Inference Processes in Expository Film Comprehension

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Inference Processes in Expository Film Comprehension Do Films Make You Think? – Inference Processes in Expository Film Comprehension Dissertation der Fakultät für Informations- und Kognitionswissenschaften der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Dipl.-Psych. Maike Tibus aus Braunschweig Tübingen 2008 Tag der mündlichen Qualifikation: 05. November 2008 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Oliver Kohlbacher 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Stephan Schwan 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Friedrich Hesse In erster Linie kommt es darauf an, verstanden zu werden. Theodor Fontane Danke An dieser Stelle möchte ich den Personen danken, die mich auf dem Weg zu dieser Arbeit unterstützt haben. Mein besonderer Dank gilt den folgenden Personen: Prof. Dr. Stephan Schwan - für die Betreuung dieser Arbeit, insbesondere für Inspiration, Ruhe, Gelassenheit und Vertrauen Prof. Dr. Dr. Friedrich Hesse - für die Übernahme des Zweitgutachtens und sein Engagement für ein wissenschaftlich anregendes Umfeld Prof. Dr. Peter Gerjets – für Dein intensives Mitdenken und -diskutieren Prof. Dr. Danielle McNamara - als transatlantische Diskussionspartnerin mit der Textverstehensbrille Prof. Dr. Rolf Plötzner - als Zweitbetreuer im VGK den VGK – Mädels, insbesondere Jessica Dehler und Kristin Knipfer – für eine tolle Tübinger Promotionszeit Sebastian Groteloh - als rettender Anker in sämtlichen technischen Belangen Eva Brenner, Anke Heier, Martin Merkt, Katharina Nöbels und Sonja Weigand - für die tatkräftige Unterstützung bei der Durchführung der Experimente Karin Petropoulos - für Notfallkekse und ein offenes Ohr den Beteiligten des Virtuellen Graduiertenkollegs der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft “Wissenserwerb und Wissensaustausch mit neuen Medien” – für den Blick über den eigenen (Dissertations-)Tellerrand sowie den Mitarbeitern des Instituts für Wissensmedien in Tübingen. Zu guter letzt danke ich meinen Herzensmenschen – für Eure emotionale Wärme, Eure aufmunternden Worte, Euer Zuhören und für Eure vielen anderen Gesten der Zuneigung, die mir den nötigen Rückhalt und Stärke gegeben haben, um diese Arbeit fertig zu stellen. Contents 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 1 2 DOES FILM COMPREHENSION EQUAL TEXT COMPREHENSION?.................................................. 4 2.1 Differences between texts and films ......................................................................................................................4 2.2 Similarities between text and film comprehension processes ............................................................................7 3 PRINCIPLES OF TEXT COMPREHENSION......................................................................................... 10 3.1 The Construction-Integration Model.....................................................................................................................11 3.2 Inferences................................................................................................................................................................16 3.3 Coherence and comprehension............................................................................................................................20 4 BRIDGING INFERENCES IN TEXT COMPREHENSION...................................................................... 25 4.1 Causal bridging inferences in narrative texts......................................................................................................26 4.2 Causal bridging inferences in expository texts...................................................................................................28 4.3 Reasons for the imbalance in inference generation as a function of text genre..............................................31 5 INFERENCES IN FILM COMPREHENSION ......................................................................................... 33 5.1 Empirical studies....................................................................................................................................................33 5.2 Methodological implications .................................................................................................................................37 6 INFERENCE DETECTION METHODS .................................................................................................. 39 6.1 Online methods ......................................................................................................................................................39 6.2 Offline methods ......................................................................................................................................................51 7 SUMMARY AND OVERVIEW OF EXPERIMENTS ............................................................................... 56 8 EXPERIMENT 1: GLOBAL BRIDGING INFERENCES: ARE THEY GENERATED ONLINE IN EXPOSITORY FILM COMPREHENSION AND HOW DO THEY RELATE TO OFFLINE COMPREHENSION PERFORMANCE? ................................................................................................ 58 8.1 Hypotheses .............................................................................................................................................................59 8.2 Method.....................................................................................................................................................................60 8.3 Results.....................................................................................................................................................................66 8.4 Discussion ..............................................................................................................................................................73 9 EXPERIMENT 2: LOCAL CAUSAL BRIDGING INFERENCES: ARE THEY GENERATED ONLINE IN EXPOSITORY FILM COMPREHENSION?....................................................................................... 79 9.1 Hypotheses .............................................................................................................................................................80 9.2 Method.....................................................................................................................................................................80 9.3 Results.....................................................................................................................................................................91 9.4 Discussion ..............................................................................................................................................................94 10 EXPERIMENT 3: LOCAL CAUSAL BRIDGING INFERENCES: HOW DO THEY RELATE TO OFFLINE COMPREHENSION PERFORMANCE?................................................................................ 99 10.1 Hypotheses ...........................................................................................................................................................100 10.2 Method...................................................................................................................................................................101 10.3 Results...................................................................................................................................................................107 10.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................................116 11 GENERAL DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................... 120 11.1 Theoretical considerations..................................................................................................................................120 11.2 Methodological considerations...........................................................................................................................125 11.3 Practical educational implications......................................................................................................................127 12 SUMMARY........................................................................................................................................... 129 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG................................................................................................................................133 LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... 137 LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................... 138 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 140 FILMOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 155 APPENDIXES............................................................................................................................................... 157 Introduction 1 Introduction Moving pictures (films, videos) have come a long way since they were first presented by the Lumière Brothers in Paris in 1895. Nowadays, they dominate not only
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