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Univerzita Palackého V Olomouci Filozofická Fakulta

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Univerzita Palackého V Olomouci Filozofická Fakulta Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Filozofická fakulta Centrum judaistických studií Kurta a Ursuly Schubertových Bc. Daniela Bartáková Hašomer Hacair a Tchelet Lavan v Československu (1918-1938) - komparativní studie sionistických mládežnických organizací. MAGISTERSKÁ DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Vedoucí diplomové práce Mgr. Marie Crhová, Ph.D., M.A. Olomouc 2010 Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci zpracovala samostatně a vyznačila všechny citace z pramenů. Veškerou použitou literaturu a podkladové materiály uvádím v přiloženém seznamu literatury. Poděkování: Ráda bych poděkovala svým rodičům za podporu, Mgr. Marii Crhové, Ph.D., M.A. za vedení práce a za tolerantní přístup, panu Vítkovi Strobachovi za pomoc a trpělivost, panu Ctiboru Rybárovi za milé a užitečné rozhovory a všem archivářům českých a zahraničních archivů za jejich pomoc a odborný přístup. 3 OBSAH 1. ÚVOD.................................................................................................................................6 1.1. Glosa o historiografii..................................................................................................7 2. NÁROD, NACIONALISMUS, ŽIDOVSKÝ NACIONALISMUS................................10 2.1. Národ........................................................................................................................10 2.1.2. Nacionalismus...................................................................................................12 2.2. „Out of the Ghetto” a cesta k židovskému nacionalismu.........................................14 2.2.1. Židovský nacionalismus, judaismus, mesianismus...........................................16 2.2.2. Židovský nacionalismus v praxi.......................................................................18 2.3. Židovský nacionalismus v českých zemích ............................................................19 2.3.1. Socialismus – sionismus – syntéza...................................................................21 2.4. K charakteru sionismu v Československu – historický kontext...............................25 2.4.1. K politickému podhoubí levicových mládežníků.............................................29 2.4.2. Hechaluc .........................................................................................................36 2.4.3. Hachšara ..........................................................................................................40 2.4.4. Kibuc................................................................................................................41 3. TCHELET LAVAN..........................................................................................................45 3.1. Formování hnutí.......................................................................................................45 3.1.2. Dozvuky války a vznik Tchelet Lavan .............................................................49 3.2. Tchelet Lavan - formování „ušlechtilé společnosti“ a „národních ideálů“...............51 3.3. Příklon k Hechalucu.................................................................................................52 3.4. Hledání vhodných spojenců ....................................................................................54 3.5. Třicátá léta ...............................................................................................................56 3.5.1. „Na vandru s Hitler-Jugend“............................................................................60 3.6. El-Al.........................................................................................................................61 3.7. Shrnutí......................................................................................................................63 4. Hašomer Hacair ...............................................................................................................64 4.1. Formování hnutí.......................................................................................................64 4.1.2. Kořeny hnutí ve východním Československu..................................................67 4.2. Hašomer Hacair.......................................................................................................71 4 4.3. „Nepočúvaj, synu, moralizovanie otca a k poučeniam matky neusmerni sluch.“....74 4.4. Třicátá léta................................................................................................................76 4.5. Shrnutí .....................................................................................................................80 5. Srovnání............................................................................................................................82 5.1. Historické a sociální milieu......................................................................................82 5.2. Motivace mladých sionistů a boj s „rudou asimilací“..............................................87 5.3. Organizace a ideologická příprava...........................................................................92 5.4. Tábory a emigrace....................................................................................................94 5.5. „Rudá asimilace“ na pokračování – část II. .............................................................97 6. ZÁVĚR...........................................................................................................................101 7. PRAMENY....................................................................................................................103 8. SUMMARY....................................................................................................................111 9. PŘÍLOHY.......................................................................................................................113 10. ANOTACE...................................................................................................................122 5 1. ÚVOD Předkládaná práce se snaží podat náhled do jedné ze specifických kapitol historie Židů v prvorepublikovém Československu. Komparativní studie dvou levicových sionistických hnutí - Hašomer Hacair a Tchelet Lavan v době první republiky, si klade za cíl poukázat na určité fenomény, které byly typické jak pro vývoj sionismu (respektive socialistického sionismu) v Československu obecně, tak pro vývoj sionistických pionýrských organizací. Zásadní role a význam mládežnických pionýrských organizací byl především v oblasti přístupu a realizaci cílů židovského nacionalismu, v uskutečňování národnostních a sociálních cílů, jak byly formulovány socialistickou sionistickou ideologií. Byla-li tato hnutí skutečně něčím specifická, pak to bylo právě úsilí o praktickou realizaci stanoveného programu (socialistického sionismu), snahou o zajištění dostatečné odborné ideologické přípravy. Šlo o pokus mobilizovat, „produktivizovat“ židovský národ skrz změnu postoje k fyzické práci a prostřednictvím změny duchovních a sociálních hodnot, dle vzoru Borochovy obrácené pyramidy, vytvořit v „Zemi zaslíbené“ prototyp nové židovské národní společnosti.1 Vzhledem ke skutečnosti, že sledovaná sionistická mládežnická hnutí se začala utvářet ještě před vznikem samostatného Československého státu, rozhodla jsem se podat čtenáři určitý nástin vývoje problematiky národa a nacionalismu, obzvláště pak židovského nacionalismu a podmínek, ve kterých se utvářel. V úvodní části práce tedy hodlám postihnout vývoj židovského nacionalismu (respektive sionismu); pozornost bude ovšem zaměřena především na vývoj jeho socialistického směru v kontextu českých zemí. Chtěla bych se dotknout základních cílů a ideálů socialistického sionismu, na jejichž plnění se sledovaná hnutí výrazně podílela. Analytickou část práce, zabývající se v oddělených kapitolách samotnými 1 OPPENHEIM, I.: The Struggle of Jewish Youth for Productivization: The Zionist Youth Movement in Poland. East European Monographs, 1989, str. vi. 6 organizacemi Tchelet Lavan a Hašomer Hacair, hodlám zaměřit především na zkoumání základního ideologického vývoje obou hnutí, na koncepty a vzory, které hnutí přebírala a sledovala. Pokusím se sledovat vývoj obou hnutí a jejich proměny od doby vzniku až po konec 30. let. Spíše než chronologický přehled dějin naznačím hlavní směry myšlenkového a politického vývoje. V komparativní části své práce se hodlám důkladněji zaměřit na některé významné fenomény, které zásadním způsobem utvářely obě hnutí. Ačkoliv se členská základna Tchelet Lavanu a Hašomer Hacairu formovala z diametrálně odlišného prostředí, a to jak nábožensky, sociálně, tak i kulturně, byla tato židovská mládež vedena v duchu velmi podobné ideologické koncepce. V práci se pokusím poukázat nejen na rozlišné historické milieu členské základny, ale i na zásadní milníky, které přivedly sionistické pionýry k určitým strategiím jednání a vytváření koherentního pohledu na svět v jeho totalitě (tj. ideologie). Budu se snažit představit společné pole působení obou mládežnických organizací a další události, které měly zásadní dopad na členskou základnu obou hnutí. 1.1. Glosa o historiografii Mezi zásadní primární prameny, bez kterých by bylo o mnoho obtížnější zabývat se danou problematikou, patří především řada archivních materiálů, které se mi podařilo získat v průběhu studijního pobytu v Izraeli v létě 2009. Patří k nim především archivní materiály a dokumenty z Yad Yaari - the Center for Research and Documentation of HaShomer HaTzair Movement and of the Kibbutz Artzi Federation, umístěného v kibucu Givat Haviva. Dále materiály
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