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Basic Instrument Maneuvers Are Not Covered in the Sport Pilot PTS

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Basic Instrument Maneuvers Are Not Covered in the Sport Pilot PTS Part II/Study Unit IX: Emergency Operations 261 ADDENDUM: BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS (A student training requirement for a sport pilot certificate) Basic instrument maneuvers are not covered in the Sport Pilot PTS. However, these maneuvers have to be included in the Sport Pilot student's flight training per 14 CFR 61.93(e)(12) before the student can fly a solo cross country flight. There are no time requirements listed in this regulation. Flying inadvertently into (simulated) instrument meteorological conditions may be tested by the FAA or a Designated Practical Examiner, under Emergency Operations. If any pilot who does not have an instrument rating (and is current), and inadvertently flies into IMC, is to do a 180° turn and exit the IMC. Never continue into IMC thinking it will be clear in a few moments. This module explains Basic Instrument Maneuvers. These tasks include both knowledge and skill. Your examiner is not required to test you on these maneuvers. Accident investigations reveal that weather continues to be cited as a factor in general aviation accidents more frequently than any other cause. The data also show that weather-involved accidents are more likely to result in fatalities than are other accidents. Low ceilings, rain, and fog continue to head the list in the fatal, weather-involved, general aviation accidents. This type of accident is usually the result of inadequate preflight preparation and/or planning, continued VFR flight into adverse weather conditions, and attempted operation beyond the pilot’s experience/ability level. A pilot cannot cope with flight when external visual references are obscured unless visual reference is transferred to the flight instruments. The motion sensing by the inner ear in particular tends to confuse the pilot. False sensations often are generated, leading the pilot to believe the attitude of his/her airplane has changed when, in fact, it has not. These sensations result in spatial disorientation. This training in the use of flight instruments does not prepare you for unrestricted operations in instrument weather conditions. It is intended as an emergency measure only (although it is also excellent training in the smooth control of an airplane). Intentional flight in such conditions should be attempted only by those who have been thoroughly trained and hold their instrument rating. The objective of learning basic instrument maneuvers as part of your sport pilot (VFR) training is to allow you to return to VFR conditions should you inadvertently/accidentally find yourself in instrument conditions. Having some experience flying by instruments and entering instrument conditions unintentionally will prepare you for this eventuality as a sport pilot. View-Limiting Devices A. In order to learn how to fly by instrument reference only, you will use an easily removable device (e.g., a hood, an extended visor cap, or foggles) that will limit your vision to the instrument panel. There are numerous sizes and shapes available. Some of these are illustrated below. Copyright © 2014 Gleim Publications, Inc. and/or Gleim Internet, Inc. All rights reserved. Duplication prohibited. www.gleim.com 262 Part II/Study Unit IX: Emergency Operations B. These view-limiting devices obviously require acclimation. You should spend a few minutes in “your” airplane with “your” device on before you meet your CFI for your first flight lesson that prescribes flying by instrument reference only. This added familiarity with (1) the view-limiting device and (2) the location of the instruments and their appearance will make it easier for you to concentrate on flight maneuvers once in the air. Attitude Instrument Flying A. Attitude instrument flying may be defined in general terms as the control of an airplane’s spatial position by use of instruments rather than by outside visual reference. Thus, proper interpretation of the flight instruments provides the same information as visual references outside the airplane. 1. Attitude control is stressed in this book (and by the FAA) in terms of pitch control, bank control, power control, and trim control. Instruments are divided into the following three categories: a. Pitch instruments 1) Attitude indicator (AI) 2) Altimeter (ALT) 3) Airspeed indicator (ASI) 4) Vertical speed indicator (VSI) b. Bank instruments 1) Attitude indicator (AI) 2) Heading indicator (HI) 3) Turn coordinator (TC) or turn-and-slip indicator (T&SI) 4) Magnetic compass c. Power instruments 1) Manifold pressure gauge (MP), if equipped 2) Tachometer (RPM) 3) Airspeed indicator (ASI) 2. Write the name of each instrument and the related abbreviation while thinking about how the instrument looks and what information it provides. a. See Study Unit 2, “Airplane Instruments, Engines, and Systems,” in Pilot Handbook for a discussion of these instruments. 3. For a particular maneuver or condition of flight, the pitch, bank, and power control requirements are most clearly indicated by certain key instruments. a. Those instruments that provide the most pertinent and essential information are referred to as primary instruments. b. Supporting instruments back up and supplement the information shown on the primary instruments. c. For each maneuver, there will be one primary instrument from each of the categories on the previous page. There may be several supporting instruments from each category. 4. This concept of primary and supporting instruments in no way lessens the value of any particular instrument. a. The AI is the basic attitude reference, just as the real horizon is used in visual conditions. It is the only instrument that portrays instantly and directly the actual flight attitude. 1) It should always be used, when available, in establishing and maintaining pitch and bank attitudes. Copyright © 2014 Gleim Publications, Inc. and/or Gleim Internet, Inc. All rights reserved. Duplication prohibited. www.gleim.com Part II/Study Unit IX: Emergency Operations 263 5. Remember, the primary instruments (for a given maneuver) are the ones that will show the greatest amount of change over time if the maneuver is being improperly controlled (pitch, bank, power). B. During your attitude instrument training, you should develop three fundamental skills involved in all instrument flight maneuvers: instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and airplane control. Trim technique is a skill that should be refined. 1. Cross-checking (also called scanning) is the continuous and logical observation of instruments for attitude and performance information. a. You will maintain your airplane’s attitude by reference to instruments that will produce the desired result in performance. Your author suggests always knowing 1) Your airplane’s pitch and bank (AI) 2) Your present heading (HI) The instruments below show a) And your desired heading straight-and-level flight. 3) Your present altitude a) And your desired altitude (ALT) Copyright © 2014 Gleim Publications, Inc. and/or Gleim Internet, Inc. All rights reserved. Duplication prohibited. www.gleim.com 264 Part II/Study Unit IX: Emergency Operations b. Since your AI is your reference instrument for airplane control and provides you with a quick reference as to your pitch and bank attitude, it should be your start (or home base) for your instrument scan. You should begin with the AI and scan one instrument (e.g., the HI) and then return to the AI before moving to a different instrument, as shown below. 1) Thus, you continuously visualize your present attitude, heading, and altitude in conjunction with your intended heading and altitude. 2) Last and certainly not least, interrupt your flight instrument scan every few minutes to review all your other instruments, including a) Compass to HI for precession (resetting HI as necessary) b) Engine RPM and/or MP, as appropriate c) Engine temperatures (oil, cylinder head, and EGT) d) Oil pressure e) Fuel level f) Vacuum pressure g) Ammeter 3) Your CFI will have his/her suggested approach to the instrument scan. 4) You should write down (using pencil and paper) your scan -- what you do and why. a) This will force you to think “what and why” and avoid haphazard scanning of your instruments. c. Frequent cross-check faults are 1) Fixation, or staring at a single instrument 2) Omission of an instrument from cross-check 3) Emphasis on a single instrument, instead of a combination of instruments necessary for attitude information Copyright © 2014 Gleim Publications, Inc. and/or Gleim Internet, Inc. All rights reserved. Duplication prohibited. www.gleim.com Part II/Study Unit IX: Emergency Operations 265 2. Instrument interpretation requires you to understand each instrument’s construction, operating principle, and relationship to the performance of your airplane. a. This understanding enables you to interpret the indication of each instrument during the cross-check. 3. Airplane control requires you to maintain your airplane’s attitude or change it by interpretation of the instruments. It is composed of three elements. a. Pitch control is controlling the rotation of your airplane about the lateral axis by movement of the elevators. 1) After interpreting the pitch attitude from the proper flight instruments, you will exert control pressures to effect the desired pitch with reference to the AI. b. Bank control is controlling the angle made by the wing and the horizon. 1) After interpreting the bank attitude from the appropriate instruments, you will exert the necessary pressures to move the ailerons and roll your airplane about the longitudinal axis with reference to the AI. 2) The rudder should be used as necessary to maintain coordinated flight. c. Power control is used when interpretation of the flight instruments indicates a need for a change with reference to the RPM. 4. Trim is used to relieve all possible control pressures held after a desired attitude has been attained. a. The pressure you feel on the controls must be those that you apply while controlling a planned change in airplane attitude, not pressures held because you let the airplane control you.
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