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Israel El Mercado Del Agua: Riegos, Tratamientos Y Desalinización En Israel

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Israel El Mercado Del Agua: Riegos, Tratamientos Y Desalinización En Israel Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Tel Aviv El mercado del Agua: Riegos, Tratamientos y Desalinización en Israel El mercado del Agua: Riegos, Tratamientos y Desalinización en Israel Este estudio ha sido realizado por Antonio Espuch Abad, Ingeniero Agrónomo y becario ICEX, bajo la supervisión de la Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Tel Aviv Agosto 2004 EL MERCADO DEL AGUA EN ISRAEL ÍNDICE RESUMEN Y PRINCIPALES CONCLUSIONES 4 I. INTRODUCCIÓN 6 1. La situación hídrica en Israel 2. El precio del agua II. ANÁLISIS DE LA OFERTA 10 1. Análisis cuantitativo 10 2. Análisis cualitativo 27 2.1. Situación de los principales campos de interés 29 2.2. Producción 29 2.3. Obstáculos comerciales 30 III. ANÁLISIS DEL COMERCIO 34 1. Análisis cuantitativo 34 1.1. Canales de distribución 34 1.2. Principales distribuidores 35 1.3. Algunas empresas que operan en manipulación de fluidos 435 IV. ANÁLISIS DE LA DEMANDA 47 1. Evaluación del volumen de la demanda 47 2. Factores asociados a la decisión de compra 48 3. Percepción del producto español 48 V. ANEXOS 50 1. Informes de ferias 50 2. Listado de direcciones de interés 52 3. Bibliografía 54 Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Tel Aviv 3 EL MERCADO DEL AGUA EN ISRAEL RESUMEN Y PRINCIPALES CONCLUSIONES Las condiciones climáticas de Israel, caracterizadas por un importante déficit hídrico, han provocado un enorme desarrollo de las tecnologías del agua. Así, Israel es uno de los pioneros mundiales en materia de riego, desalinización y reutilización de aguas residuales. Esta industria ha evolucionado con una vo- cación marcadamente exportadora y existen en la actualidad varias firmas multinacionales israelíes de gran envergadura que ofrecen soluciones completas de ingeniería hidráulica, proyectos llave en mano y consultoría, así como grandes productores de equipos de riego con presencia global. Algunas de estas empresas, para proporcionar soluciones completas a proyectos realizan contratos de Joint-Venture con empresas suministradoras de equipo, lo que supone una posible forma de entrada al mercado israelí. Además de los contratos de Joint-Venture, a la empresa española se le ofrecen las siguientes posibili- dades: 1: Exportación de productos hidráulicos. Israel presenta un déficit productivo en materia de aguas en los siguientes productos: los componentes para instalaciones (válvulas, instrumentación), las bombas hidráulicas y las tuberías de fundición, que su mayor parte importa del extranjero y pueden suponer un interesante mercado para el exportador español. 2: Las tecnologías medioambientales. Están en plena fase de potenciación, lo que supone un mercado potencial para equipo, servicios de ingeniería y transferencia de Know-How en este campo. 3: La industria Israelí del tratamiento de aguas ofrece una serie de buenas oportunidades para la ini- ciativa extranjera. Los proyectos de mayor interés en este campo son los de tratamiento de lodos acti- vos, complementación de plantas de tratamiento existentes, tecnologías para la reducción de cloruros y la mejora de pozos. 4: La cooperación tecnológica. Israel presenta una tecnología avanzada en materia de aguas, princi- palmente en riegos y desalinización y existen diversas instituciones (agencias de cooperación y univer- sidades) que facilitan la cooperación a nivel internacional. Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Tel Aviv 4 EL MERCADO DEL AGUA EN ISRAEL 5: Atracción de la inversión israelí en España. Para las grandes empresas israelíes con planes de expan- sión, España ofrece un panorama atractivo para la instalación de plantas de producción. España es vista como puerta a los mercados europeos, latinoamericanos y africanos con condiciones favorables en lo referente a ayudas a la inversión, mano de obra disponible, infraestructuras y con un importante merca- do local. Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Tel Aviv 5 EL MERCADO DEL AGUA EN ISRAEL I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1. LA SITUACIÓN HIDRICA EN ISRAEL La especial configuración geoclimática del país, con índices de precipitación media que varían desde los 600 mm en el norte a los 150 mm en el sur, han hecho necesaria una especialización en la gestión racional de los recursos hídricos. Israel ha sufrido de escasez crónica de agua durante años. En los últi- mos años la situación ha degenerado en una crisis tan severa que se teme que peligren los suministros básicos. El déficit acumulativo actual de los recursos renovables de agua en Israel se estima en 2.000 MMC (Millones de Metros Cúbicos), cantidad similar al consumo anual de agua en el país. El déficit ha llevado al deterioro cualitativo de los principales acuíferos de los que Israel obtiene el 40% del agua que se consume. La cantidad de agua renovable anual ronda los 1.800 MMC, de los que el 95% son utilizados para con- sumo doméstico y riego. El 80% de esta agua está en el norte y sólo un 20% en el árido sur. Las princi- pales fuentes de agua de Israel son el Mar de Galilea (30%) y los Acuíferos de la Costa y de Montaña (40%). Del Mar de Galilea se bombean hacia el sur, más carente de recursos hídricos, alrededor de 400 MMC al año, lo que ha supuesto una gran inversión en infraestructura y la construcción del Acueducto Nacional. Otras fuentes regionales más pequeñas están en la Alta Galilea, Galilea Occidental, el valle de Beith Shean, el valle del Jordán, el Neguev y Árava. El agua renovable a largo plazo de las principa- les fuentes se puede ver en la tabla 1.1.1. Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Tel Aviv 6 EL MERCADO DEL AGUA EN ISRAEL Frontera internacional Acuífero de la costa Acuífero de montaña Mar de Galilea Mapa 1: Situación aproximada de los principales recursos hídricos de Israel. Fuente: Jewish virtual library RECURSO MMC/año El acuífero de la Costa 320 El acuífero de Montaña 370 Mar de Galilea 700 Fuentes regionales 410 TOTAL 1.800 Tabla 1.1.1: Capacidad de recuperación de las principales fuentes de agua. MMC/año. Fuente: Israel’s Chronic Water Problem. Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Tel Aviv 7 EL MERCADO DEL AGUA EN ISRAEL El déficit de los recursos hídricos ha sido una constante en Israel. A la escasez se suma el hecho de que la situación de los recursos hídricos podría cambiar de firmarse acuerdos de paz con Siria o con la Au- toridad Palestina. Todo esto ha causado que a nivel administración se hayan propulsado enormemente las tecnologías de ahorro y reutilización de aguas y que, en los últimos años, la gestión del agua se haya convertido en uno de los sectores prioritarios de los gobiernos. En concreto, las principales líneas de ac- ción han sido tres: La mejora del riego, la desalinización y el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Existen otras soluciones temporales, como el acuerdo del 4 de marzo de 2004 por el cual Israel compra- rá 50 MMC a Turquía cada año durante 20 años al precio de 0.24$ por metro cúbico (sin incluir trans- porte). El precio estimado del transporte oscila entre 0.2-0.3$ por metro cúbico, al que hay que sumar el precio de las instalaciones que se han de construir para la recepción del agua en Askelon, al sur del país. El precio total de importar agua de Turquía es demasiado elevado como para constituir una alternativa económica viable y, según fuentes del departamento de “Water Economy”, el acuerdo es una decisión principalmente política y no una solución económicamente operativa. 2. EL PRECIO DEL AGUA El agua es considerada un bien nacional y los consumidores reciben un cupo anual asignado por la “Water Commission”. El sistema israelí de abastecimiento de aguas se caracteriza por sus elevados cos- tos de inversión en sistemas de elevación de agua, enormes sistemas de transporte y plantas de trata- miento. El coste medio del agua indicado por Mekorot, la compañía nacional de aguas, ronda los 26 céntimos de dólar por metro cúbico. Este coste incluye costes de capital (41%), costes fijos (26%) y costes variables (33%). Los agricultores pagan distintos precios por el agua potable. Si se consume hasta el 50% del cupo, cues- ta 15 céntimos de dólar por m3, del 50 al 80% 18 céntimos, del 80 al 100%, 21 céntimos. Esta medida tiene por objetivo el ahorro de agua. El precio medio es mucho menor si se trata de fuentes secundarias (aguas recuperadas), oscilando en torno a los 12.3 céntimos/m3. Se espera una reforma que permita que las fuerzas del mercado regulen el precio del agua. Hasta la fe- cha el gobierno fijaba los precios de acuerdo con los parámetros de tasación por bloques y de asigna- ción directa no negociable. Se espera también que se creen nuevos proveedores aparte de la compañía nacional Mekorot, cuyo papel quedará limitado a la gestión del acueducto nacional mientras que los sis- temas regionales de suministro de agua quedarán privatizados y definidos como servicio público bajo la supervisión del Comisario de Aguas. Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Tel Aviv 8 EL MERCADO DEL AGUA EN ISRAEL Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Tel Aviv 9 EL MERCADO DEL AGUA EN ISRAEL II. ANÁLISIS DE LA OFERTA 1. ANÁLISIS CUANTITATIVO El mercado del agua incluye una gama muy amplia de productos. Esto supone un problema a la hora de calcular el valor total del mercado y de presentar datos estadísticos. Para la realización de este estudio se han seleccionado una serie de productos con su correspondiente nomenclatura Taric. El problema que presenta el sistema Taric es la imposibilidad que existe de especificar productos concretos dentro de una partida arancelaria.
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  • The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited [2Nd Edition]
    THE BIRTH OF THE PALESTINIAN REFUGEE PROBLEM REVISITED Benny Morris’ The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949, was first published in 1988. Its startling reve- lations about how and why 700,000 Palestinians left their homes and became refugees during the Arab–Israeli war in 1948 undermined the conflicting Zionist and Arab interpreta- tions; the former suggesting that the Palestinians had left voluntarily, and the latter that this was a planned expulsion. The book subsequently became a classic in the field of Middle East history. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited represents a thoroughly revised edition of the earlier work, compiled on the basis of newly opened Israeli military archives and intelligence documentation. While the focus of the book remains the 1948 war and the analysis of the Palestinian exodus, the new material con- tains more information about what actually happened in Jerusalem, Jaffa and Haifa, and how events there eventually led to the collapse of Palestinian urban society. It also sheds light on the battles, expulsions and atrocities that resulted in the disintegration of the rural communities. The story is a harrowing one. The refugees now number some four million and their existence remains one of the major obstacles to peace in the Middle East. Benny Morris is Professor of History in the Middle East Studies Department, Ben-Gurion University.He is an outspo- ken commentator on the Arab–Israeli conflict, and is one of Israel’s premier revisionist historians. His publications include Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–2001 (2001), and Israel’s Border Wars, 1949–56 (1997).
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