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Rapporto 2020-2021 La Situazione Dei Diritti Umani Nel Mondo

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Rapporto 2020-2021 La Situazione Dei Diritti Umani Nel Mondo Rapporto 2020-2021 La situazione dei diritti umani nel mondo Prefazione di Agnès Callamard, Segretaria generale di Amnesty International Stampato su carta FSC Traduzione dall’inglese di Anna Ongaro e Patrizia Carrera Revisione ed edizione italiana a cura di Beatrice Gnassi Consulenza editoriale: Riccardo Noury, portavoce della Sezione Italiana di Amnesty International Amnesty International – Sezione Italiana via Goito 39, 00185 Roma Tel: (+39) 06 44901 Fax: (+39) 06 4490222 [email protected] – www.amnesty.it C.F. 03031110582 Fa fede il testo originale in lingua inglese Questo rapporto documenta il lavoro e le preoccupazioni di Amnesty International nel 2020. L’assenza di un capitolo su un particolare paese o territorio non implica che durante l’anno non vi siano avvenute violazioni dei diritti umani o che non esistano motivi di preoccupazione per Amnesty International. La lunghezza della scheda su un dato paese non può essere un termine di paragone per valutare l’estensione e la gravità delle preoccupazioni di Amnesty International. È vietata la riproduzione anche parziale o ad uso interno o didattico e con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata, compresa la fotocopia non autorizzata. Eccetto dove altrimenti segnalato, il contenuto di questo documento è autorizzato da licenza Creative Commons (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode). Per maggiori informazioni vai su www.amnesty.org Dove il materiale è attribuito a possessori di copyright diversi da Amnesty International, il materiale non è soggetto alla licenza Creative Commons. © 2021 Amnesty International Prima pubblicazione nel 2021 di Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street, London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom www.amnesty.org Index: 10/3202/2021 © 2021 Edizione italiana Amnesty International Sezione Italiana – Infinito Edizioni © 2021 Edizione Italiana Amnesty International Sezione Italiana – Infinito edizioni © Copyright Infinito edizioni, 2021 Prima edizione: aprile 2021 Infinito edizioni S.r.l. Formigine (MO) Posta elettronica: [email protected] Sito Internet: www.infinitoedizioni.it Facebook: Infinito edizioni Twitter: @infinitoed Instagram: Infinito edizioni ISBN 9788868615086 Copertina: Giulia Pasqualin/Infinito edizioni Impaginazione e grafica: Giulia Pasqualin/Infinito edizioni Le fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume/fascicolo di periodico dietro pagamento alla SIAE del compenso previsto dall’art. 68, commi 4 e 5, della legge 22 aprile 1941 n. 633. Le fotocopie effettuate per finalità di carattere professionale, economico o commerciale o comunque per uso diverso da quello personale possono essere effettuate a seguito di specifica autorizzazione rilasciata da CLEARedi, Centro Licenze e Autorizzazioni per le Riproduzioni Editoriali, Corso di Porta Romana 108, 20122 Milano, e-mail [email protected] e sito web www.clearedi.org. Finito di stampare nel mese di marzo 2021 da Printì Srl – Manocalzati (Av) SS Variante 7/bis, zona industriale di Avellino Tel. 0825.67.57.66 INDICE GENERALE Indice alfabetico dei paesi pag. 7 I Amnesty pag. 11 Sezione Italiana di Amnesty International pag. 12 Abbreviazioni pag. 14 Introduzione pag. 16 Analisi globale pag. 20 Africa Subsahariana pag. 25 Americhe pag. 157 Asia e Pacifico pag. 239 Europa e Asia Centrale pag. 327 Medio Oriente e Africa del Nord pag. 461 Sedi regionali di Amnesty International Italia pag. 557 Difendi i diritti umani nel mondo pag. 559 INDICE ALFABETICO DEI PAESI Afghanistan pag. 249 Albania pag. 338 Algeria pag. 473 Angola pag. 37 Arabia Saudita pag. 477 Argentina pag. 169 Armenia pag. 339 Australia pag. 253 Austria pag. 341 Azerbaigian pag. 343 Bahrein pag. 482 Bangladesh pag. 255 Belgio pag. 346 Benin pag. 40 Bielorussia pag. 348 Bolivia pag. 172 Bosnia ed Erzegovina pag. 353 Botswana pag. 43 Brasile pag. 174 Bulgaria pag. 355 Burkina Faso pag. 45 Burundi pag. 48 Cambogia pag. 259 Camerun pag. 52 Canada pag. 180 Ceca, Repubblica pag. 358 Centrafricana, Repubblica pag. 55 Ciad pag. 58 Cile pag. 183 Cina pag. 262 Cipro pag. 360 Colombia pag. 186 Congo, Repubblica del pag. 61 Congo, Repubblica Democratica del pag. 63 Corea del Nord pag. 269 Corea del Sud pag. 272 Costa d’Avorio pag. 69 Croazia pag. 361 Cuba pag. 191 Danimarca pag. 364 Dominicana, Repubblica pag. 193 Ecuador pag. 195 Egitto pag. 485 El Salvador pag. 198 Emirati Arabi Uniti pag. 492 Eritrea pag. 71 Estonia pag. 365 Eswatini pag. 73 Etiopia pag. 75 Figi pag. 275 Filippine pag. 276 Finlandia pag. 367 Francia pag. 368 Georgia pag. 372 Germania pag. 375 Ghana pag. 79 Giappone pag. 280 Giordania pag. 495 Grecia pag. 378 Guatemala pag. 200 Guinea Equatoriale pag. 81 Guinea, Repubblica di pag. 83 Honduras pag. 203 India pag. 282 Indonesia pag. 288 Iran pag. 499 Iraq pag. 505 Irlanda pag. 382 Israele e Territori Palestinesi Occupati pag. 510 Italia pag. 384 Kazakistan pag. 388 Kenya pag. 86 Kirghizistan pag. 391 Kosovo pag. 393 Kuwait pag. 515 Lesotho pag. 90 Lettonia pag. 395 Libano pag. 518 Libia pag. 523 Lituania pag. 397 Macedonia del Nord pag. 398 Madagascar pag. 92 Malawi pag. 95 Malesia pag. 293 Mali pag. 97 Malta pag. 400 Marocco e Sahara Occidentale pag. 529 Messico pag. 205 Moldova pag. 402 Mongolia pag. 296 Montenegro pag. 405 Mozambico pag. 100 Myanmar pag. 297 Nepal pag. 302 Nicaragua pag. 210 Niger pag. 103 Nigeria pag. 106 Norvegia pag. 406 Nuova Zelanda pag. 305 Oman pag. 534 Paesi Bassi pag. 408 Pakistan pag. 306 Palestina pag. 536 Papua Nuova Guinea pag. 311 Paraguay pag. 213 Perù pag. 215 Polonia pag. 409 Portogallo pag. 412 Portorico pag. 219 Qatar pag. 540 Regno Unito pag. 414 Romania pag. 419 Ruanda pag. 112 Russia pag. 421 Senegal pag. 115 Serbia pag. 427 Sierra Leone pag. 117 Singapore pag. 313 Siria pag. 543 Slovacchia pag. 429 Slovenia pag. 431 Somalia pag. 120 Spagna pag. 433 Sri Lanka pag. 314 Stati Uniti d’America pag. 221 Sud Sudan pag. 124 Sudafrica pag. 129 Sudan pag. 134 Svezia pag. 436 Svizzera pag. 438 Tagikistan pag. 440 Taiwan pag. 318 Tanzania pag. 137 Thailandia pag. 320 Togo pag. 141 Trinidad e Tobago pag. 227 Tunisia pag. 558 Turchia pag. 442 Turkmenistan pag. 447 Ucraina pag. 449 Uganda pag. 144 Ungheria pag. 455 Uruguay pag. 229 Uzbekistan pag. 458 Venezuela pag. 231 Vietnam pag. 323 Yemen pag. 552 Zambia pag. 148 Zimbabwe pag. 151 I AMNESTY mnesty International è un movimento mondiale di oltre 10 milioni di persone, che fa A appello all’umanità di ognuno e organizza campagne per il cambiamento, per far sì che tutti possano godere dei diritti umani. La nostra visione è quella di un mondo in cui chi è al potere mantiene le promesse, rispetta il diritto internazionale ed è chiamato a rispondere per le sue responsabilità. Amnesty International è indipendente da qualsiasi governo, ideologia politica, interesse eco- nomico o credo religioso ed è sovvenzionata principalmente dai soci e da libere donazioni. Crediamo che agire in solidarietà e compassione con persone ovunque nel mondo possa cam- biare in meglio le nostre società. 11 LA SEZIONE ITALIANA DI AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL La Sezione Italiana sviluppa e coordina le attività delle diverse strutture locali e il lavoro dei soci e dei sostenitori di Amnesty International nel paese. Oltre a ciò, intraprende azioni di sen- sibilizzazione, promozione, educazione ai diritti umani, campaigning, lobby nei confronti delle istituzioni e raccolta fondi. Lo staff cura la gestione dell’archivio soci, l’organizzazione delle campagne, i rapporti con la stampa e con le istituzioni, le iniziative nazionali di raccolta fondi, la produzione di materiale promozionale, le attività editoriali e altro ancora. A livello nazionale, strutture di volontari specializzati, i Coordinamenti, con conoscenze e competenze approfondite su paesi o su temi, svolgono un importante ruolo di collegamento con i ricercatori del Segre- tariato internazionale. A livello locale operano le circoscrizioni, i gruppi, le antenne e i gruppi giovani. I gruppi sono la struttura base dell’attivismo di Amnesty International e svolgono at- tività di mobilitazione, sensibilizzazione (manifestazioni, presenza in pubblico, partecipazione ad azioni ed eventi, raccolta fondi) e di campaigning (raccolta di firme e adesioni ad appelli). I princìpi ispiratori del modello di governance sono la democraticità e la rappresentatività degli attivisti e dei soci. L’organo di governo dell’associazione, il Comitato direttivo, è eletto ogni due anni dai soci nell’Assemblea generale ed è costituito da attivisti volontari. I dati seguenti sono tratti dall’ultima edizione del Bilancio sociale (consultabile su https:// www.amnesty.it/chi-siamo/bilancio/), uno strumento fondamentale per conoscere le attività svolte e i risultati raggiunti dall’organizzazione: 12 La Sezione Italiana di Amnesty International 83.410 soci e sostenitori di Amnesty Italia 1958 attiviste e attivisti delle strutture territoriali 177 gruppi sul territorio nazionale 16 circoscrizioni che rappresentano Amnesty Italia a livello regionale 13 coordinamenti di volontari specializzati per tema e area geografica 871.748 firme raccolte 61 appelli online 10 campagne 97 azioni di lobby 55 persone di staff 491.681 fan su Facebook 92.588 follower su Twitter 2.140.325 utenti unici su amnesty.it 70.629 studenti e docenti coinvolti in attività educative 5.100 citazioni, interviste e dichiarazioni sui media 11.647.523 € fondi raccolti. 13 ABBREVIAZIONI • Cedaw (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) si riferisce a Convenzione sull’eliminazione di ogni forma di discriminazione nei confronti delle donne. • Cia (US Central Intelligence Agency) si riferisce ad Agencia centrale di intelligence degli Usa. • Cicr (Comitato internazionale della Croce Rossa). • Comitato Cedaw (Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) si riferisce a Comitato delle Nazioni Unite sull’eliminazione di ogni forma di discriminazione nei confronti delle donne. • Comitato europeo per la prevenzione della tortura si riferisce a Comitato del Consiglio d’Europa per la prevenzione della tortura e delle pene o trattamenti crudeli, disumani e degradanti.
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