ASE 167M Lecture One Today's Lecture Pitot-Static Systems Pitot
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Pitot-Static System Blockage Effects on Airspeed Indicator
The Dramatic Effects of Pitot-Static System Blockages and Failures by Luiz Roberto Monteiro de Oliveira . Table of Contents I ‐ Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 II ‐ Pitot‐Static Instruments…………………………………………………………………………………………..3 III ‐ Blockage Scenarios – Description……………………………..…………………………………….…..…11 IV ‐ Examples of the Blockage Scenarios…………………..……………………………………………….…15 V ‐ Disclaimer………………………………………………………………………………………………………………50 VI ‐ References…………………………………………………………………………………………….…..……..……51 Please also review and understand the disclaimer found at the end of the article before applying the information contained herein. I - Introduction This article takes a comprehensive look into Pitot-static system blockages and failures. These typically affect the airspeed indicator (ASI), vertical speed indicator (VSI) and altimeter. They can also affect the autopilot auto-throttle and other equipment that relies on airspeed and altitude information. There have been several commercial flights, more recently Air France's flight 447, whose crash could have been due, in part, to Pitot-static system issues and pilot reaction. It is plausible that the pilot at the controls could have become confused with the erroneous instrument readings of the airspeed and have unknowingly flown the aircraft out of control resulting in the crash. The goal of this article is to help remove or reduce, through knowledge, the likelihood of at least this one link in the chain of problems that can lead to accidents. Table 1 below is provided to summarize -
Use of the MS Flight Simulator in the Teaching of the Introduction to Avionics Course
Session 1928 Use of the MS Flight Simulator in the teaching of the Introduction to avionics course Iulian Cotoi, Ruxandra Mihaela Botez Ecole de technologie supérieure Département de génie de la production automatisée 1100 Notre Dame Ouest Montréal, Qué., Canada, H3C 1K3 Introduction The course Introduction to avionics GPA-745 is an optional course in the Aerospace program given in the Department of Automated Production Engineering at École de technologie supérieure in Montreal, Canada. The main objectif of this course is the study of electronic avionics instrumentation installed in aircraft. In this course, the following chapters are presented : History of avionics, Methods of navigation and orientation, Pilot cockpit and board instrumentation, Communication systems, Radio-navigation systems, Landing systems, Engine signalization instruments, Central alarm systems, Maintenance systems and Warning systems. The presentation of the course in the class to the students is shown on PowerPoint slides and videos on modern aircraft such as Airbus and Boeing. Also, regarding the pilot induced oscillations a video film is provided from Bombardier Aerospace. However, the presentation of the course in the class may be improved and become more efficient grace to the use of MS Flight Simulator. The main idea of this paper is to show how the participation of the students in the class will be increased by use of the MS Flight Simulator. The use of the systems and the electronic board instrumentation will be shown with the help of the new flight simulations modules realized within the MS Flight Simulator. For each instrument, one module will be created and presented in the class, which will result in a more interesting course presentation, stimulating and dynamical from pedagogical point of view, than the theory of the course by use of PowerPoint. -
Module-7 Lecture-29 Flight Experiment
Module-7 Lecture-29 Flight Experiment: Instruments used in flight experiment, pre and post flight measurement of aircraft c.g. Module Agenda • Instruments used in flight experiments. • Pre and post flight measurement of center of gravity. • Experimental procedure for the following experiments. (a) Cruise Performance: Estimation of profile Drag coefficient (CDo ) and Os- walds efficiency (e) of an aircraft from experimental data obtained during steady and level flight. (b) Climb Performance: Estimation of Rate of Climb RC and Absolute and Service Ceiling from experimental data obtained during steady climb flight (c) Estimation of stick free and fixed neutral and maneuvering point using flight data. (d) Static lateral-directional stability tests. (e) Phugoid demonstration (f) Dutch roll demonstration 1 Instruments used for experiments1 1. Airspeed Indicator: The airspeed indicator shows the aircraft's speed (usually in knots ) relative to the surrounding air. It works by measuring the ram-air pressure in the aircraft's Pitot tube. The indicated airspeed must be corrected for air density (which varies with altitude, temperature and humidity) in order to obtain the true airspeed, and for wind conditions in order to obtain the speed over the ground. 2. Attitude Indicator: The attitude indicator (also known as an artificial horizon) shows the aircraft's relation to the horizon. From this the pilot can tell whether the wings are level and if the aircraft nose is pointing above or below the horizon. This is a primary instrument for instrument flight and is also useful in conditions of poor visibility. Pilots are trained to use other instruments in combination should this instrument or its power fail. -
Joint Aviation Requirements JAR–FCL 1 ЛИЦЕНЗИРОВАНИЕ ЛЕТНЫХ ЭКИПАЖЕЙ (САМОЛЕТЫ)
Joint Aviation Requirements JAR–FCL 1 ЛИЦЕНЗИРОВАНИЕ ЛЕТНЫХ ЭКИПАЖЕЙ (САМОЛЕТЫ) Joint Aviation Authorities 1 JAR-FCL 1 ЛИЦЕНЗИРОВАНИЕ ЛЕТНЫХ ЭКИПАЖЕЙ (САМОЛЕТЫ) Издано 14 февраля 1997 года ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ ПРЕАМБУЛА ЧАСТЬ 1 - ТРЕБОВАНИЯ ПОДЧАСТЬ A – ОБЩИЕ ТРЕБОВАНИЯ JAR-FCL 1.001 Определения и Сокращения JAR-FCL 1.005 Применимость JAR-FCL 1.010 Основные полномочия членов летного экипажа JAR-FCL 1.015 Признание свидетельств, допусков, разрешений, одобрений или сер- тификатов JAR-FCL 1.016 Кредит, предоставляемый владельцу свидетельства, полученного в государстве не члене JAA JAR-FCL 1.017 Разрешения/квалификационные допуски для специальных целей JAR-FCL 1.020 Учет военной службы JAR-FCL 1.025 Действительность свидетельств и квалификационных допусков JAR-FCL 1.026 Свежий опыт для пилотов, не выполняющих полеты в соответствии с JAR-OPS 1 JAR-FCL 1.030 Порядок тестирования JAR-FCL 1.035 Годность по состоянию здоровья JAR-FCL 1.040 Ухудшение состояния здоровья JAR-FCL 1.045 Особые обстоятельства JAR-FCL 1.050 Кредитование летного времени и теоретических знаний JAR-FCL 1.055 Организации и зарегистрированные предприятия JAR-FCL 1.060 Ограничение прав владельцев свидетельств, достигших 60-летнего возраста и более JAR-FCL 1.065 Государство выдачи свидетельства 2 JAR-FCL 1.070 Место обычного проживания JAR-FCL 1.075 Формат и спецификации свидетельств членов летных экипажей JAR-FCL 1.080 Учет летного времени Приложение 1 к JAR-FCL 1.005 Минимальные требования для выдачи свиде- тельства/разрешения JAR-FCL на основе нацио- нального свидетельства/разрешения, выданного в государстве-члене JAA. Приложение 1 к JAR-FCL 1.015 Минимальные требования для признания дейст- вительности свидетельств пилотов, выданных государствами не членами JAA. -
Introduction
CHAPTER 1 Introduction "For some years I have been afflicted with the belief that flight is possible to man." Wilbur Wright, May 13, 1900 1.1 ATMOSPHERIC FLIGHT MECHANICS Atmospheric flight mechanics is a broad heading that encompasses three major disciplines; namely, performance, flight dynamics, and aeroelasticity. In the past each of these subjects was treated independently of the others. However, because of the structural flexibility of modern airplanes, the interplay among the disciplines no longer can be ignored. For example, if the flight loads cause significant structural deformation of the aircraft, one can expect changes in the airplane's aerodynamic and stability characteristics that will influence its performance and dynamic behavior. Airplane performance deals with the determination of performance character- istics such as range, endurance, rate of climb, and takeoff and landing distance as well as flight path optimization. To evaluate these performance characteristics, one normally treats the airplane as a point mass acted on by gravity, lift, drag, and thrust. The accuracy of the performance calculations depends on how accurately the lift, drag, and thrust can be determined. Flight dynamics is concerned with the motion of an airplane due to internally or externally generated disturbances. We particularly are interested in the vehicle's stability and control capabilities. To describe adequately the rigid-body motion of an airplane one needs to consider the complete equations of motion with six degrees of freedom. Again, this will require accurate estimates of the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the airplane. The final subject included under the heading of atmospheric flight mechanics is aeroelasticity. -
Instrument and Equipment
PCAR PART 7 Republic of the Philippines CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS (CAR) PART 7 INSTRUMENT AND EQUIPMENT July 2021 Edition i U N C O N T R O L L E D C O P Y W H E N D O W N L O A D E D PCAR PART 7 INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK PAGE July 2021 Edition ii U N C O N T R O L L E D C O P Y W H E N D O W N L O A D E D PCAR PART 7 July 2021 Edition iii U N C O N T R O L L E D C O P Y W H E N D O W N L O A D E D PCAR PART 7 July 2021 Edition iv U N C O N T R O L L E D C O P Y W H E N D O W N L O A D E D PCAR PART 7 July 2021 Edition v U N C O N T R O L L E D C O P Y W H E N D O W N L O A D E D PCAR PART 7 RECORD OF AMENDMENTS Amendment No. Date Subject Incorporated By Original Issue 23 June 2008 Ruben F. Ciron First Amendment 21 March 2011 1. 7.2.9 Navigation Equipment Ramon S. Gutierrez Second Amendment 01 August 2013 Inserted vertical bars on the LT GEN William K previous amendments Hotchkiss III AFP (Ret) Third Amendment 31 October 2013 1. -
FAA-H-8083-15, Instrument Flying Handbook -- 1 of 2
i ii Preface This Instrument Flying Handbook is designed for use by instrument flight instructors and pilots preparing for instrument rating tests. Instructors may find this handbook a valuable training aid as it includes basic reference material for knowledge testing and instrument flight training. Other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications should be consulted for more detailed information on related topics. This handbook conforms to pilot training and certification concepts established by the FAA. There are different ways of teaching, as well as performing, flight procedures and maneuvers and many variations in the explanations of aerodynamic theories and principles. This handbook adopts selected methods and concepts for instrument flying. The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). All of the aeronautical knowledge and skills required to operate in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are detailed. Chapters are dedicated to human and aerodynamic factors affecting instrument flight, the flight instruments, attitude instrument flying for airplanes, basic flight maneuvers used in IMC, attitude instrument flying for helicopters, navigation systems, the National Airspace System (NAS), the air traffic control (ATC) system, instrument flight rules (IFR) flight procedures, and IFR emergencies. Clearance shorthand and an integrated instrument lesson guide are also included. This handbook supersedes Advisory Circular (AC) 61-27C, Instrument Flying Handbook, which was revised in 1980. -
Study of the Pilot's Attention in the Cabin During the Flight Auxiliary Devices Such As Variometer, Turn Indicator with Crosswise Or Other
Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 25, No. 3 2018 ISSN: 1231-4005 e-ISSN: 2354-0133 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.4309 STUDY OF THE PILOT’S ATTENTION IN THE CABIN DURING THE FLIGHT Mirosław Adamski, Mariusz Adamski, Ariel Adamski Polish Air Force Academy, Department of Aviation Dywizjonu 303 Street 35, 08-521 Deblin, Poland tel.: +48 261 517423, fax: +48 261 517421 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] Andrzej Szelmanowski Air Force Institute of Technology Ksiecia Boleslawa Street 6, 01-494 Warsaw, Poland tel.: +48 261 851603, fax: +48 261 851646 e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The pilot, while performing certain tasks or being in the battlefield environment works in a time lag. He is forced to properly interpret the information and quickly and correctly take action. Therefore, the instruments in the cabin should be arranged in such a way that they are legible and the operator have always-easy access to them. Due to the dynamics of the aircraft and the time needed to process the information by the pilot, a reaction delay occurs, resulting in the plane flying in an uncontrolled manner even up to several hundred meters. This article discusses the VFR and IFR flight characteristics, the pilot’s attention during flight, cabin ergonomics, and the placement of on-board instruments having a significant impact on the safety of the task performed in the air. In addition, tests have been carried out to determine exactly what the pilot’s eye is aimed at while completing the aerial task. -
Volume 2 – General Navigation (JAR Ref 061) Table of Contents
Volume 2 – General Navigation (JAR Ref 061) Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 The Form of the Earth Shape of the Earth ........................................................................................................................................1-1 The Poles......................................................................................................................................................1-2 East and West...............................................................................................................................................1-2 North Pole and South Pole ...........................................................................................................................1-2 Cardinal Directions........................................................................................................................................1-3 Great Circle...................................................................................................................................................1-3 Vertex of a Great Circle ................................................................................................................................1-4 Small Circle...................................................................................................................................................1-5 The Equator ..................................................................................................................................................1-5 Meridians ......................................................................................................................................................1-6 -
Flight Instruments - Rev
Flight Instruments - rev. 9/12/07 Ground Lesson: Flight Instruments Objectives: 1. to understand the flight instruments, and the systems that drive them 2. to understand the pitot static system, and possible erroneous behavior 3. to understand the gyroscopic instruments 4. to understand the magnetic instrument, and the short comings of the instrument Justification: 1. understanding of flight instruments is critical to evaluating proper response in case of failure 2. knowledge of flight instruments is required for the private pilot checkride. Schedule: Activity Est. Time Ground 1.0 Total 1.0 Elements Ground: • overview • pitot-static instruments • gyroscopic instruments • magnetic instrument Completion Standards: 1. when the student exhibits knowledge relating to flight instruments including their failure symptoms 1 of 3 Flight Instruments - rev. 9/12/07 Presentation Ground: pitot-static system 1. overview (1) pitot-static system uses ram- air and static air measurements to produce readings. (2) pressure and temperature effect the altimeter i. remember - “Higher temp or pressure = Higher altitude” ii. altimeters are usually adjustable for non-standard temperatures via a window in the instrument (i) 1” of pressure difference is equal to approximately 1000’ of altitude difference 2. components (1) static ports (2) pitot tube (3) pitot heat (4) alternate static ports (5) instruments - altimeter, airspeed, VSI gyroscopic system 1. overview (1) vacuum :system to allow high-speed air to spin certain gyroscopic instruments (2) typically vacuum engine-driven for some instruments, AND electrically driven for other instruments, to allow back-up in case of system failure (3) gyroscopic principles: i. rigidity in space - gyroscopes remains in a fixed position in the plane in which it is spinning ii. -
ASA Ch 3 the Instrument - Workbook Questions
ASA Ch 3 The Instrument - Workbook Questions 1. The flight instruments are commonly grouped into basic categories based on the a. physical properties they rely on to work. b. whether they are used on the ground or in flight. c. Library of Congress catalog system, Dewey Decimal. 2. The basis of a conventional attitude indicator is a self-erecting a. vertical card mounted on a swivel. b. attitude flag arranged on a diagonal. c. gyroscope spinning on a vertical axis. 3. If the spin axis of the attitude indicator gyroscope moves off the vertical for some reason, the internal mechanism will realign it at a rate of approximately a. 3 degrees per second. b. 3 degrees per minute. c. 3 degrees per hour. 4. Occasionally, the miniature airplane on the attitude indicator may require repositioning while in level flight, due to changes in a. altitude (and corresponding air density). b. pitch attitude (associated with airspeed changes). c. the Earth’s gravitational forces. 5. If the attitude indicator experiences a failure of the power source, it will a. be unusable. b. continue to function if you maintain the same heading. c. still be a valid source of bank attitude. 6. Acceleration of the aircraft may cause the gyroscope to move off vertical, moving the horizon line a. toward the pilot. b. in the direction of the turn. c. to an incorrect position. 7. During a rapid acceleration, the horizon line will move down and the attitude indicator will indicate a false climb. a. True b. False 8. To avoid false indications when speeding up or slowing down, a pilot should increase the instrument scan rate a. -
First Air Flight 6560 Struck a Hill About 1 Nautical Mile East of the Runway
AVIATION INVESTIGATION REPORT A11H0002 CONTROLLED FLIGHT INTO TERRAIN BRADLEY AIR SERVICES LIMITED (FIRST AIR) BOEING 737-210C, C-GNWN RESOLUTE BAY, NUNAVUT 20 AUGUST 2011 The Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB) investigated this occurrence for the purpose of advancing transportation safety. It is not the function of the Board to assign fault or determine civil or criminal liability. Aviation Investigation Report A11H0002 Controlled flight into terrain Bradley Air Services Limited (First Air) Boeing 737-210C, C-GNWN Resolute Bay, Nunavut 20 August 2011 Summary On 20 August 2011, the Boeing 737-210C combi aircraft (registration C-GNWN, serial number 21067), operated by Bradley Air Services Limited under its business name First Air, was being flown as First Air charter flight 6560 from Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, to Resolute Bay, Nunavut. At 1642 Coordinated Universal Time (1142 Central Daylight Time), during the approach to Runway 35T, First Air flight 6560 struck a hill about 1 nautical mile east of the runway. The aircraft was destroyed by impact forces and an ensuing post-crash fire. Eight passengers and all 4 crew members sustained fatal injuries. The remaining 3 passengers sustained serious injuries and were rescued by Canadian military personnel, who were in Resolute Bay as part of a military exercise. The accident occurred during daylight hours. No emergency locator transmitter signal was emitted by the aircraft. Ce rapport est également disponible en français. Table of contents 1.0 Factual information ..................................................................................