Family: Xanthorrhoeaceae Taxon: Xanthorrhoea preissii
Synonym: Xanthorrhoea reflexa D.A.Herb. Common Name: Balga Xanthorrhoea pecoris F.Muell. Grass Tree
Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score -5 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n
102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1
103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1
201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Intermediate substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n
204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 n
205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y
301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n
402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n
403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n
404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n
405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n
406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0
407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n
408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 y
409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n
410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y
411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n
Print Date: 5/12/2011 Xanthorrhoea preissii (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Page 1 of 7 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n
501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n
502 Grass y=1, n=0 n
503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n
504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n
601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n
602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y
603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 n
604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1
605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n
606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n
607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y
703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n
704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n
705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1
706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n
707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n
708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1
801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y
802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1
803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1
804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y
805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1
Designation: L WRA Score -5
Print Date: 5/12/2011 Xanthorrhoea preissii (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2002. Wheeler, J.R./Marchant, N.G./Lewington, [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence M.. Flora of the South West: Introduction, keys, ferns to monocotyledons. UWA Publishing, Crawley, Western Australia 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA
103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA
201 2005. Korczynskyj, D./Lamont, B.B.. Grasstree [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s)? 1-intermediate] (Xanthorrhoea preissii) leaf growth in relation to "Xanthorrhoea preissii is an arborescent species ubiquitous throughout much of season and water availability. Austral Ecology. mediterranean, southwestern Australia." 30: 765–774. 202 2005. Korczynskyj, D./Lamont, B.B.. Grasstree [Quality of climate match data? 2-high] "Xanthorrhoea preissii is an arborescent (Xanthorrhoea preissii) leaf growth in relation to species ubiquitous throughout much of mediterranean, southwestern Australia." season and water availability. Austral Ecology. 30: 765–774. 203 2004. Windmill Outback Nursery. Xanthorrhoea [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Temperature Rating: species. USDA Zone 9" http://www.australiaplants.com/xanthorrhoea.htm 203 2010. rarepalmseeds.com. Xanthorrhoea preissii. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "It does best in warm http://www.rarepalmseeds.com/pix/XanPre.shtml temperate climates and prefers a place in sun on well drained ground." 203 2011. Western Australian Herbarium. FloraBase - [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Ranges, coastal plain, The Western Australian Flora - Xanthorrhoea near watercourses. Distribution: SW: AW, GS, JF, SWA, WAR. " [generally found preissii. Department of Environment and at lower elevations] Conservation, http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/12 56 204 2005. Korczynskyj, D./Lamont, B.B.. Grasstree [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No] (Xanthorrhoea preissii) leaf growth in relation to "Xanthorrhoea preissii is an arborescent species ubiquitous throughout much of season and water availability. Austral Ecology. mediterranean, southwestern Australia." 30: 765–774. 204 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No] No Weeds - Index [Online Database]. evidence http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 205 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii range? Yes] "Trade in wild harvested Xanthorrhoea between 1995 and 1997 and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- included X. australis, X. fulva, X. glauca, X. gracilis, X. johnsonii, X. latifolia, X. in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, minor, X. preissii, and X. thorntonii.214 Main export markets for Xanthorrhoea in Queensland, AU 1997 were Singapore, Norway and Great Britain." 205 2011. San Marcos Growers. Products > [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Xanthorrhoea preissii. range? Yes, sold commercially in California] http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantd isplay.asp?plant_id=1611 301 2005. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Lorence, D.H.. [Naturalized beyond native range? No] No evidence Flora of the Hawaiian Islands website. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawai ianflora/index.htm 301 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Naturalized beyond native range? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 302 1979. Holm, L. G./Pancho, J.V./Herberger, [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Unknown] Listed as a weed of unknown J.P./Plucknett, D.L.. A Geographical Atlas of impact within Australia World Weeds. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY 303 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 304 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/
Print Date: 5/12/2011 Xanthorrhoea preissii (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Page 3 of 7 305 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Congeneric weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 401 2002. Wheeler, J.R./Marchant, N.G./Lewington, [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "Perennial herb, tree-like with trunk up to M.. Flora of the South West: Introduction, keys, 3 m high, often branching. Leaves green, 600-750 mm long and 2-3 mm wide, 4- ferns to monocotyledons. UWA Publishing, angled in cross-section, 2-2.5 mm thick, occasionally broader and more Crawley, Western Australia compressed." 402 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Allelopathic? No] No evidence current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, AU 402 2005. Korczynskyj, D./Lamont, B.B.. Grasstree [Allelopathic? No] "Xanthorrhoea preissii is a common component of various (Xanthorrhoea preissii) leaf growth in relation to vegetation types, including forests, woodlands and shrublands, and grows on a season and water availability. Austral Ecology. variety of soil types over its distribution." [No evidence] 30: 765–774. 403 2002. Wheeler, J.R./Marchant, N.G./Lewington, [Parasitic? No] "Perennial herb, tree-like with trunk up to 3 m high, often M.. Flora of the South West: Introduction, keys, branching. Leaves green, 600-750 mm long and 2-3 mm wide, 4-angled in cross- ferns to monocotyledons. UWA Publishing, section, 2-2.5 mm thick, occasionally broader and more compressed." Crawley, Western Australia 404 2004. Koch, J.M./Richardson, J./Lamont, B.B.. [Unpalatable to grazing animals? No] "This study examined factors affecting Grazing by Kangaroos Limits the Establishment germination, survival, and growth of the grass trees Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. of the Grass Trees Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. preissii on newly rehabilitated bauxite mine pits in the jarrah forest of preissii in Restored Bauxite Mines in Eucalypt southwestern Australia. Grazing by kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) was the Forest of Southwestern Australia. Restoration major factor in reducing survival and growth of both species during the first 2 Ecology 12(2): 297-305 years. Provision of artificial grazing protection increased survival and growth (plant mass) of both species by 3-fold." 404 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Unpalatable to grazing animals? No] "Some animal usage may be detrimental to current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii xanthorrhoeas. For instance, regular browsing of X. preissii by Port Lincoln and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- parrots can kill plants." in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, AU 405 2004. Koch, J.M./Richardson, J./Lamont, B.B.. [Toxic to animals? No evidence] "This study examined factors affecting Grazing by Kangaroos Limits the Establishment germination, survival, and growth of the grass trees Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. of the Grass Trees Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. preissii on newly rehabilitated bauxite mine pits in the jarrah forest of preissii in Restored Bauxite Mines in Eucalypt southwestern Australia. Grazing by kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) was the Forest of Southwestern Australia. Restoration major factor in reducing survival and growth of both species during the first 2 Ecology 12(2): 297-305 years. Provision of artificial grazing protection increased survival and growth (plant mass) of both species by 3-fold." 405 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Toxic to animals? No evidence for X. preissii] "Some Xanthorrhoea are toxic to current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii stock, even causing death. Evidence suggests that feeding on young and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- inflorescences is the cause of this poisoning, but further trials are required to in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, identify all Xanthorrhoea species, plant parts and toxins responsible for stock Queensland, AU poisoning." 406 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Host for recognized pests and pathogens? Possibly] "A confirmed threat to current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii Xanthorrhoea is the root rot/dieback fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi. The fungus and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- is found in all Australian States and Territories." in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, AU 407 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans? No evidence of human current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii poisoning or toxicity] "Some Xanthorrho ea are toxic to stock, even causing and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- death. Evidence suggests that feeding on young inflorescences is the cause of in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, this poisoning, but further trials are required to identify all Xanthorrhoea species, Queensland, AU plant parts and toxins responsible for stock poisoning." 408 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems? Yes, highly combustible] current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii "Xanthorrhoeas are highly combustible and although arborescent plants can and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- accumulate significant fuel they can survive fire. The impact of fire is influenced in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, by fire frequency, timing and intensity. Leaf and inflorescence production can Queensland, AU increase following fire. Although xanthorrhoeas have fire-protective mechanisms, significant fire deaths have been recorded in three arborescent species, including deaths of adult plants."
Print Date: 5/12/2011 Xanthorrhoea preissii (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Page 4 of 7 409 2004. Koch, J.M./Richardson, J./Lamont, B.B.. [Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? No] "Xanthorrhoea Grazing by Kangaroos Limits the Establishment preissii grows in open conditions on sandplains as well as under trees in the of the Grass Trees Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. jarrah forest (Marchant et al. 1987) and hence appears to benefit from full sun preissii in Restored Bauxite Mines in Eucalypt conditions particularly in the moister microsite … It appears that X. gracilis, as a Forest of Southwestern Australia. Restoration forest species, may be more tolerant of shade conditions than X. preissii." Ecology 12(2): 297-305 409 2011. San Marcos Growers. Products > [Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? No] "Exposure: Full Sun" Xanthorrhoea preissii. http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantd isplay.asp?plant_id=1611 410 2004. Corrick, M.G./Fuhrer, B.. Wildflowers of [Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions ? Yes] "Habitat: widespread and Southern Western Australia. Rosenberg common on a variety of soil types from Jurien Bay to Albany region" Publishing, Kenthurst, Australia 410 2004. Windmill Outback Nursery. Xanthorrhoea [Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions ? Yes] "Sand, sandy loam, loam or species. gravel soils." http://www.australiaplants.com/xanthorrhoea.htm 410 2011. Western Australian Herbarium. FloraBase - [Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions ? Yes] "Grey to black sands, grey- The Western Australian Flora - Xanthorrhoea brown loam, brown gravelly sandy clay, laterite, granite." preissii. Department of Environment and Conservation, http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/12 56 411 2002. Wheeler, J.R./Marchant, N.G./Lewington, [Climbing or smothering growth habit? No] "Perennial herb, tree-like with trunk up M.. Flora of the South West: Introduction, keys, to 3 m high, often branching. Leaves green, 600-750 mm long and 2-3 mm wide, ferns to monocotyledons. UWA Publishing, 4-angled in cross-section, 2-2.5 mm thick, occasionally broader and more Crawley, Western Australia compressed." 412 2002. Wheeler, J.R./Marchant, N.G./Lewington, [Forms dense thickets? No evidence] M.. Flora of the South West: Introduction, keys, ferns to monocotyledons. UWA Publishing, Crawley, Western Australia 412 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Forms dense thickets? No evidence] current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, AU 501 2002. Wheeler, J.R./Marchant, N.G./Lewington, [Aquatic? No] "Perennial herb, tree-like with trunk up to 3 m high, often M.. Flora of the South West: Introduction, keys, branching. Leaves green, 600-750 mm long and 2-3 mm wide, 4-angled in cross- ferns to monocotyledons. UWA Publishing, section, 2-2.5 mm thick, occasionally broader and more compressed." Crawley, Western Australia 502 2002. Wheeler, J.R./Marchant, N.G./Lewington, [Grass? No] Xanthorrhoeaceae M.. Flora of the South West: Introduction, keys, ferns to monocotyledons. UWA Publishing, Crawley, Western Australia 503 2002. Wheeler, J.R./Marchant, N.G./Lewington, [Nitrogen fixing woody plant? No?] Xanthorrhoeaceae M.. Flora of the South West: Introduction, keys, ferns to monocotyledons. UWA Publishing, Crawley, Western Australia 504 2002. Wheeler, J.R./Marchant, N.G./Lewington, [Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or M.. Flora of the South West: Introduction, keys, tubers)? No] "Perennial herb, tree-like with trunk up to 3 m high, often branching. ferns to monocotyledons. UWA Publishing, Leaves green, 600-750 mm long and 2-3 mm wide, 4-angled in cross-section, 2- Crawley, Western Australia 2.5 mm thick, occasionally broader and more compressed." 601 2002. Wheeler, J.R./Marchant, N.G./Lewington, [Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat? No] No evidence M.. Flora of the South West: Introduction, keys, ferns to monocotyledons. UWA Publishing, Crawley, Western Australia 602 2004. Koch, J.M./Richardson, J./Lamont, B.B.. [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Xanthorrhoea preissii is long lived and has been Grazing by Kangaroos Limits the Establishment aged at over 300 years (Lamont & Downes 1979). Both species germinate of the Grass Trees Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. readily, with published germination percentages of 36 and 44, respectively (Bell et preissii in Restored Bauxite Mines in Eucalypt al. 1993; Koch & Taylor 2000)." Forest of Southwestern Australia. Restoration Ecology 12(2): 297-305
Print Date: 5/12/2011 Xanthorrhoea preissii (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Page 5 of 7 603 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Hybridizes naturally? No] "Species involved in hybridism are X. glauca, X. current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii resinifera, X. fulva, X. johnsonii and X. latifolia. Hybridisation appears to be and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- restricted to Xanthorrhoea species in habitats on Quaternary sand deposits along in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, the east coast of Australia.227 Hybridism has only been recorded where two Queensland, AU Xanthorrhoea species meet on an ecocline (e.g. between wet and dry habitats)." 604 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Self-compatible or apomictic? Unknown] "Although self-pollination is possible in current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii X. johnsonii, it appears limited because insect pollinators are very efficient at and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- removing pollen from a flower spike before its female parts mature." [related in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, species demonstrates self-compatibility] Queensland, AU 605 1980. Keighery, G. J.. Bird pollination in South [Requires specialist pollinators? No] "Xanthorrhoea is primarily insect pollinated Western Australia: A checklist. Plant Systematics by an enormous range of vectors (100 species presently recorded)." [But also and Evolution. 135(3-4): 171-176. adapted for bird pollination] 606 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation? No evidence] current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, AU 607 1979. Lamont, B.B./Downes, S.. The Longevity, [Minimum generative time (years)? 4+] "The tallest plant of X. preissii that was Flowering and Fire History of the Grasstrees studied in detail was 124 years old before it produced its first inflorescence, Xanthorrhoea preissii and Kingia australis. although a nursery specimen is known to have flowered after only 10 years from Journal of Applied Ecology. 16(3): 893-899. seed (E. Wittwer, personal communication)." 607 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Minimum generative time (years)? 4+] "Many Xanthorrhoea species grown from current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii seed can first flower at 5–6 years of age. Flowering can still occur in and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- Xanthorrhoea estimated to be 300 or more years old. Based on known growth in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, rates, some tall X. preissii are estimated to be 350 years old, while radio carbon Queensland, AU dating gave ages up to 600 years." 701 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally? No] No evidence current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, AU 701 2006. Sweedman, L./Merritt, D.. Australian [Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally? No evidence] No means of seeds: a guide to their collection, identification external attachment and biology. Csiro Publishing, Collingwood, Australia 702 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Propagules dispersed intentionally by people? Yes] "Trade in wild harvested current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii Xanthorrhoea between 1995 and 1997 included X. australis, X. fulva, X. glauca, and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- X. gracilis, X. johnsonii, X. latifolia, X. minor, X. preissii, and X. thorntonii.214 in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, Main export markets for Xanthorrhoea in 1997 were Singapore, Norway and Queensland, AU Great Britain." 702 2011. San Marcos Growers. Products > [Propagules dispersed intentionally by people? Yes] Sold as an ornamental Xanthorrhoea preissii. http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantd isplay.asp?plant_id=1611 703 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant? No] No evidence current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, AU 703 2006. Sweedman, L./Merritt, D.. Australian [Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant? No. No evidence, and seeds: a guide to their collection, identification seeds relatively large & unlikely to be inadvertently dispersed. Seeds ca. 15 mm and biology. Csiro Publishing, Collingwood, long] Australia 704 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Propagules adapted to wind dispersal? No] "Field observations of X. johnsonii current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii suggest there is no explosive seed dispersal mechanism, most seed falling close and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- to the parent plant.90 Xanthorrhoea glauca subsp. Angustifolia seeds also fall to in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, the ground at maturity,138 a Victorian study finding seedlings were usually Queensland, AU growing within 2m of the parent plant.104 Probably all Xanthorrhoea have this form of primary seed dispersal. Secondary dispersal has not been well documented for Xanthorrhoea species." 704 2006. Sweedman, L./Merritt, D.. Australian [Propagules adapted to wind dispersal? No] No wings, or other morphological seeds: a guide to their collection, identification features to aid in wind dispersal. and biology. Csiro Publishing, Collingwood, Australia
Print Date: 5/12/2011 Xanthorrhoea preissii (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Page 6 of 7 705 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Propagules water dispersed? Unknown] "Secondary dispersal has not been well current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii documented for Xanthorrhoea species. Xanthorrhoea johnsonii seeds can float, and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- which would allow further dispersal during heavy rain." in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, AU 706 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Propagules bird dispersed? No] "Seed dispersal appears limited … The seeds of current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii X. glauca subsp. Angustifolia (ex X. australis) have no morphological adaptations and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- to facilitate dispersal by birds…" [True for X. preissii as well] in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, AU 707 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)? No] "Field observations of current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii X. johnsonii suggest there is no explosive seed dispersal mechanism, most seed and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- falling close to the parent plant.90 Xanthorrhoea glauca subsp. Angustifolia seeds in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, also fall to the ground at maturity,138 a Victorian study finding seedlings were Queensland, AU usually growing within 2m of the parent plant.104 Probably all Xanthorrhoea have this form of primary seed dispersal. Secondary dispersal has not been well documented for Xanthorrhoea species." [No means of external attachment] 708 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Unknown] "Field observations of current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii X. johnsonii suggest there is no explosive seed dispersal mechanism, most seed and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- falling close to the parent plant. Xanthorrhoea glauca subsp. Angustifolia seeds in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, also fall to the ground at maturity, a Victorian study finding seedlings were usually Queensland, AU growing within 2m of the parent plant. Probably all Xanthorrhoea have this form of primary seed dispersal. Secondary dispersal has not been well documented for Xanthorrhoea species." [No evidence that seeds are consumed or dispersed internally] 801 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)? Potentially] "Up to 2600 seeds have been current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii counted on X. resinifera flower spikes,116 an estimated 7500 on X. australis,116 and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- and 2100–6000 on X. preissii." in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, AU 802 2005. Borsboom, A.C.. Xanthorrhoea: A review of [Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)? Unknown for X. current knowledge with a focus on X. johnsonii preissii] "Limited published information was found on how long Xanthorrhoea and X. latifolia, two Queensland protected plants- seeds can remain viable. Based on seedling germinations in the wild, it was in-trade. Environmental Protection Agency, suggested that viable Xanthorrhoea seeds do not persist in the soil seed bank Queensland, AU longer than two years. Whether this is the result of seed predation is unclear. Seed viability can remain high for much longer than two years in laboratory storage. After X. glauca subsp. angustifolia (ex X. australis) seeds were stored five years at room temperature and humidity in insect-free, sealed, brown-paper bags without insecticide, their germination rate was not significantly different from seed stored similarly for one year. The germination rate of both the five year and one year- old seed was in excess of 95 percent. The germination rate of the five- year-old and one year old seeds was not significantly different, whether the seed germinated in total darkness or in a 12/12 hr 12oC/20oC temperature and light/dark cycle with an average photoflux reading of 58.4 μmol.m-2s- 1.218 However, total darkness induced germination earlier in five-year-old seed, while one-year-old seed germinated earlier in the light/dark cycle conditions." 803 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Well controlled by herbicides? Unknown] No evidence that this species is being chemically controlled, and no information on herbicide efficacy found. 804 1993. Bell, D.T./Plummer, J.A./Taylor, S.K.. Seed [Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire? Yes] "A group of Germination Ecology in Southwestern Western species that also produce viable, easily germinable seeds are species of Australia. Botanical Review. 59(1): 24-73. Xanthorrhoea ( Xanthorrhoeaceae) and Haemodorum (Haemodoraceae) ( Appendix I). These monocotyledonous species resprout after fire and tend to flower prolifically in the growing season following the fire (Bell et al., 1989)." 805 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Effective natural enemies present locally? Unknown]
Print Date: 5/12/2011 Xanthorrhoea preissii (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Page 7 of 7