarium. FloraBase - [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Ranges, coastal plain, The Western Australian Flora - Xanthorrhoea near watercourses. Distribution: SW: AW, GS, JF, SWA, WAR. " [generally found preissii. Department of Environment and at lower elevations] Conservation, http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/12 56 204 2005. Korczynskyj, D./Lamont, B.B.. Grasstree [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No] (Xanthorrhoea preissii) leaf growth in relation to "Xanthorrhoea preissii is an arborescent species ubiquitous throughout much of season and water availability. Austral Ecology. mediterranean, southwestern Australia." 30: 765–774. 204 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No] No Weeds - Index [Online Database]. evidence http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 205 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii range? Yes] "Trade in wild harvested Xanthorrhoea between 1995 and 1997 and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- included X. australis, X. fulva, X. glauca, X. gracilis, X. johnsonii, X. latifolia, X. in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, minor, X. preissii, and X. thorntonii.214 Main export markets for Xanthorrhoea in Queensland, AU 1997 were Singapore, Norway and Great Britain." 205 2011. San Marcos Growers. Products > [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Xanthorrhoea preissii. range? Yes, sold commercially in California] http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantd isplay.asp?plant_id=1611 301 2005. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Lorence, D.H.. [Naturalized beyond native range? No] No evidence Flora of the Hawaiian Islands website. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawai ianflora/index.htm 301 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Naturalized beyond native range? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 302 1979. Holm, L. G./Pancho, J.V./Herberger, [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Unknown] Listed as a weed of unknown J.P./Plucknett, D.L.. A Geographical Atlas of impact within Australia World Weeds. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY 303 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 304 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ Print Date: 5/12/2011 Xanthorrhoea preissii (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Page 3 of 7 305 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Congeneric weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 401 2002. Wheeler, J.R./Marchant, N.G./Lewington, [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "Perennial herb, tree-like with trunk up to M.. Flora of the South West: Introduction, keys, 3 m high, often branching. Leaves green, 600-750 mm long and 2-3 mm wide, 4- ferns to monocotyledons. UWA Publishing, angled in cross-section, 2-2.5 mm thick, occasionally broader and more Crawley, Western Australia compressed." 402 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Allelopathic? No] No evidence current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, AU 402 2005. Korczynskyj, D./Lamont, B.B.. Grasstree [Allelopathic? No] "Xanthorrhoea preissii is a common component of various (Xanthorrhoea preissii) leaf growth in relation to vegetation types, including forests, woodlands and shrublands, and grows on a season and water availability. Austral Ecology. variety of soil types over its distribution." [No evidence] 30: 765–774. 403 2002. Wheeler, J.R./Marchant, N.G./Lewington, [Parasitic? No] "Perennial herb, tree-like with trunk up to 3 m high, often M.. Flora of the South West: Introduction, keys, branching. Leaves green, 600-750 mm long and 2-3 mm wide, 4-angled in cross- ferns to monocotyledons. UWA Publishing, section, 2-2.5 mm thick, occasionally broader and more compressed." Crawley, Western Australia 404 2004. Koch, J.M./Richardson, J./Lamont, B.B.. [Unpalatable to grazing animals? No] "This study examined factors affecting Grazing by Kangaroos Limits the Establishment germination, survival, and growth of the grass trees Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. of the Grass Trees Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. preissii on newly rehabilitated bauxite mine pits in the jarrah forest of preissii in Restored Bauxite Mines in Eucalypt southwestern Australia.
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