CHAPTER 10 FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS Page TABLE OF
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Pitot-Static System Blockage Effects on Airspeed Indicator
The Dramatic Effects of Pitot-Static System Blockages and Failures by Luiz Roberto Monteiro de Oliveira . Table of Contents I ‐ Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 II ‐ Pitot‐Static Instruments…………………………………………………………………………………………..3 III ‐ Blockage Scenarios – Description……………………………..…………………………………….…..…11 IV ‐ Examples of the Blockage Scenarios…………………..……………………………………………….…15 V ‐ Disclaimer………………………………………………………………………………………………………………50 VI ‐ References…………………………………………………………………………………………….…..……..……51 Please also review and understand the disclaimer found at the end of the article before applying the information contained herein. I - Introduction This article takes a comprehensive look into Pitot-static system blockages and failures. These typically affect the airspeed indicator (ASI), vertical speed indicator (VSI) and altimeter. They can also affect the autopilot auto-throttle and other equipment that relies on airspeed and altitude information. There have been several commercial flights, more recently Air France's flight 447, whose crash could have been due, in part, to Pitot-static system issues and pilot reaction. It is plausible that the pilot at the controls could have become confused with the erroneous instrument readings of the airspeed and have unknowingly flown the aircraft out of control resulting in the crash. The goal of this article is to help remove or reduce, through knowledge, the likelihood of at least this one link in the chain of problems that can lead to accidents. Table 1 below is provided to summarize -
Acnmanual.Pdf
Advanced Coastal Navigation Coast Guard Auxiliary Association Inc. Washington, D. C. First Edition..........................................................................1987 Second Edition .....................................................................1990 Third Edition ........................................................................1999 Fourth Edition.......................................................................2002 ii iii iv v vi Advanced Coastal Navigation TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction...................................................................................................ix Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL NAVIGATION . .1-1 Chapter 2 THE MARINE MAGNETIC COMPASS . .2-1 Chapter 3 THE NAUTICAL CHART . .3-1 Chapter 4 THE NAVIGATOR’S TOOLS & INSTRUMENTS . .4-1 Chapter 5 DEAD RECKONING . .5-1 Chapter 6 PILOTING . .6-1 Chapter 7 CURRENT SAILING . .7-1 Chapter 8 TIDES AND TIDAL CURRENTS . .8-1 Chapter 9 RADIONAVIGATION . .9-1 Chapter 10 NAVIGATION REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS . .10-1 Chapter 11 FUEL AND VOYAGE PLANNING . .11-1 Chapter 12 REFLECTIONS . .12-1 Appendix A GLOSSARY . .A-1 INDEX . .Index-1 vii Advanced Coastal Navigation viii intRodUction WELCOME ABOARD! Welcome to the exciting world of completed the course. But it does marine navigation! This is the fourth require a professional atti tude, care- edition of the text Advanced Coastal ful attention to classroom presenta- Navigation (ACN), designed to be tions, and diligence in working out used in con cert with the 1210-Tr sample problems. chart in the Public Education (PE) The ACN course has been course of the same name taught by designed to utilize the 1210-Tr nau - the United States Coast Guard tical chart. It is suggested that this Auxiliary (USCGAUX). Portions of chart be readily at hand so that you this text are also used for the Basic can follow along as you read the Coastal Navigation (BCN) PE text. We recognize that students course. -
Inflight Data Collection N75-14745 Fob Ride Quality
NASA CR-127492 INFLIGHT DATA COLLECTION FOR RIDE QUALITY AND ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE RESEARCH Paul W. Kadlec and Roger G. Buckman Continental Air Lines, Inc. Los Angeles, California 90009 (NASA-CR-127492) INFLIGHT DATA COLLECTION N75-14745 FOB RIDE QUALITY AND ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE RESEARCH Final Report (Continental Airlines, Inc.) 57 p HC $4.25 CSCL 01C Unclas ..- - ___G3/0 5 05079 December 1974 Prepared for NASA FLIGHT RESEARCH CENTER P.O. Box 273 Edwards, California 93523 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. NASA CR-127492 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date INFLIGHT DATA COLLECTION FOR RIDE QUALITY AND December 1974 ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE RESEARCH 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Paul W. Kadlec and Roger G. Buckman 10. Work Unit No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 504-29-21 Continental Air Lines, Inc. 11. Contract or Grant No. Los Angeles, California 90009 NAS 4-1982 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Contractor Report - Final National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, D. C., 20546 H-876 15. Supplementary Notes NASA Technical Monitor: Shu W. Gee 16. Abstract In 1971 Continental Air Lines and the National Center for Atmospheric Research originated a joint program to study the genesis and nature of clear air turbulence. With the support of the NASA Flight Research Center, the program was expanded to include an investigation of the effects of atmospheric turbu- lence on passenger ride quality in a large wide-body commercial aircraft. -
Use of the MS Flight Simulator in the Teaching of the Introduction to Avionics Course
Session 1928 Use of the MS Flight Simulator in the teaching of the Introduction to avionics course Iulian Cotoi, Ruxandra Mihaela Botez Ecole de technologie supérieure Département de génie de la production automatisée 1100 Notre Dame Ouest Montréal, Qué., Canada, H3C 1K3 Introduction The course Introduction to avionics GPA-745 is an optional course in the Aerospace program given in the Department of Automated Production Engineering at École de technologie supérieure in Montreal, Canada. The main objectif of this course is the study of electronic avionics instrumentation installed in aircraft. In this course, the following chapters are presented : History of avionics, Methods of navigation and orientation, Pilot cockpit and board instrumentation, Communication systems, Radio-navigation systems, Landing systems, Engine signalization instruments, Central alarm systems, Maintenance systems and Warning systems. The presentation of the course in the class to the students is shown on PowerPoint slides and videos on modern aircraft such as Airbus and Boeing. Also, regarding the pilot induced oscillations a video film is provided from Bombardier Aerospace. However, the presentation of the course in the class may be improved and become more efficient grace to the use of MS Flight Simulator. The main idea of this paper is to show how the participation of the students in the class will be increased by use of the MS Flight Simulator. The use of the systems and the electronic board instrumentation will be shown with the help of the new flight simulations modules realized within the MS Flight Simulator. For each instrument, one module will be created and presented in the class, which will result in a more interesting course presentation, stimulating and dynamical from pedagogical point of view, than the theory of the course by use of PowerPoint. -
Module-7 Lecture-29 Flight Experiment
Module-7 Lecture-29 Flight Experiment: Instruments used in flight experiment, pre and post flight measurement of aircraft c.g. Module Agenda • Instruments used in flight experiments. • Pre and post flight measurement of center of gravity. • Experimental procedure for the following experiments. (a) Cruise Performance: Estimation of profile Drag coefficient (CDo ) and Os- walds efficiency (e) of an aircraft from experimental data obtained during steady and level flight. (b) Climb Performance: Estimation of Rate of Climb RC and Absolute and Service Ceiling from experimental data obtained during steady climb flight (c) Estimation of stick free and fixed neutral and maneuvering point using flight data. (d) Static lateral-directional stability tests. (e) Phugoid demonstration (f) Dutch roll demonstration 1 Instruments used for experiments1 1. Airspeed Indicator: The airspeed indicator shows the aircraft's speed (usually in knots ) relative to the surrounding air. It works by measuring the ram-air pressure in the aircraft's Pitot tube. The indicated airspeed must be corrected for air density (which varies with altitude, temperature and humidity) in order to obtain the true airspeed, and for wind conditions in order to obtain the speed over the ground. 2. Attitude Indicator: The attitude indicator (also known as an artificial horizon) shows the aircraft's relation to the horizon. From this the pilot can tell whether the wings are level and if the aircraft nose is pointing above or below the horizon. This is a primary instrument for instrument flight and is also useful in conditions of poor visibility. Pilots are trained to use other instruments in combination should this instrument or its power fail. -
Avidyne PFD & MFD Study Guide
Eric Gideon Avidyne Study Guide 1 of 7 General overview 1. Because we often rely on the MFD for navigational information, we need to make sure that the database is current with the most up-to- date information. 2. Diferences between glass and ‘steam gauge’ cockpits • OAT probe is now located on the underside of the left wing • Standby instruments • Airspeed • Attitude indicator • Altimeter • System is all electric – no vacuum system 3. Data sources • AHRS – Attitude Heading Ref- erence System • This computer collects and gives information to the Attitude Indicator and HSI. • Replaces the gyroscopic vacuum system • ADC – Air Data Computer • This computer collects and gives information to the Airspeed, VSI, and Altimeter. • Replaces the pitot/static system • These 2 computers are located in the PFD and make up the ADAHRS – Air Data and Attitude Heading Reference System • System must be aligned before flight • MFD uses external GPS to receive information for the flight display and position. • Probes get engine data directly. 4. Limitations • The PFD and MFD are not interchangeable and cannot share atti- tude or air data. • Don’t shut them down in flight, or AHRS won’t come back. Eric Gideon Avidyne Study Guide 2 of 7 Primary Flight Display (PFD) The Primary Flight Display is a 10.4 inch color LCD, with one knob and four bezel keys per side. Brightness is controlled with the rocker switch at top right. Attitude and air data – the PFD’s upper half 1. % power tape or tachometer 2. Autopilot Annunciation Area – Displays the autopilot annunciations 3. Airspeed Tape – Indicated airspeed with a range of 20-300 kts. -
Digital Air Data Computer Type Ac32
DIGITAL AIR DATA COMPUTER TYPE AC32 GENERAL THOMMEN is a leading manufacturer of Air Data Systems It also supports the Air Data for enhanced safety and aircraft instruments used worldwide on a full range infrastructure capabilities for Transponders and an ICAO aircraft types from helicopters to corporate turbine aircraft encoded altitude output is also available as an option. and commercial airliners. The AC32 measures barometric altitude, airspeed and temperature in the atmosphere with Its power supply is designed for 28 VDC. The low power integrated vibrating cylinder pressure sensors with high consumption of less than 7 Watts and its low weight of only accuracy and stability for both static and pitot ports. 2.2 Ibs (1000 grams) have been optimized for applications in state-of-the-art avionics suites. The extensive Built-in-Test The THOMMEN AC32 Digital Air Data Computer exceeds FAA capability guarantees safe operation. Technical Standard Order (TSO) and accuracy requirements. The computed air data parameters are transmitted via the The AC32 is designed to be modular which allows easy configurable ARINC 429 data bus. There are two ARINC 429 maintenance by the operator thanks to the RS232 transmit channels and two receive channels with which baro maintenance interface. The THOMMEN AC32 can be confi correction can be accomplished also. gured for different applications and has excellent hosting capabilities for supplying data to next generation equipment The AC32 meets the requirements for multiple platforms for without altering the system architecture. TAWS, ACAS/TCAS, EGPWS or FMS systems. For customized versions please contact THOMMEN AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT AG sales department. -
Computer Aided Diagnosis of Technical Condition of the Swpl-1 Helmet Mounted Flight Parameters Display System
Journal of KONBiN 3(31)2014 ISSN 1895-8281 DOI 10.2478/jok-2014-0025 COMPUTER AIDED DIAGNOSIS OF TECHNICAL CONDITION OF THE SWPL-1 HELMET MOUNTED FLIGHT PARAMETERS DISPLAY SYSTEM KOMPUTEROWE DIAGNOZOWANIE STANU TECHNICZNEGO SYSTEMU NAHEŁMOWEGO WYŚWIETLANIA PARAMETRÓW LOTU SWPL-1 Sławomir Michalak, Jerzy Borowski, Andrzej Szelmanowski Air Force Institute of Technology e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: The paper presents selected results of the work carried out at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) in the scope of computer diagnostic tests of the SWPL-1 Cyklop helmet mounted flight parameters display system. This system has been designed in such a way that it warns the pilot of dangerous situations occurring on board the helicopter and threatening the flight safety (WARN) or faults (FAIL), which inform about a failure in given on-board equipment. The SWPL-1 system has been awarded the Prize of the President of the Republic of Poland during the 17. International Defense Industry Exhibition in Kielce. Keywords: flight parameters display systems, test methods Streszczenie: W artykule przedstawiono wybrane wyniki prac realizowanych w Instytucie Technicznym Wojsk Lotniczych (ITWL) w zakresie komputerowych badań diagnostycznych nahełmowego systemu wyświetlania parametrów lotu SWPL-1 Cyklop. System ten został zaprojektowany w taki sposób, aby alarmować pilota o wystąpieniu na pokładzie śmigłowca sytuacji niebezpiecznych, zagrażających bezpieczeństwu lotu (WARN) lub stanów awaryjnych (FAIL), informujących o niesprawności wybranych urządzeń pokładowych. Zbudowany system SWPL-1 otrzymał Nagrodę Prezydenta RP na XVII Międzynarodowym Salonie Przemysłu Obronnego MSPO’2009 w Kielcach. Słowa kluczowe: systemy wyświetlania parametrów lotu, metody badań 73 Computer aided diagnosis of technical condition of the SWPL-1 helmet mounted.. -
Instrument and Equipment
PCAR PART 7 Republic of the Philippines CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS (CAR) PART 7 INSTRUMENT AND EQUIPMENT July 2021 Edition i U N C O N T R O L L E D C O P Y W H E N D O W N L O A D E D PCAR PART 7 INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK PAGE July 2021 Edition ii U N C O N T R O L L E D C O P Y W H E N D O W N L O A D E D PCAR PART 7 July 2021 Edition iii U N C O N T R O L L E D C O P Y W H E N D O W N L O A D E D PCAR PART 7 July 2021 Edition iv U N C O N T R O L L E D C O P Y W H E N D O W N L O A D E D PCAR PART 7 July 2021 Edition v U N C O N T R O L L E D C O P Y W H E N D O W N L O A D E D PCAR PART 7 RECORD OF AMENDMENTS Amendment No. Date Subject Incorporated By Original Issue 23 June 2008 Ruben F. Ciron First Amendment 21 March 2011 1. 7.2.9 Navigation Equipment Ramon S. Gutierrez Second Amendment 01 August 2013 Inserted vertical bars on the LT GEN William K previous amendments Hotchkiss III AFP (Ret) Third Amendment 31 October 2013 1. -
Aviation Glossary
AVIATION GLOSSARY 100-hour inspection – A complete inspection of an aircraft operated for hire required after every 100 hours of operation. It is identical to an annual inspection but may be performed by any certified Airframe and Powerplant mechanic. Absolute altitude – The vertical distance of an aircraft above the terrain. AD - See Airworthiness Directive. ADC – See Air Data Computer. ADF - See Automatic Direction Finder. Adverse yaw - A flight condition in which the nose of an aircraft tends to turn away from the intended direction of turn. Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) – A primary FAA publication whose purpose is to instruct airmen about operating in the National Airspace System of the U.S. A/FD – See Airport/Facility Directory. AHRS – See Attitude Heading Reference System. Ailerons – A primary flight control surface mounted on the trailing edge of an airplane wing, near the tip. AIM – See Aeronautical Information Manual. Air data computer (ADC) – The system that receives and processes pitot pressure, static pressure, and temperature to present precise information in the cockpit such as altitude, indicated airspeed, true airspeed, vertical speed, wind direction and velocity, and air temperature. Airfoil – Any surface designed to obtain a useful reaction, or lift, from air passing over it. Airmen’s Meteorological Information (AIRMET) - Issued to advise pilots of significant weather, but describes conditions with lower intensities than SIGMETs. AIRMET – See Airmen’s Meteorological Information. Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) – An FAA publication containing information on all airports, seaplane bases and heliports open to the public as well as communications data, navigational facilities and some procedures and special notices. -
FAA-H-8083-15, Instrument Flying Handbook -- 1 of 2
i ii Preface This Instrument Flying Handbook is designed for use by instrument flight instructors and pilots preparing for instrument rating tests. Instructors may find this handbook a valuable training aid as it includes basic reference material for knowledge testing and instrument flight training. Other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications should be consulted for more detailed information on related topics. This handbook conforms to pilot training and certification concepts established by the FAA. There are different ways of teaching, as well as performing, flight procedures and maneuvers and many variations in the explanations of aerodynamic theories and principles. This handbook adopts selected methods and concepts for instrument flying. The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). All of the aeronautical knowledge and skills required to operate in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are detailed. Chapters are dedicated to human and aerodynamic factors affecting instrument flight, the flight instruments, attitude instrument flying for airplanes, basic flight maneuvers used in IMC, attitude instrument flying for helicopters, navigation systems, the National Airspace System (NAS), the air traffic control (ATC) system, instrument flight rules (IFR) flight procedures, and IFR emergencies. Clearance shorthand and an integrated instrument lesson guide are also included. This handbook supersedes Advisory Circular (AC) 61-27C, Instrument Flying Handbook, which was revised in 1980. -
Study of the Pilot's Attention in the Cabin During the Flight Auxiliary Devices Such As Variometer, Turn Indicator with Crosswise Or Other
Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 25, No. 3 2018 ISSN: 1231-4005 e-ISSN: 2354-0133 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.4309 STUDY OF THE PILOT’S ATTENTION IN THE CABIN DURING THE FLIGHT Mirosław Adamski, Mariusz Adamski, Ariel Adamski Polish Air Force Academy, Department of Aviation Dywizjonu 303 Street 35, 08-521 Deblin, Poland tel.: +48 261 517423, fax: +48 261 517421 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] Andrzej Szelmanowski Air Force Institute of Technology Ksiecia Boleslawa Street 6, 01-494 Warsaw, Poland tel.: +48 261 851603, fax: +48 261 851646 e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The pilot, while performing certain tasks or being in the battlefield environment works in a time lag. He is forced to properly interpret the information and quickly and correctly take action. Therefore, the instruments in the cabin should be arranged in such a way that they are legible and the operator have always-easy access to them. Due to the dynamics of the aircraft and the time needed to process the information by the pilot, a reaction delay occurs, resulting in the plane flying in an uncontrolled manner even up to several hundred meters. This article discusses the VFR and IFR flight characteristics, the pilot’s attention during flight, cabin ergonomics, and the placement of on-board instruments having a significant impact on the safety of the task performed in the air. In addition, tests have been carried out to determine exactly what the pilot’s eye is aimed at while completing the aerial task.