PSYCHOANALYSIS News Magazine of the International Psychoanalytical Association New Orleans Congress: Full Speed Ahead

International Volume 12, Issue 2, December 2003 PSYCHOANALYSIS News Magazine of the International Psychoanalytical Association New Orleans Congress: full speed ahead

Psychoanalytic perspectives on prejudice

The interdisciplinary programme

International Association Internationale Asociación Psychoanalytical Psychanalytique Psychoanalytische Psicoanalítica Association Internationale Vereinigung Internacional 2 CONTENTS

Contents Spanish News Magazine: Cecilio Paniagua 3 Editorial Corresponding Editors Australia: Deborah McIntyre. Japan: Keigo Okonogi 4 Letters Production Manager Robert Stein Couches again … Sub-Editor Sophie Richmond Translation Team German: Elisabeth Vorspohl, Katrin Grünepütt, 4 People Joachim Roether. English Philip Slotkin, Rachel Holder French: Danielle Goldstein, Yves Le Juen, Marianne Robert, Catherine Roux. 5 IPA Activities Spanish: María Julia Sainz Bello, Magdalena Padrón Araújo, Pilar Rodas Riley. The President’s column: Daniel Widlöcher discusses state Layout, Production and Print recognition of psychoanalysis 5 Bobbett Creative Communications The International Psychoanalytical Association Past Secretary-General Alain Gibeault outlines Executive Council President Daniel Widlöcher some changes at the IPA 6 Secretary Donald Campbell and the incoming Secretary-General Don Campbell Treasurer Nadine Levinson writes about current issues 7 Representatives Sander Abend, Marilia Aisenstein, Werner Bohleber, Stefano Bolognini, Aloysio D’Abreu, Henk Jan Dalewijk, Norman Doidge, Shmuel Erlich, Accounting for 2002: Richard Fox, James Gooch, Charles Hanly, Celia Katz de Eskenazi, Leopold Nosek, Moisés Lemlij gives his final report 8 Carmen Médici de Steiner, Robert Pyles, Agneta Sandell, Robert Tyson, Sverre Varvin, Prejudice: Isaac Tylim reports on a briefing on Marcelo Viñar, Fernando Weissmann, Raquel Zak de Goldstein Palestinian/Israeli relations 10 President-Elect Cláudio Laks Eizirik Secretary-Designate Mónica Siedmann de Armesto Henri Parens discusses the origins of prejudice 36 Honorary President Leo Rangell IPA-COWAP European Conference: Honorary Vice-President Robert S. Wallerstein Corporate Officers ‘Incest yesterday and today’ Giovanna Ambrosia reports 37 Piers Pendred (Director General) Tom Asher (Legal Counsel) IPA Research Advisory Board grants: NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS TO Peter Fonagy discusses the changes in psychoanalytic INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOANALYSIS 1. Languages culture brought about by the RAB 38 Contributions can be submitted in any of the four working languages of the IPA, i.e. English, French, German or Spanish. New Developments for New Orleans Congress 39 2. Deadlines The two annual issues of International Psychoanalysis have deadlines for the submission of contributions 40 World Activities which must be strictly adhered to. Failure to do so may mean that the contribution will have to be Europe: Anna Freud Centre; Denmark; Finland - EPF; Germany; held over until the following issue or have to be scrapped altogether. Sweden; Australia 40 The deadlines for submission of Latin America: Argentina; Brazil; Uruguay 41 contributions are as follows: 31 January for the first issue North America: USA 42 31 August for the second issue 3. Methods of submission Contributions must be submitted to the address listed under 4 below, either (a) as an e-mail attachment, or (b) on a diskette in RTF format (Rich Text format). 4. Addresses for contributions All contributions must be sent to The Editor Dr Alex Holder International Körnerstr. 17, 22301 Hamburg, Germany email: [email protected] PSYCHOANALYSIS 5. Exceptions International Psychoanalytical Association Contributions from Component Societies which are Cover photo: Steamboat Natchez part of the news and calendar of events section Broomhills, Woodside Lane, London N12 8UD, UK Richard Nowitz © New Orleans should, in the first place, be sent to one of the Tel: +44 20 8446 8324 Fax: +44 20 8445 4729 Metropolitan Convention and three Regional Editors. Email: [email protected] www.ipa.org.uk Visitors Bureau, Inc. EDITORIAL 3

If it had not been for SARS, we Since I took over the editorship of the You will notice that although we would now be looking back on this Newsletter – now the News Magazine have maintained the division between year’s Congress in Toronto. Instead, – in 1998, each issue has focused on the News section and the Insight this postponed Congress will now a ‘hot’ topic of general interest such section, the two parts are now bound take place in New Orleans in March as: The Future of Psychoanalysis; The together, with the Insight section in 2004, with the same overall theme Organization of the IPA; The Status of the centre so that any reader who of Working at the Frontiers. Training Analyst; Homosexuality; and wishes to keep that section separately Telephone Analysis. My experience can easily detach it from the rest of Editorial had been that most of the colleagues the News Magazine. I approached with a request to write An article in this issue informs our Sadly, we have to announce the death on one of these topics readily agreed. readers of the developments for New of Han Groen-Prakken, with a short For this issue’s focus on the Crisis Orleans, with the hope that many of obituary notice by Daniel Widlöcher. in Psychoanalysis, however, it was you will decide to take part. Instead For many years, I had the great necessary to approach altogether of the planned changeover from the pleasure of working with Han on the sixteen colleagues in order to secure old administration to the new Board Executive of the EPF, and her shrewd the articles which you will find in of Representatives taking place in and determined commitment to the the present issue. Of those I had Toronto, this had to be accomplished issues at hand, and her unforgettable approached initially, two did not during two days of meetings in sense of humour, will always remain even respond, five others declined for London at the end of July, where alive in my memory. Stefano Bolognini was appointed as one reason or another. Is it the topic European Representative in place of itself that made so many colleagues Finally, I have to announce two Don Campbell. It also marked the unwilling to write a contribution, changes in the Editorial Team of the changeover from Alain Gibeault to or is it symptomatic of something News Magazine. Henning Paikin, Donald Campbell as our Secretary- else? At any rate, you will find that who has been one of the European General, from Moisés Lemlij to Nadine the views expressed in the articles Regional Editors since the beginning Levinson as our Treasurer, and the printed here differ greatly, ranging of my editorship, has had to resign instalment of Cláudio Laks Eizirik from the opinion that psychoanalysis for health reasons. Henning has been as our President-Elect and Mónica is not in a crisis at all to the view one of my most active Regional Siedmann de Armesto as his Secretary- that psychoanalysis is doomed if the Editors and has contributed much Designate. So, in this issue, you present crisis is not taken seriously to the News Magazine through his will find, in addition to the usual and steps taken to overcome it. And suggestions. My gratitude and thanks President’s Column, reports by both many of the articles do indeed come go to him for this, and his unstinting the outgoing and the incoming up with suggestions as to how best support and cooperation. His place Secretaries and a final report by overcome the present crisis. has been taken by Henrik Enckell from the Finnish Society. We also have a Moisés Lemlij as outgoing Treasurer, I had expected that the controversial new Language Editor for the Spanish at the end of which he makes some topic of telephone analysis in the last edition since Mercedes Valcarce interesting recommendations. issue would elicit a great number of unfortunately gave up the job after responses from our readers. Instead, In the December 2002 issue, we taking care of one issue only. The new we only received one short letter on published an article by Robert Spanish Editor is Cecilio Paniagua the subject. I am therefore all the more Wallerstein on the history of the IPA’s from Madrid. I welcome both to the grateful to Sharon Zalusky for writing endeavours to financially support Editorial Board and hope for a good a response to her discussants for this research projects by IPA members. and successful collaboration. This article is complemented in the issue so that, hopefully, we can look present issue with one by Peter forward to further reactions in the next issue, and perhaps some contributions Fonagy in which he outlines the Alex Holder, on the crisis in psychoanalysis. results of this investment in research. Editor

OBITUARY

Han Groen-Prakken (1927 – 2003) A member of the Dutch Psychoanalytical countries formerly under the sway of Just as Society, she had been President of the the Soviet Union. International EPF and had played an important part I had known Han personally for many Psychoanalysis in the IPA for a number of years. A more years, in particular in connection with the was going to detailed appreciation of her life and EPF, but we also worked closely together press, we heard career will appear in the next issue. during the last decade on a joint project the news of the I would particularly like to record the associated with the Belgrade Study Group. death of Han vital contribution that she made to the I know how fond our Serbian friends were Groen-Prakken. development of psychoanalysis in the of her. Personally, my memory is of a We had known European countries released from the colleague of great modesty, whose keen for some time shackles of totalitarianism. In naming sense of humour and clinical skills were that she was the Institute for Eastern Europe after her, allied with strength of character and very ill and the we wished to express our unanimous unwavering devotion to the cause news of her appreciation of her work. The Institute of psychoanalysis. death leaves many of us with a sad sense is principally concerned with the of loss. development of psychoanalysis in Daniel Widlöcher 4 IPA ACTIVITIES

On couches Robert W. Schulman Melvyn B. Schupack FINNISH PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Dear Editor James K. Shaw Lily A. Silwance Tapio Nousiainen I was interested in the polemic on couches Paul J. Spector Vann Spruiell INDIAN PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY versus humour (in International Psycho- Beth Taylor Louis Vachon Hironmoy Ghosal Eileen Wachter Gary Waltz analysis 11, nos 1 and 2) and should like to ISRAEL PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Normund Wong Denton H. Wyse express my own view. I personally believe Margaret Radwan that the two can coexist in the magazine Arnold H. Zucker ITALIAN PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY and that this coexistence would be ideal. ARGENTINE PSYCHOANALYTIC Benedetto Bartoleschi Daniela Micozzi I find it an attractive idea to show not only ASSOCIATION Enzo Morpurgo Maria Vincenza Pulino the couches but also the consulting rooms Débora Perla Sneh of analysts from different parts of the LOS ANGELES INSTITUTE AND SOCIETY FOR eople world. There is more in this than mere BRAZILIAN PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES (LAISPS) P illustration or an attempt to lighten the SOCIETY OF RIO DE JANEIRO Gail Sisson-Steger impression given by the printed page. Ana Maria Rodrigues Alves Campitelli Simas NORWEGIAN PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY It can show us how, while sharing a passion João Paulo dos Santos Gomes Olav Brodwall Jan Odegard for our profession, we all have different BRITISH PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL SOCIETY PARIS PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY tastes and interests. We analysts tend J.A. Ambrose T.W. Goldblatt Ruth Lebovici Hélène Zissman to be very jealous of our privacy and the PORTO ALEGRE PSYCHOANALYTICAL photographs say a great deal about the CANADIAN PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY SOCIETY personality of the consulting room’s owner. Jeremy Harman Samuel Izenberg Emilia Pinto Messias Some consulting rooms are full of works of Gerard P. Lippert Sylvain Louis Lafontaine art, while others are quite bare. We learn Micheline Saint-Jean Barbara Schogt PSYCHOANALYTIC CENTER OF CALIFORNIA about the analysts’ aesthetic tastes and INDIAN PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY (PCC) observe certain features that reveal their M.M. Kumar Harold Gerard country of origin and personal interests. SWEDISH PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY PERU PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Or we note their choice of a décor redolent Ludvig Igra Gustavo Delgado Aparicio of extreme professional asepsis. VENEZUELAN PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION SWEDISH PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Gonzalo González Let us not forget that we spend most of Björn af Forselles our working lives within those walls. We VIENNESE PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY spend more time in the consulting room Hedwig Bolterauer than we do at home. So we try to surround Members who have died CORRIGENDUM ourselves with an environment that 1 March 2003 – 31 August 2003 ARGENTINE SOCIETY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS conforms to the requirements of our AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION (SAP) profession and also pleases us. I (APsaA) The SAP wishes to clarify that Dr Antonio acknowledge my curiosity: I am interested Edward C. Adams Harold S. Albert Barrutia has not left the society, as was in making the acquaintance of other Adrienne Patricia Applegarth mistakenly stated in the previous issue. cultures and the different personal styles of Bernard Barash David Beres ITALIAN PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY colleagues, as manifested in the consulting Carole L. Betts Irma J. Bland (ASSOCIAZIONE ITALIANA DI PSICOANALISI) room photographs. So I encourage them to Kenneth T. Calder Jerome Cohen Dr Cristina Ventura who was reported in the continue to publish photographs, with the Alfred Edgar Coodley Ingrid B. Gifford December 2002 issue of the IPA news magazine addition of a short commentary if the Robert D. Gillman Doris M. Hunter as having left the association had in fact died. house-owner so wishes. Enrico E. Jones Jerome B. Katz Leo S. Loomie I. Floyd Mallott How, then, could I not attach the SWISS PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Leon L. North Joseph Rudolph accompanying photograph of my own With regard to the ‘People’ section in the Lionel A. Schwartz Joseph L. Sheridan consulting room? (see page 6) December 2002 issue of the IPA news David J. Simon James L. Titchener magazine: in French, the Swiss Psychoanalytic Sincerely, Edward D. Titus Society is called ‘Société Suisse de Psychanalyse’ Jorge Schvartzman ARGENTINE PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY rather than ‘Société Psychanalytique Suisse’. Mauricio Abadi Néstor Carlos Propato Also, the Swiss Psychoanalytic Society wishes Members who have left Raquel Cristina Gacek de Barsky to correct the announcement that Christophe 1 March 2003 – 31 August 2003 Dolivo and Manuela V. Schapira had left the BELGIAN PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION Society. In fact, both are still members. The Jean Capiaux (APsaA) Society wishes to apologize for this error. Harry Beskind Rachel S. Bulbulian BRAZILIAN PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Ian A. Canino Janel S. Carino OF SÃO PAULO Raymond M. Catton Gary A. Chase Ps. Olivia Maria Pereira de Almeida In accordance with the IPA’s Procedural Code, the British Psycho-Analytical Society Ps. Marcia Antonieta Costa dos Anjos John F. Crow Carl Lewis Davis has informed the IPA that it has revoked Romalee A. Davis Anne L. Dean Ps. Fajga Szterling the membership of Mr Gustavo Delgado Marcos Fe-Bornstein Barry Friedman Darcy de Mendonça Uchôa Aparicio on the grounds of a serious Ivan R. Gabor Richard B. Gerber BRITISH PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL SOCIETY breach of its ethical code. Jaga Nath Glassman Alan Gurwitt Harold L. Caplan E. Jaques Jack Hawkins Gregory Heimarck Janet E. Wilson New European Suzanne Henry Joseph H. Herzberg BUENOS AIRES PSYCHOANALYTIC representative Steven J. Hirsch Frederick S. Hoedemaker ASSOCIATION Dr Stefano Bolognini Madeleine K. Jacobson Charles J. Kallick Luis Alberto Spilzinger (Italian Society) has Anthony M. Kowalski Yale Kramer been appointed by CANADIAN PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Mayer C. Liebman Zenos M. Linnell President Daniel Virginia Livesay Allan A. Maltbie Gotfriede Aufreiter Carole Betts Widlöcher to replace James E. Marquardt Thomas H. McGlashan Lieba Lesk Samuel Stein Don Campbell as Ronald A. Moline Evelyn H. Motzkin DUTCH PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY a representative for Jacquelyn A. Robinson Howard S. Rosenbaum E.C.M. Frijling-Schreuder Europe on the Board Dr Stefano Bolognini Ann Sartori John E. Schowalter G. Wolffensperger-Rübsaam of Representatives. IPA ACTIVITIES 5

State recognition of

psychoanalysis The President’s Column

Daniel Widlöcher The President’s column

Daniel Widlöcher looks at the tension between protecting psychoanalysis while remaining open towards psychoanalytic groups outside the IPA

State recognition of psychoanalysis Yet the situation is not quite the same as it accommodate some of their activities is on the agenda in many countries. was at the birth of psychoanalysis. We are within it. Although psychoanalysts differ torn between two objectives: whereas on in their views on the principle of the one hand we want to protect the The official recognition projects mentioned this recognition, all are concerned practice of psychoanalysis, on the other above do of course have a place in this at the criteria adopted both for we wish to do so in a spirit strategic framework. We shall have defining psychoanalytic therapy of openness towards groups … by the creation of an and individuals who also to review the and as regards the status of a independent profession psychoanalyst. Psychoanalysis and practise psychoanalysis but relations between psychotherapies are often lumped who practise it outside our with a ridiculously low psychotherapy and together in these projects, and Association. Our component qualification standard, psychoanalysis in the the training of a psychoanalyst societies may perhaps differ in which the term light of present-day is reduced to an unacceptable on the measures to be therapeutic methods ‘psychoanalysis’ and indications, minimum. The recent example of adopted, in particular owing is applied to the licensing laws enacted for the to local situations, relations and undertake new psychotherapeutic regulation of psychoanalysis in the with the universities, the research on treatment three states of Vermont, New Jersey existence of other groups actions that are much outcomes in the form and New York is particularly claiming to be psychoanalytic less time-consuming not only of follow-up studies but also of disquieting in this connection. and so on. and … expensive, prospective studies of It may seem paradoxical that these Administrative measures psychoanalysis is being clearly defined patient recognition projects are emerging at a and agreements with state reduced to its most samples. We shall time when the same organs of government authorities can of course be remote applications – also need to consider are doing nothing to further the practice contemplated, but it seems that is, to the status the presence of of psychoanalysis in the context of mental to me that the function of of a psychological psychoanalysis at health care. However, this is only a the IPA today is not only to clinics and universities, ancillary. seeming paradox, because by the creation adopt general measures, but and to promote of an independent profession with a also to help and encourage an awareness of ridiculously low qualification standard, component societies to respond to psychoanalysis among the public and in which the term ‘psychoanalysis’ is challenges in the best possible way. potential candidates. applied to psychotherapeutic actions that The manner in which government aspires Let us hope that such projects will meet are much less time-consuming and hence to control practices is in fact a symptom, with a positive response in our component also far less expensive, psychoanalysis rather than the cause, of the present organizations and that the resulting new is being reduced to its most remote situation of psychoanalysis – of the efforts will help psychoanalysis to take its applications – that is, to the status of crisis affecting both the demand for place in our scientific environment and a psychological ancillary. psychoanalytic treatment and candidate raise its profile in our contemporary world. Whether this recognition of psychoanalysis numbers. The issue thus falls within the is deemed desirable or merely inevitable, scope of the programme adopted by we must preserve an authentic treatment the IPA’s Board for the development of practice and a genuine qualification for research projects within the component practitioners. As Dr Arnold Richards associations to determine the root causes recently pointed out on the American of the crisis and to identify the necessary Psychoanalytic Association’s Open Line, remedial measures. Hence the aim of ‘the IPA was established to promote such a our strategic plan is to achieve this differentiation’. After all, it was necessary objective and to establish a procedure from the outset to distinguish ourselves that will actively involve our component from all who wished to apply the label organizations. This procedure will call ‘psychoanalytic’ to practices that were for some adaptation of budgets and psychoanalytic in name only. our existing committees will have to HamburgPaul Keibel, © Claudia Guderian 6 IPA ACTIVITIES

From Council to Board

Past Secretary-General Alain Gibeault outlines changes in Alain Gibeault administration and policy for the IPA Secretary The final meeting of the IPA’s Societies but where an interest in a special Administrative structure of the General’s Report Executive Council was held in relationship with the IPA has been new IPA Board of Representatives expressed. The long-term objective for the London on 26 July 2003 and In view of a number of difficulties centres, each of which will be dealt with discussed the development of encountered during the recent IPA on an individual basis, might, but need psychoanalysis, education and elections, the Nominations, Elections not necessarily be, its development into the new administrative structure. and Ballot Procedures Review Committee, an IPA Constituent Organization. The House of Delegates was also to chaired by Alvaro meet at this time but will now be Rey de Castro (Peru COCAP The creation of held at the time of the Congress Psychoanalytic Society), in New Orleans in March 2004. By The Child and Adolescent ‘Centres Allied to with Robert Pyles then the previous administrative Psychoanalysis Committee the IPA for the (American Psychoanalytic structure will no longer exist; the (COCAP) has undertaken Association) and Ron a lot of work in order to Development of Executive Council and the House Britton (British Psycho- foster the organization of Delegates have been replaced Psychoanalysis’ … Analytical Society), of training programmes by the Board of Representatives. will contribute to submitted proposals for child and adolescent for the clarification and The first meeting of the Board of psychoanalysis within the increasing the links Representatives was held in London on Societies. The child and between the IPA and simplification of these 27 July 2003. The management of this processes. The new adolescent training professional groups new body and important strategic issues programmes of the Board of Representatives were discussed. following Societies have in countries where adopted some of the been approved by the IPA: there are currently proposals, subject to members’ approval New Orleans Congress, Brazilian Psychoanalytic no IPA Study Groups 10–14 March 2004 Society of Rio de Janeiro, of the necessary changes or Societies but where to the IPA’s Constitution Following the decision to move the Colombian Psychoanalytic Congress to New Orleans, the same Society, Rio de Janeiro an interest in a special and Byelaws. The Board Programme Committee, assisted by Psychoanalytic Society relationship with the agreed that representation and the Spanish Society. restrictions by Society myself, has been joined by a new Local IPA has been Arrangements Committee chaired by Moreover, COCAP and country should be Edward Foulks, with Howard and Joy recommended and Council expressed. introduced, replacing Osofsky, and Gunther Perdigao (all APsaA). approved the recognition restrictions by size of The Toronto programme has been of 329 IPA members as Society. This would prevent – preserved apart from a few modifications. child and adolescent psychoanalysts. More as was the case in the recent elections – I urge you to read the article on page 39 than 100 French analysts were recognized more than one Representative being as part of this group, thus marking and to join me in New Orleans next March. elected from the same Society, or more particularly the practice of child and than two from the same country in both adolescent psychoanalysis in France. Centres Allied to the IPA for the Europe and Latin America. Different Development of Psychoanalysis restrictions will apply in North America. Professional status Both the old Executive Council and the There was also agreement to modify During the past few years, North American new Board of Representatives approved the procedure for the election of IPA colleagues have been challenged by the creation of ‘Centres Allied to the IPA Representatives on to the Executive the recognition by some States (Vermont, for the Development of Psychoanalysis’. Committee, so that the Representatives in New Jersey, New York and now possibly This new structure will contribute to each Region may make recommendations California) of a licensing policy that will increasing the links between the IPA and for approval by the entire Board. lower the required standards for obtaining professional groups in countries where the title of psychoanalyst. The role of the there are currently no IPA Study Groups or These results of the past six months IPA in these issues is limited. However, show the IPA’s vitality in facing financial it was proposed that a page on the IPA’s and administrative challenges while web site might enable communication continuing to help its membership worldwide in respect of the issue of licensing and could provide details on make contact with the international how various countries and Societies have psychoanalytic community through the dealt with it. It was also suggested that organization of scientific activities and certification, in accordance with the publications. It is particularly important definition of an IPA analyst, would help for the IPA to pursue its main objectives differentiate between IPA analysts and of developing a high level of exchange those who are licensed analysts but between its members and increasing its who have a completely different standard outreach activities with non-IPA groups

Jorge Schvartzmann of training. and the scientific world. IPA ACTIVITIES 7

From the Secretary-General New Secretary

Don Campbell writes to the membership about General

Donald Campbell current issues

Dear Colleagues,

This is my first communication with you since I took over from Alain Gibeault as Secretary-General of the IPA. I want to thank Alain for his many contributions to the life of the IPA, and for his support and help to me in this transition period. I will write to you in each issue of the News Magazine about issues and projects of current importance. Developing Psychoanalytic Practice and Training (DPPT) Around the world analysts are finding it difficult to sustain a full analytic practice (as it is defined by each Component Society) and many Societies report a decline in the number of candidates seeking analytic training. The nature of the crisis in psychoanalysis varies between countries and within countries, but many Societies in all three regions report problems of this nature. At its first Meeting on 27 July 2003 the new Board of Representatives voted unanimously to give priority to a new strategy called Developing Psychoanalytic Practice and Training (DPPT) to address this crisis. It was clear that the nature of the crisis needed to be assessed at a local and regional level, and that proposals to resolve the crisis need to be developed where they will be implemented. The Board agreed to set aside $300,000 (around 15 per cent of its dues income) in 2004 to fund projects in all three regions which aim to increase the number of analytic patients and candidates. I will be taking the lead in the new strategy. With this issue of the IPA News Magazine you should have already received a Request for proposals, inviting applications from (a) individuals or groups of members, provided such applications enjoy the broad support of members of Societies in the area; (b) individual Societies; (c) groups of Societies and (d) regional bodies (FEPAL, NAPsaC, EPF). Also at their meeting in July each of the newly elected Representatives of the IPA Board agreed to liaise with up to four Component Societies. The liaison responsibilities of the Representatives will include advising applicants during the preparation of proposals and helping shepherd proposals through the application process. In addition to the assistance provided by the Representatives, the IPA will establish a group of well-briefed and experienced mentors who will, on request, help applicants design their projects, submit applications and implement those projects which are approved.

Ballot on changes to the Constitution and Bylaws As you know, the Board is proposing to introduce restrictions on the number of Representatives by countries and Societies (as was the intention of SAM), instead of the current restrictions by size of Society. I hope you had an opportunity to read my Consultative Survey document, which explained that we need to make changes in the Constitution and Bylaws in order to give the Board the authority to make possible a fairer and more balanced distribution of Representatives. In July, the Board proposed that not more than one Representative per Constituent Organization (Society) and not more than two Representatives per country might be elected in Europe and Latin America. It agreed that different restrictions should apply to North America, which covers the USA, Canada and Japan, a total of seven Constituent Organizations (far fewer countries and Constituent Organizations than the other two regions). The exact way these changes will work will be subject to the Board’s agreement of the new Procedural Code entries covering this topic. However, the Board needs changes in the Constitution and Bylaws to introduce these new entries. In particular, I want to draw your attention to the proposed rewording of Article 9, Section B (3) c. The crucial revision is the new second sentence which will read: ‘To achieve diversity of representation, the Board may adopt (and shall record in the Procedural Code) rules and limits on the number of Representatives electable from Constituent Organizations and/or countries in any or all Geographical Areas.’ If the ballot is successful, you will have an opportunity to discuss any changes you would like to see in the Procedural Code with your Representative. I will commission the redrafting of the Procedural Code entries and these will be the subject of Board discussion and approval in March 2004.

Communications I know that communication in an international organization can be daunting, but I will try to keep you abreast of developments by email letters, News Magazine letters, and information on the IPA web site (www.ipa.org.uk). Meanwhile, I hope you will feel free to contact me with new ideas, questions or problems by email ([email protected]), by phone (44 20 7209 3789) or by post (2 Provost Road, London NW3 4ST, United Kingdom). I hope to see you at the IPA Congress in New Orleans, 10–14 March 2004. Kind regards. Don Campbell, Secretary-General 8 IPA ACTIVITIES

The Treasurer’s report:

Moisés Lemlij Accounting for 2002 easurer’s Report

Tr Moisés Lemlij, who has recently completed his term of office as Treasurer, gives his final report

During 2002, the IPA group of year in the profit and loss account for that costs of dealing with the VAT crisis, companies made an overall loss year, but to record them on the balance consultancy costs, and the purchase of $690,000, prior to exceptional sheet only as pre-payments. As the of new hardware and software for the items. After including gains and Congress is not now taking place in 2003, office. Total extra, unreclaimable VAT losses on investments, the total the costs in 2002 must be recognized in expenditure in 2002 was $90,000. loss was $1.09 million. The loss is the profit and loss account for that year. This is expected to settle back to a in five parts, only the last two of This adds substantially to the accounting regular $50,000 in 2003, or about which give cause for concern in loss in the year. The loss is only recoverable 2.5 per cent of annual expenditure. terms of monitoring and control: by the insurance claim, which is being actively pursued. This does not represent a Second, the IPA had to return an element cash loss in 2002, as the sum was planned of the VAT wrongly reclaimed for three (1) Unrealized losses on investments – for in 2002, to be set against income in years, plus interest, to a sum of $40,000. $400,000 2003. The impact is dependent on the This was a one-off figure as part of the This is effectively a non-cash figure and outcome of the insurance claim in respect settlement of the dispute. is an exceptional, non-budgeted item, of Toronto. Third, although both sets of lawyers which is greater than normal for a typical froze their charges for VAT work for a year. As the markets recover, this element (3) Value Added Tax – $170,000 period during 2002, there were periods will recover. Most of this is not a cash loss, This is a cash figure. The VAT crisis occurred for which the IPA had to pay their as few stocks have been sold. The loss is following the VAT inspection in February VAT-related fees amounting to $40,000. reflected mainly in the market value change 2002, after the budget for 2002 was in the IPA’s investments during the year. agreed. The unbudgeted figure of Council agreed in January 2003 that $170,000 is in three parts. exceptional and one-off costs caused by (2) Pre-payments for the Toronto the VAT crisis, which include the second Congress – $270,000 First, the IPA was no longer able to reclaim and third items above, should be funded This is a cash figure but not substantially VAT it paid when buying goods and from reserves and not from recurrent more than that planned for 2002. Current services in the UK. The year 2002 was an income. The additional non-recoverable procedure is not to include costs of exceptional one in terms of expenditure VAT element is built into the budget Congresses incurred in the non-Congress (and thus VAT) because of the legal for 2003. IPA ACTIVITIES 9

(4) Shortfall in income – $120,000 resolve this dispute, and the related legal contract of the DDG, and for consultancy Dues income for 2002 was budgeted at fees. The problem appears to be resolved. work for the Broomhills IT project which could not be depreciated over the life of $2.0 million and the income for the year • $70,000 on the News Magazine: this the project. was $1.9 million, slightly lower than in overrun on a budget of $110,000 was 2001. At its meeting in January 2002, caused mainly by a much longer issue It should be noted that $40,000 of the Council agreed dues discounts at a cost early in 2002 than planned. New planning, over-expenditure of $130,000 is due to the of $150,000. Although some account had production and monitoring arrangements Tr expenses of the Committee on Resource been taken of this shortfall in the dues have been put in place to prevent easurer’s Report Development (CORD). Council agreed budget figure for 2002, the budgeted a recurrence. that these costs, up to a limit of $200,000 sum proved to be too high and the loss $35,000 on consultancies: this overrun over four years, should be funded from on the dues budget was $100,000. • on a budget of $20,000 was mainly costs investments and not from recurrent budgets. A further $20,000 shortfall occurred on associated with problems related to Thus the underlying over-expenditure figure investment income caused by the decline in the recruitment and termination of the against budget is $90,000. stock markets. Full account of this decline (a) (b) has been taken in the budget for 2003. Consolidated outturn Consolidated cash flow Investments at market value $$ $ (5) Over-expenditure – $130,000 1996 704,341 294,570 3,587,657 There are four principal items of over-expenditure compared with budget, 1997* (136,421) 460,614 3,767,917 amounting to $210,000 (offset by many 1998 (206,993) (359,088) 3,461,535 minor positive variations) making the total 1999* (380,709) (539,327) 3,538,143 over-expenditure on expenditure budget items of $130,000 in 2002: 2000 332,611 15,887 3,192,400 2001* 222,803 202,333 3,061,681 • $55,000 on the Paris office: this is largely unbudgeted legal fees of $45,000 for 2002 (687,111) (389,370) 2,718,704 negotiating the French legal and financial (a) Excluding exceptional items requirements. (b) Cash flow indicates increase in cash in the year excluding any transfers to or drawing from IPA investments $50,000 on Korea: this unbudgeted item • * Congress year was for the Exploratory Committee to

Summary Only the shortfall in income and over- of this expenditure. The IPA has invested that the IPA consider only holding its expenditure on budget items above over $1.5 million in research over the last Congresses every four years, instead (excluding the CORD expenditure), to few years. I strongly recommend that of every two years. a total of about $210,000, represents this work should be reviewed and ways I am disappointed that the East some weakness in financial monitoring be found by which the membership may • European Psychoanalytic Institute, an and control. There is no reason to believe know more about the work undertaken excellent initiative in itself, should give at this stage that these problems will and the benefits to them in their rise to financial problems. The IPA has recur in the outturn for 2003. day-to-day work. found considerable additional funds • I have welcomed the efforts to reduce from its hard-pressed budget to support Four-year review and recommendations the costs of the governance of the IPA this Institute. I recommend that the IPA When I took over as Treasurer, the in recent years, but the savings are not set up a group to review this issue. IPA had been running losses on its as great as they might have been. The I have found some conflict in running consolidated account and was running considerable increased costs of the Board • for IPA President at the same time as being cash flow deficits. For my first two full and the new Executive Committee have the IPA Treasurer. If future Treasurers wish years, 2000 and 2001, the IPA returned eroded the savings from the demise of to run for President, the current cycle surpluses both on its accounts and the House of Delegates. I recommend means that the conflict will continue. in cash. Sadly this situation has been that consideration be given to the I recommend that ways be found of reversed in 2002 as explained in detail Board meeting only once a year and altering the cycle, and changing the above. A return to more stable financial conducting more of its regular business Constitution and Bylaws, so that current times is necessary, as this is not the by email, and implementation of the Treasurers cannot at the same time find time for the IPA to be drawing on its cost-saving elements in the report of themselves running for President. investment reserves, given the state of the Nominations, Elections and Ballot the stock markets in the USA and the UK, Procedures Review Committee. Lastly, I wish to express my gratitude to which at the end of 2002 were near the the Budget and Finance Committee for • I believe the IPA’s four-company bottom of a severe three-year decline. its excellent work, and to our finance structure is inherently inefficient and staff, Simon Shutler, Andrée Alldis and As I end my term as Treasurer, I would wasteful. The VAT crisis was caused Piers Pendred, for their support over the like to make a number of proposals. directly by this structure. I recommend last few years. I wish my successor, that my successor simplify it. • Each year of my term as Treasurer Nadine Levinson, with whom I have has seen considerable and, till 2003, • Congresses are time-consuming worked for some years on the Budget expanding sums spent by the IPA on to plan, and expensive. There are and Finance Committee, every success in research grants. I have had little means many conferences now in the global what is a demanding but rewarding role. of judging the benefit to the Association psychoanalytic calendar. I recommend The IPA is lucky to have her services. 10 PREJUDICE

Prejudice: psychoanalytic perspectives on

Isaac Tylim Israeli/Palestinian relations Prejudice

Isaac Tylim, Secretary IPA Committee on the United Nations

Report of a Briefing organized Israeli/Palestinian relations opening remarks. They delivered thoughtful and respectful presentations in cooperation with the United On 24 January 2003, about 300 non- that covered personal, historical and Nations, Department of Public governmental organization (NGO) political perspectives on the subject of Information, Non-Governmental representatives and UN officers gathered prejudice with a special emphasis on Organizations Section and the IPA at Dag Hammarskjöld Library Auditorium, Israeli/Palestinian relations. The panellists Committee on the United Nations. at the UN headquarters in New York City, generated great enthusiasm among the for an important briefing co-sponsored by audience about the value of this type of The discipline of psychoanalysis possesses the IPA/CUN and the Department of Public exchange, highlighting once again the the ‘names’, the ‘logos’ or words to help Information (DPI) of the UN, NGO section. contain heated controversies, organize significance of the IPA’s visibility at the UN. negotiations and assist in the difficult The briefing was inaugurated with a process of reaching compromises and screening of the video Peace of Mind: Afaf Mahfouz stressed that the discipline delivering apologies when necessary. Coexistence of Palestinian and Israeli Teens. of psychoanalysis has much to contribute It comes as no surprise that the IPA The video depicted the activities at a to areas outside the clinical realm. Our Committee on the United Nations summer camp in Maine where Israeli and discipline, she remarked, could make a big (IPA/CUN) seeks to participate in Palestinian teenagers meet once a year difference in attempting to integrate our international forums where voices for a five-week period to learn about each approach to conflict resolution, the process from different walks of life converge. other and address long-lasting prejudices of achieving peace, and the reconstruction and misconceptions about the ‘other’. of societies devastated by war. Since its inception, the IPA/CUN has promoted and maintained open lines of After the screening, Paul Hoeffel from Mahfouz invited the audience to go back communication between our discipline the UN Department of Public Information, into history. She alluded to centuries of and several United Nations departments, NGO Section introduced the event, stating mutual protection and respect between developing over the years what may be that the prospects for peace may be lost Jews and Islam. How did this state of called a new enlightened partnership. UN for another generation if deep-seated cooperation turn into contemporary deliberations and psychoanalytic treatment prejudices are not dissolved. Four malignant prejudices? The current state have been criticized for being like a ‘talk esteemed psychoanalysts George Awad, of affairs reminded her of sibling rivalries. show’ – but what an important ‘talk show’ Afaf Mahfouz, Henri Parens and Robert these two delivered. Wallerstein took the podium after Hoeffel’s Continued on p 35 Volume 12, Issue 2, December 2003 insight International Psychoanalytical Association

The ‘crisis’ in psychoanalysis – 10 analysts give their views Zalusky replies to the Telephone Analysis debate A new approach to IPA publications

International Association Internationale Asociación Psychoanalytical Psychanalytique Psychoanalytische Psicoanalítica Association Internationale Vereinigung Internacional 12 CONTENTS

INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOANALYSIS THE NEWS MAGAZINE OF THE IPA. ISSN 1564-0361 Editor Alex Holder Past Editors Ethel Person, Leopold Nosek Regional Editors Europe: Michel Vincent, Henrik Enckell, Giuseppina Antinucci. Latin America: Renato Canovi, Eduardo Laverde Rubio, Germano Vollmer Filho. North America: Abby Adams-Silvan, Irene Cairo, Sharon Zalusky. Contents Language Editors German News Magazine: Alex Holder English News Magazine: Robert Stein IPA publications: Emma Piccioli reports on the French News Magazine: Colette Scherer 13 Contents Spanish News Magazine: Cecilio Paniagua new professional approach to publishing within the IPA Corresponding Editors Australia: Deborah McIntyre. Japan: Keigo Okonogi Production Manager Robert Stein Focus: The ‘crisis’ in psychoanalysis Sub-Editor Sophie Richmond Translation Team German: Elisabeth Vorspohl, Katrin Grünepütt, 14 Michel Vincent discusses the crisis in relation to the Joachim Roether. development of psychotherapy, theory and research English Philip Slotkin, Rachel Holder French: Danielle Goldstein, Yves Le Juen, Marianne Robert, Catherine Roux. Spanish: María Julia Sainz Bello, Magdalena Padrón 16 Patricia Grieve reflects on changes in context and debates Araújo, Pilar Rodas Riley. in psychoanalysis Layout, Production and Print Bobbett Creative Communications The International Psychoanalytical Association 18 Annette Watillon Naveau finds that her colleagues are Executive Council divided as to the existence of a crisis President Daniel Widlöcher Secretary Donald Campbell Treasurer Nadine Levinson 19 Alexander Moser looks at the problems that arise when Representatives Sander Abend, Marilia Aisenstein, psychoanalysis expands into different linguistic and Werner Bohleber, Stefano Bolognini, Aloysio D’Abreu, Henk Jan Dalewijk, Norman Doidge, Shmuel Erlich, sociocultural settings Richard Fox, James Gooch, Charles Hanly, Celia Katz de Eskenazi, Leopold Nosek, Carmen Médici de Steiner, Robert Pyles, Agneta Sandell, Robert Tyson, Sverre Varvin, 22 Adriana Prengler believes that the crisis may stimulate Marcelo Viñar, Fernando Weissmann, Raquel Zak de Goldstein development of psychoanalysis President-Elect Cláudio Laks Eizirik Secretary-Designate Mónica Siedmann de Armesto 24 Eduardo Laverde Rubio thinks that there are no decisive Honorary President Leo Rangell transformations or crucial situations that threaten the Honorary Vice-President Robert S. Wallerstein existence of psychoanalysis Corporate Officers Piers Pendred (Director General) Tom Asher (Legal Counsel) 26 Juan Pablo Jiménez calls for creativity and flexibility in the NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS TO face of inevitable change INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOANALYSIS 1. Languages Contributions can be submitted in any of the four Pablo Cuevas Corona thinks that conceptual clarification, working languages of the IPA, i.e. English, French, 28 German or Spanish. reform of the societies and new psychopathologies are 2. Deadlines The two annual issues of International Psychoanalysis the key issues have deadlines for the submission of contributions which must be strictly adhered to. Failure to do so may mean that the contribution will have to be 30 Newell Fischer outlines the responses of the APsaA to the held over until the following issue or have to be scrapped altogether. crisis in psychoanalytic practice The deadlines for submission of contributions are as follows: 31 January for the first issue 32 Owen Renik argues that prioritizing symptom relief will 31 August for the second issue make psychoanalysis relevant once again 3. Methods of submission Contributions must be submitted to the address listed under 4 below, either (a) as an e-mail attachment, or (b) on a diskette in RTF format (Rich Text format). Dialogue 4. Addresses for contributions All contributions must be sent to The Editor 34 Sharon Zalusky responds to the debate on telephone Dr Alex Holder Körnerstr. 17, 22301 Hamburg, Germany analysis email: [email protected] 5. Exceptions Contributions from Component Societies which are 34 Viviana Minerbo writes of the limited circumstances in part of the news and calendar of events section should, in the first place, be sent to one of the which she has practised telephone analysis three Regional Editors.. IPA ACTIVITIES 13

A new approach to IPA publications

Emma Piccioli reports on the new professional approach to

publishing within the IPA IPA Publications

The International Pluralism and Unity? Methods of Research Psychoanalysis Library in Psychoanalysis (ed. Marianne Leuzinger- Bohleber, Anna Ursula Dreher and Jorge The International Canestri) gathers modified versions of the Psychoanalysis Library, contributions presented at a conference published by the IPA, is the promoted by the IPA Conceptual Research outcome of an editorial Subcommittee and held in September policy designed to serve 2002 in Frankfurt am Main. the interests of the membership; to increase The Committee is currently developing a awareness of the relevance volume on Latin American psychoanalysis of psychoanalysis in related that will be published to coincide with the professional and academic Rio Congress; a history of the IPA is being circles; and to do so on planned to mark the centenary of the a continuous basis. organization. We are also working on The IPA Publications Committee was But what publications may be considered of ideas relating to the IPA strategic objective created in 2001 to develop a unified ‘service’ to the membership? How to avoid of identifying the contexts of the ‘crisis strategy for publishing within the duplication of effort? What areas may in psychoanalysis’ and other proposals. IPA. The aim was to establish a be usefully exploited for publishing to permanent, professional publishing high standards? operation that would eventually Reprints and translations In beginning to answer these and related become financially self-sustaining. Efforts have been made to reprint and questions we have focused on the way Thus whatever editorial policy was market existing IPA publications, such as that many scientific activities initiated by the ‘Contemporary Freud’ series. The two devised could enjoy continuity. the IPA and its members have not been volumes currently out of print are being developed into publishing opportunities. reprinted and the six volumes of the series Organization and infrastructure Thus material has been archived, lost or will be marketed both singly and as a set. The first step towards professional dispersed over various publications, and management was to employ a part-time the potential benefits to the international Budgetary concerns make it unfeasible freelance Publications Director. His role psychoanalytic community diluted. to publish each of the Library volumes in all four IPA languages. One way forward is to provide professional advice to the In order to ensure high scientific standards Publications Committee and other IPA is to establish cooperative efforts with and to broaden the Committee’s access other publishers to translate individual committees and editors; to ensure that to appropriate advice and information on all proposals are coherent in professional works into other languages. This is what current developments an International is happening with the first two volumes publishing terms; and to negotiate the Editorial Advisory Board is being nominated. various contracts required. of the Library. The Library will focus on contemporary The Publications Committee is made up scientific developments throughout the of a majority of IPA members with two Your suggestions please IPA, with an emphasis on clinical, technical ex-officio members, the IPA Director and theoretical advances; the outcomes The Publications Committee’s policy General and the Publications Director. of investigations conducted by individual is to involve the membership more Management of publications is the task members, local societies and IPA actively. Effective ways of communicating of Central Office and of the Publications committees and working parties; with individual members, groups and Director. It has been found expedient to material of topical interest deriving associations are being investigated and keep the scientific and administrative from conferences and meetings; and will benefit from improved Central Office functions together, to ensure that policy investigations at the interface with social support. We welcome suggestions (send and procedures do not diverge; so that and cultural expressions. to [email protected]). implementation of projects can be adequately monitored by a well-informed The first two volumes of the International IPA Publications Committee: Emma Piccioli Committee; and so that editorial projects Psychoanalysis Library were published in July (Chair), Salman Akhtar, Sergio Lewkowicz, are evaluated both in terms of their 2003. Violence or Dialogue? Psychoanalytic Peter Wegner, Otto Kernberg (Consultant), scientific worth and their publishing Insights on Terror and Terrorism (ed. Sverre Piers Pendred (ex-officio as IPA Director potential. Meetings include all members Varvin and Vamik Volkan), originates from General), Cesare Sacerdoti (ex-officio as and the decision-making process is the activity of the IPA Working Group on Publications Director). a collegial one, producing a creative Terror and Terrorism. Like the founders of exchange, and effectively covering the the discipline, contemporary psychoanalysis To order any of the publications mentioned scientific, informative and educational is paying attention to occurrences in the in the article, please go to the Publications aims of publication, as well as financial wider social and cultural field within which page of the IPA web site, or write to and administrative concerns. it operates. the IPA. 14 FOCUS

Michel Vincent The Emperor’s Tomb Crisis in sychoanalysis? P In his novel The Emperor’s Tomb (1938) Joseph Roth uses a medical metaphor to describe the state of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the beginning of the twentieth century: everyone knows, he says, that a man with a bad heart exhibits symptoms in the peripheral parts of his body. In his story the author links the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the imperial throne, in Sarajevo in June 1914 to the deterioration of the central power in Vienna, where Kaiser Franz Joseph was soon to die.

The development of psychoanalysis The way psychoanalysis has developed, especially in Europe, is reminiscent of Roth’s novel. Regular activities that provide food for thought are now organized in the context of the Psychoanalytic Institute for Eastern Europe (the PIEE, or Han Groen-Prakken Institute, named after the Dutch Psychoanalytical Society’s indefatigable pioneer in the process of opening up psychoanalysis to professionals in Eastern Europe).

My own long involvement in these activities suggests to me that our Michel Vincent discusses the crisis in relation European psychoanalytic societies have been naïvely exporting their conflicts to the development of psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, to the countries they aspired to help. theory and research As a result, it is not unusual to find new analysts in one and the same town who are the bearers of a history that in establishing new psychoanalytic centres little psychotherapy to allow the conduct is not, or is only to a minimal extent, to provide future generations with access of a lot of psychoanalysis. The crisis is their own. to psychoanalysis. partly due to the prior psychotherapeutic experience of candidates who are now Imagine a city – let us call it, say, The repetition of the conflicts between students of the psychoanalytic institutes, and ‘Buchacow’ – in the heart of Europe but analysts costs all of us dear. This situation who often used to be child psychotherapists separated from the psychoanalytic centres appears especially marked in certain fields before their psychoanalytic training. of Amsterdam, London, Paris, Prague, of psychoanalysis, for instance: (1) the This situation results from the dearth Tübingen and Trieste. Residents of this relations between psychoanalysis and of psychoanalysts with a qualification capital of a former socialist country have psychotherapy; (2) sectarian attachment in child and adolescent psychoanalysis, had personal analyses, with difficulties to specific aspects of psychoanalytic which is a factor in the abandonment and benefits that differed in each theory at the expense of other aspects; of experience often seen as a mere chore instance. These analysts have persuaded and (3) research in psychoanalysis. engaged in to fund a candidate’s own themselves of the excellence of the psychoanalytic training. The IPA’s Child positions with which they have become Psychoanalysis and psychotherapy and Adolescent Psychoanalysis Committee familiar. Any positions other than their The current indescribable hotchpotch of was wise to propose that the acquisition of own are alien to them and hence psychotherapies of all kinds has inevitably a qualification in this field should be made seemingly dangerous. It is therefore given rise to a malaise among Freud’s conditional on the candidate’s having not easy to bring these individuals progeny in connection with his undergone psychoanalytic training leading together. Particular difficulty is experienced recommendation of the admixture of a to membership of a constituent society. FOCUS 15

More generally, experience of psychotherapy Psychoanalytic Association on the same psychoanalysts who today claim allegiance can be gained after analysis, so that its basis to be highly favourable. Other to Freud, each in his or her own way, basis can be determined by reference to examples on similar lines are our denying this attachment. On this point the analytic setting (face-to-face, sessions exchanges with the Argentine and Green agrees with the passage from on demand or at more or less regular Mexican societies. Freud’s Postscript to The Question of Lay intervals) and the resulting elements of Analysis (1927, S.E. 20, p. 252) quoted technique (interventions, interpretations Psychoanalytic research by Robert S. Wallerstein in Monograph 5: P and constructions at increasing levels If I may be permitted a light-hearted ‘Psychoanalysis is a part of psychology; sychoanalysis? of elaboration, their relevance being metaphor on a serious issue, I would not of medical psychology in the old Crisis in confirmed or otherwise by the progression liken the complexity of the situation sense, nor of the psychology of morbid of the material). The problem here is confronting the neophyte to the status of processes, but simply of psychology. due not to the psychotherapies but a batsman in the English national game of It is certainly not the whole of psychology, to the practice of psychoanalysis and cricket: a psychoanalytic research worker but its substructure …’ In the Bulletin of the resistances it meets with in the may be ‘in’ or ‘out’ with the Paris Psychoanalytical Society (No. 67), analysts themselves. The reasons for his or her public according Roger Perron inventorizes analysts’ disaffection with psychoanalysis the available information to whether that public Regular activities may perhaps lie first and foremost in is made up of other on research in that provide food residues of negative transference that psychoanalysts or of psychoanalysis and have not been worked through by the virtual public that is for thought are now mentions the attempt candidates in their personal analyses (the presumed – like the Fates organized in the by Marianne Leuzinger- basis of which must also be taken into of Roman mythology – context of the Bohleber (DPV) to account – that is, whether conducted achieve an objective to hold the thread of Psychoanalytic with a reporting analyst or with one too mid-way between the life of psychoanalysis Institute for Eastern good to agree to making an exception). in its hands. the political and the A famous example from history is Sándor Europe … My own psychoanalytic. Ferenczi’s reproach to Freud for not The exciting contributions long involvement in Conclusion having sufficiently analysed his negative presented in Psycho- these activities analytic Monograph 5 transference on to Freud. suggests to me that As I have tried to show (Green and Stern, 2000) by the examples of our European Partial theories, totalitarian theories will persuade the reader the three fields of of the difficulty of arriving psychoanalytic technique, theory Nowadays the name of Melanie Klein is at an agreed definition of societies have been and research in universally associated with the concept of research in psychoanalysis. psychoanalysis, there object relations. Another universally naïvely exporting There are certainly more is indeed a crisis. This accepted view sets the protagonists of their conflicts to than two cultures in the crisis sometimes takes object-relations theories against those of the countries they world – one in France and precedence over drive theory. Yet the two aspects are in the other everywhere else. aspired to help. the transmission of fact inseparable in Freudian theory. This is not only because psychoanalytic thought, Moreover, considerable light was shed on the number of languages which, over a long period, both by the pioneers of psychoanalysis – in which a psychoanalytic session is does immense harm owing to the pain it in particular, by Karl Abraham in his paper conceived in words and thought is greater, inflicts in addition to the pains already ‘A short study of the development of the but also because the body speaks and awaiting consideration. I have in mind libido, viewed in the light of mental because its language, albeit universal, is here the work not only of psychoanalysts disorders’ (1924). The first part of this nevertheless subject to strict cultural rules. tied full-time to their consulting rooms but contribution deals with the pre-genital also of those whose full-time psychoanalytic stages of libido development on the basis Some – such as Daniel Stern – fear the activity opens the way to original solutions of clinical work on manic-depressive marginalization of psychoanalysis by a in the fields of education and health, states, while the second addresses the society whose values are neither those thus greatly expanding the realm of issue of the origins and growth of object of the time of the birth of psychoanalysis Freud’s discovery not just in an east–west love. Envy is here described and affords an nor those of present-day psychoanalysis, direction but along a line running from exemplary link between drive theory and for which time is an intangible parameter. north to south too. It is not too late for object-relations theory provided that a Attempts have also been made to psychoanalysis to escape the tragic fate clear distinction is maintained between distinguish between psychoanalysts’ of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. phenomenological descriptions on the research on the unconscious and the role one hand and psychic representations of infantile sexuality on the one hand and, on the other. on the other, research on psychoanalysis by an objectivizing and if possible In this connection I should like to draw quantitative approach. The fact is that References attention to the interest shared by many there are many different perspectives for of us in binational colloquia, between research but that the relations between Abraham, K. (1924) ‘A short study of the development of the libido, viewed France and Britain, France and Italy and, them are vitiated in proportion as their in the light of mental disorders’. soon, France and Germany. The detailed funding is involved. clinical fragments and half-day discussions Freud, S. (1927) Postscript to The of papers in these bilingual groups allow In the monograph mentioned earlier, Question of Lay Analysis, S.E. 20, in-depth immersion in the various André Green advocates clinical thought p. 252. theoretical positions and their technical (cf. the title of his book La Pensée clinique, Green, A. and Stern, D. (2000) implications which is not normally possible which includes ‘The central phobic Clinical and Observational at our congresses. We also consider the position’, the paper he presented at Psychoanalytic Research: Roots of a the 42nd IPA Congress). This, in my view, CAPS (Center for Advanced Psychoanalytic Controversy. London: Karnac. Studies) formula devised by the American is the position espoused by all those 16 FOCUS

Is there a crisis of psychoanalysis? Crisis in sychoanalysis? P Patricia Grieve reflects on changes in context and debates in psychoanalysis

We have been accustomed for many years now to speak of a supposed crisis of psychoanalysis, and debates and conferences have been held, and papers written, to consider it. It seems difficult to tackle such a wide-ranging subject in this limited space, perhaps because we might need to ask ourselves what we actually mean by the ‘crisis of psychoanalysis’: are we referring to psychoanalysis as a theory, to psychoanalysts, or to the clinical practice of psychoanalysis? Each of these aspects is of course highly complex.

The term ‘crisis’ is not in my view an Freud wrote in 1926: ‘The future will human culture – throw down the gauntlet accurate description of the problem now probably attribute far greater importance to our theory and compel us to reflect on facing us, perhaps because over-use has to psychoanalysis as the science of the what actually constitutes the essence of emptied it to some degree of content, unconscious than as a therapeutic the psychoanalytic contribution. or alternatively because the word ‘crisis’ procedure.’ He sensed that his theory’s implies a more intense and vital process contribution to human thought, and to Session frequency than the one we now seem to be the understanding of man, would persist. As to the practice of psychoanalysis, the experiencing. After all, the issue that The theory of the unconscious does indeed fact that it has evolved since it came into currently concerns us is the survival of seem to have been universally adopted being tells us that it is not only a living psychoanalysis in the twenty-first century, into our culture, and Freud’s oeuvre will but also a cultural entity. As we all know, as both theory and praxis. remain a vitally important legacy that has Freud used to work at a frequency of six added to our knowledge of man. We are familiar with the attacks on sessions a week, but analyses were of psychoanalysis in the media, predictions of course much shorter in Historical contexts those days than they its demise, its lack of scientific rigour and … we might need to The cultural forms of family usually are today so on. We also know that, by the very ask ourselves what nature of its subject-matter, psychoanalysis structure and of the relations (their duration is now we actually mean must constantly battle against resistance between the sexes differ generally in excess of and repression – even within the widely from age to age and by the ‘crisis of five years, and psychoanalytic community, as Freud from place to place; as psychoanalysis’: sometimes even ten). himself pointed out. Perhaps we manifestations of human are we referring Session frequency in a psychoanalysts have unconsciously culture, they are subject to ‘standard treatment’ change. Psychoanalysis arose to psychoanalysis (perhaps modelled on aided and abetted those who devalue as a theory, to psychoanalysis. at a particular moment in the requirements for history, coinciding with the psychoanalysts, or to training analyses laid rise of the ‘bourgeois’ society the clinical practice of down by IPA forged in the western world psychoanalysis? Each institutes) is three to from the nineteenth century five sessions a week. of these aspects is of on. Yet although the origins In France, analysis at of psychoanalysis lie in this course highly complex. three sessions a week particular historical time, we became established for psychoanalysts believe that the principal historical reasons. In the UK, on the other contributions of this science – the hand, the five-sessions-a-week model discovery of the unconscious and of remains predominant, while other infantile sexuality – are not limited to that countries are somewhere between these context, but have universal validity, since limits. Both the French and the British they are expressions of the process of psychoanalytic cultures have produced humanization. solid and interesting theoretical arguments in defence of their practices, giving priority However, psychoanalytic theory must also to the role of working through and of face new challenges; the changes in family regression respectively. structure, methods of procreation, relations between the sexes, and so on – Requests for analysis (on the ‘standard that is, the new forms being adopted by treatment’ pattern of three to five sessions FOCUS 17 a week on the couch) seem to have declined lately, according to my contacts with various European and South American colleagues. Even allowing for the huge variability of socioeconomic conditions within these continents, we are, I believe, experiencing a generalized P

change affecting the practice of our sychoanalysis?

profession. Major cultural and social Crisis in transformations such as the cult of the image, of success or of speed, as well as the availability and accessibility of a wide range of psychotherapies, are contributing to this loss of interest in the practice of psychoanalysis and the diminution of the value attached to it. Are the days of the ‘standard treatment’ numbered, as it comes to be superseded by psychotherapies – many of which, as it happens, stem from psychoanalysis and were created by psychoanalysts themselves? Will psychoanalysis survive, then, through its derivatives? And that is not to mention therapy with prescribed drugs, whose appropriate field of application must, as Dr Widlöcher (2003) open and receptive to women, and the Debates and solutions has written, be distinguished from that contributions of female analysts have New aspects of the practice of of psychoanalysis. indeed been extremely valuable, and psychoanalysis are currently being perhaps more numerous and important debated, such as the desirability or than in any other field of science. Patients and candidates otherwise of telephone analysis, or the However, it is perhaps undesirable for demand of homosexual analysts to be Again, within the group of patients for our discipline to end up as a female accepted as such, not only by their whom psychoanalysis is still the treatment profession, although that is the fate of colleagues but also by patients. It is not of choice, fewer and fewer seem to many other activities, particularly in the easy to determine at this time how far suffering from a neurotic – or worse – helping professions. Should this occur, we these issues bear the stamp of ideological affliction, while more and more are should lose the benefits conferred by the arguments and political correctness, but motivated by professional considerations. heterogeneity of the membership of our what we must do is to reflect on the Will the practice of psychoanalysis be professional group. The same applies to essentials of the psychoanalytic method: increasingly confined to such patients? our candidates’ disciplines of origin, as is a given session frequency or the use of While this phenomenon the loss of diversity would also impoverish the couch a sine qua non? If we say that indicates a recognition the range of experience they are, we shall of course be accused of that a personal and approaches. On the doctrinaire fundamentalism. And what of psychoanalysis is a … psychoanalytic other hand, we should theory must … face the analyst’s neutrality? How are we to valuable tool for mental ensure that we retain a change and adapt to the new age without health workers, it also new challenges: presence in public mental forfeiting a central aspect of our identity? undeniably represents a the changes in family health services. substantial loss to our structure, methods of What solutions are conceivable? Above all, discipline. The loss However, close we must continue to penetrate in depth procreation, relations concerns the research consideration of certain into psychoanalysis with our minds open aspect of our practice, between the sexes, and times and places that and free of prejudice. We must eschew which calls for a varied so on … throw down witnessed an increasing professional inbreeding and embark on spectrum of patient the gauntlet to our social demand for a fruitful dialogue with other disciplines. pathologies. theory and compel psychoanalysis also We must maintain contacts with public reveals consequences us to reflect on what educational and healthcare institutions The demand by such as abuses of power, which could benefit from our experience candidates for actually constitutes trivialization or loss and ideas, and which could also be psychoanalytic training the essence of the of prestige affecting a source of candidates as valuable seems to be falling. psychoanalytic psychoanalysts. Success psychoanalysts-to-be. To sum up, we Perhaps we are suffering contribution. conceivably tends to be must be present in today’s society and the same loss of status as accompanied by worrying culture and be receptive to them. the medical profession, implications, thus and the humanistic conflicting with the most subversive disciplines in general – a sign of the spirit elements of Freud’s thought. In many References of the times. Moreover, the demand is countries we are currently witnessing a Freud, S. (1926) ‘Psycho-analysis: becoming increasingly homogenized, as proliferation of self-styled psychoanalysts Freudian school’, S.E. 20. the new generation of analysts in many who claim to be practising psychoanalysis parts of the world seems to be made up but who lack the necessary training Widlöcher, D. (2003) ‘The President’s largely of women and of professional and experience. column’, International Psychoanalysis psychologists. Now the new science 12(1): 8. founded by Freud very soon proved to be What, then, would be best? 18 FOCUS

Annette Watillion-Naveau The view from Belgium Crisis in sychoanalysis?

P The first question could be expressed as follows: ‘Is Belgium really experiencing a crisis in psychoanalysis?’ When I ask my colleagues in the Belgian Psychoanalytic Society (SPB) for their opinions on this subject, I get a range of different answers. The diaries of some are as full as they were several years ago, while others think it is now harder to find people prepared to accept the analytic treatment suggested to them. The latter group are in the minority.

The situation of psychoanalyst-psychiatrists in Belgium is very favourable in terms of the reimbursements granted by the social security institutions. A reimbursement of about 40 euros is provided for each session Annette Watillon-Naveau discovers that her colleagues are of analysis, and non-health-insurance-fund divided as to the existence of a crisis psychiatrists are free to set their fees as they see fit. The reimbursements are One important factor in establishing a the change in the balance of supply and payable irrespective of the number of patient base is, in my opinion, the analyst’s demand on the labour market, so that sessions per week and of the length of the theoretical options. Our indications for analysts are forced to work very early in treatment. In very rare cases a report has analysis will differ according to our the morning or in the late afternoons and to be submitted after several years. The convictions and the theory to which we evenings. This is inconvenient for analysts situation is different for psychologist- subscribe, and so too will the ways in who are also parents and bad for family psychoanalysts, who are not included in the which we adapt to analysands’ life in general. state health insurance scheme. requirements. This means that our members charge a 2. Competition. The The variability of the ‘Is Belgium really range of fees. Again, even though the number of non-IPA answers to our question experiencing a crisis demands of the social security system are analysts is increasing fast is of course also bound not particularly strict, the reimbursement in psychoanalysis?’ and they are draining off up with the analyst’s facility introduces a third party between part of the potential pool personality – with how When I ask my the analysand and the analyst and raises of clients. As noted above, the analyst receives colleagues in the certain issues – for instance, in regard to this situation is particularly patients, forges a link missed sessions. Whereas these must be Belgian Psychoanalytic marked in the towns in with them and inspires paid for according to the rules of analysis, Society for their the Flemish-speaking part trust. Some personalities the law does not allow a doctor to sign of the country, but it is always have well-filled opinions on this a certificate that he or she has provided also evident in Brussels. diaries, while others subject, I get a range treatment if the patient has not turned up complain of a lack 3. Societal trends. at the surgery or consulting room. Hence of different answers. of demand. Most people want quick missed sessions cost the analysand more treatments with guaranteed, if the analyst opts for the external system Those who consider that psychoanalysis is immediate results. Psychoanalysis cannot rather than the analytic setting. in crisis adduce the following reasons for provide these. that crisis: The situation of the Belgian analysts who 4. The growing importance of various belong to our Society differs according 1. The economic crisis. This crisis does forms of alternative medicine and to whether they practise in the Flemish- indeed exist, but its effects are felt mainly other therapeutic techniques. speaking part of the country or the in terms of a sharp reduction in the Brussels and Walloon regions (for the flexibility of working hours. In the This list is certainly not exhaustive. record, the SBP is not the only existing past, workers found it easier to obtain I should add that the number of group of analysts, but is the only IPA- concessions whereby they could arrive applications for psychoanalytic training recognized psychoanalytic organization). at work slightly later than normal, take made to the SBP has not fallen. We There are appreciably more Lacanian an extended lunch hour or leave a few currently have fifteen people in training analysts in Flanders and they are minutes earlier to enable them to attend and forty former candidates who experiencing more difficulty in building their analytic sessions. These concessions are not yet members, as against a up a complement of analysands. are now virtually non-existent owing to membership of just under seventy. FOCUS 19 P Some relatively neglected sychoanalysis? Crisis in

Alexander Moser aspects of the crisis

Among the less commonly Alexander Moser looks at the problems that arise when discussed aspects of the crisis of psychoanalysis expands into different linguistic and psychoanalysis are the home-grown sociocultural settings ones. They deserve our interest because they are susceptible to the influence of any psychoanalyst. world-famous personages or indeed heads psychoanalytic candidates’ has been written, For example, when we look at the of state. But when similar phenomena but its counterpart, ‘Thirty methods to world of everyday politics we are occur in our organizations of psychoanalysts, deter candidates and colleagues from accustomed to discern questionable we are amazed, astonished and outraged. playing an active part in organizations of situations without difficulty, So when residual idealizations of our psychoanalysts’, remains to be composed. whether they involve the inevitable analysts or of ourselves are projected, might Nor has there yet been any debate about corrupting effect of power, the not Sigmund Freud - who can accommodate the maximum size for a psychoanalytic abuse of power in all its forms, them perfectly well - be their sole recipient. organization that still allows for a modicum the betrayal of friendship and of of democratic control. We do our best to content ourselves with loyalty to colleagues, mendacious a situation in which we can be satisfied Unavoidable hierarchization inconsistencies between public with our training if, first and foremost, Another problem tarnishes the public stance and personal practice, our conduct when sitting in our armchairs view of psychoanalysis – namely, the placing a taboo on debate about behind the couch is less neurotic than unavoidable process of hierarchization and urgent issues, the organization it would have been without training; and its possible consequences in the selection of and participation in smear we take the view that any more ambitious of future analysts. Our examination boards expectations quickly betray a perilous campaigns (e.g. before elections), differ from those of all other professions abuses in the interpretation of degree of idealization. But we then in that that they have to decide whether a statutes and regulations, the risk neglecting the absolutely essential candidate’s work, apart from other factors, misappropriation funds, or what democratic control of our institutions that might be impermissibly impaired by have you. must be daily renewed and improved if unconscious influences; if so, it is hardly, the attraction of organized psychoanalys if at all, possible to communicate this fact None of this surprises us any longer even – is is not to be weakened. The article or particularly – when those concerned are ‘Thirty methods to destroy the creativity of Continued on p 20 20 FOCUS

Continued from p 19 for their own self-confirmation are When the Amsterdam analyst Han precisely the ones who contribute to Groen-Prakken bravely, stubbornly and to the candidate, precisely because the the problematic public image of the energetically defied these purist principles, problems concerned are unconscious. unprotected title of ‘psychoanalyst’. she aroused appreciable resistances and In this examination situation it is the fears of a watering down of psychoanalysis. assessors who, by virtue of the authority Expansion in Eastern Europe It took a long time for a way out of vested in them, are ‘deemed to be right’. Some consolation in the crisis of this impasse to be found, in particular psychoanalysis is afforded by the interest through the concept of shuttle analysis. Where a hierarchy of ‘analysed persons’ evinced in it in regions Psychoanalysts of all people who are ‘deemed to be right’ exercises where it has hitherto ought really to have power over others, the situation can easily been hardly, if at all, realized much sooner degenerate into one of déformation The article ‘Thirty Crisis in represented. The question that analysts who have professionnelle. Psychoanalysts occasionally methods to destroy spent years in a Western sychoanalysis? arises whether we have P adopt an attitude of arrogant superiority learned from the mistakes the creativity of country acquiring a towards patients, candidates in training, of the past concerning psychoanalytic full psychoanalytic colleagues and other people, and this the development of qualification, in the adversely affects the public image of candidates’ has psychoanalysis in such process inevitably psychoanalysis. Analysts who claim that been written, regions. In perusing the forming a new network this form of hierarchy in organized but its counterpart, correspondence between of relationships, psychoanalysis is inevitably internalized and the IPA and Eastern Europe ‘Thirty methods to will only in the most thus reproduces authoritarian behaviour at Broomhills in 1989 in deter candidates exceptional cases attempt to avoid it by a system of training my capacity as chairman of decide to return to based on self-authorization without and colleagues from the then newly established their country of origin, selection. They overlook the fact that playing an active joint IPA/EPF Committee from which they are the potential dangers of psychoanalysis, part in organizations for Eastern Europe, I found separated post-analysis as a regression-inducing process for both it sobering to observe of psychoanalysts’, by new sociocultural analysands and analysts, tend to this day the obstinacy with which remains to be differences. to be if anything underestimated. our organizations clung composed. Even now, finding Freud likened analysis to ‘ferrum’ and to traditional concepts a middle path on a ‘ignis’. A glance at the history of that had remained day-to-day basis between psychoanalysis shows that regressive unchanged for decades, thoughtless abandonment of proven phenomena such as instances of acting notwithstanding the friendly and training principles and immovable clinging out which destroy private and professional understanding responses to repeated to traditional purism is fraught with links that have persisted for decades requests from a wide range of former difficulty for many colleagues engaged and depressive, psychosomatic or even Eastern-bloc countries for greater flexibility in the establishment of psychoanalytic psychotic decompensations and violations in the approach to training. It was held groups in new regions. of the setting, by analysands and analysts that countries lacking organized groups alike, must be considered and examined of psychoanalysts could not take any Sociocultural differences even more critically and discussed more significant action until enough analysts fully Many of the problems that arise when the openly. Furthermore, the unselected, self- trained in the West had returned to their sociocultural differences from Western authorized analysts who seek the limelight native land to form a study group there. cultures are very great have as yet hardly been perceived, formulated and discussed. A few typical ones are outlined below.

How are we to assess short-term analyses conducted in a language foreign and substantially unfamiliar to the analysand, with an analyst who has no conception of important dimensions of the analysand’s culture? How are we to counteract the frequent underestimation of cultural differences and their effects? How can we evaluate and influence the complex situation in countries whose languages are understood by few if any IPA members? How do we promote a knowledge of the specific problems arising in the analysis of people with totally different sociocultural backgrounds?

How are we to unmask analyses completed imitatively with great intelligence and talent as ‘as-if analyses’, whose main purpose is the magical securing of narcissistic omnipotence and a certain social position? What should be our attitude to the emancipatory power of analysis, which is perfectly capable of

Ingo Focke, Stuttgart © Claudia Guderian assuming revolutionary characteristics in FOCUS 21 P sychoanalysis? Crisis in Bengt A. Olsson, Sweden some countries? What advice would we being celebrated anew and transformed by narcissistic grandiosity and perverse give, for example, to a trained female a kind of short circuit into, say, brain-and- seduction in which a quickly cobbled analyst from a conservative Islamic part of body. In the currently fashionable disorder- together pregenital amalgam substitutes the world? Should she return to her own centred psychiatry and psychotherapy, the for slow genital growth. country? How can we prevent a repetition total entity is broken down into a black in the sphere of psychoanalysis of box and multiple disorders, which are These phenomena merit detailed the situation all too familiar to us supposed to be eliminated as quickly as investigation by psychoanalysts together from international politics, in which possible by abbreviated procedures that with representatives of allied disciplines. Western analysts and psychoanalytic have no place for questions of sense For this urgently necessary extension of organizations join up with and meaning. applied psychoanalysis we need generally local authoritarian groups accepted epistemological foundations in countries with traditional There can be no if we are to escape the charge of hierarchical structures in … finding a middle such thing as pathologization. (Some improvement the hope of enabling path on a day-to-day linear progress might perhaps be afforded by Georges psychoanalysis to gain a basis between in psychoanalysis, Devereux’s concept of ‘complementarism’, because each based on the methodological reductionism foothold, but fail to realize thoughtless generation must of Niels Bohr.) that they are thereby abandonment of impeding and blocking work through anew Today’s one-sided cult of consciousness the essential democratic proven training Freud’s blows to is dangerous because, following the third development of principles and man’s self-esteem and blow to man’s self-esteem, which showed psychoanalysis in the country immovable clinging to appropriate for itself that man is not master in his own house concerned instead of the resulting image traditional purism is owing to its unconscious dimension, we furthering it? How are we of man in the face fraught with difficulty now have to digest a fourth blow, also to prevent a repetition of of the most intense for many colleagues inflicted by Freud. The more we learn colonial history in the field resistances. Each about borderline pathology, the more of psychoanalysis, with engaged in the generation uses light is shed on the mechanisms of rival groups and individuals establishment of the sociocultural splitting, which make it clear that man pursuing their own possibilities at its psychoanalytic groups is not even master in the conscious part missionary agendas? disposal for the in new regions.80 of his house. The worst scoundrels in the Answers to these and purpose of resistance. history of the world are in fact not lunatics related questions might Today, for example, from psychiatric hospitals but masters help in tackling the crisis. we have the cult of consciousness, the cult of hyper- of splitting. abbreviation (which undermines Our response to the question whether Psychoanalysis today complexity) complemented by irrational psychoanalysis can survive should be However, the crisis of psychoanalysis is not esotericism, the mythology of the brain another question: can any form of only a crisis of psychoanalysis! It is in fact and the generalization of obsolete forms humanity survive without incorporating a much wider problem, which is ultimately of faith in technical progress. As a result Freud’s blows to human self-esteem into about the calling into question of the we are seeing, for instance, failures in its image of man and basing its actions sense and meaning of the subject as a politics, diplomacy and business whose on them? whole. In the shadow of Descartes, it is not psychological foundations are all too only the concept of mind-and-body that is plain: inadequately controlled, unrealistic 22 FOCUS

Adriana Prengler Causes and remedies Crisis in sychoanalysis? P

We may be talking about the crisis of psychoanalysis in the present, but it is a crisis that seemingly dates back to the very origins of our discipline and has recurred throughout its history in a variety of forms.

After all, Freud’s very first ideas were called into question, though the problems he faced at the time were different from those confronting us today: anti-Semitism, the initial rejection of his theory of infantile sexuality, opposition to his revolutionary technique and the early dissensions involving Jung, Adler, Rank and others. And it is now some thirty years since Erich Fromm entitled one of his books The Crisis of Psychoanalysis – its subject-matter being the crisis of society and of man.

Those first crises of psychoanalysis seem to have induced Freud to deepen his thought and to question his own ideas, with the result that, by indefatigably adapting his theory and technique, he succeeded in strengthening both and at the same time in triumphing over adversity.

Adaptation Crises, then, compel us to think and adapt, and to abandon our idealization of ‘sacred’ authors and premises that we had previously taken for granted: we reflect on assumptions that were previously unquestioned but now call Adriana Prengler argues that the crisis may stimulate for us to look into them more deeply. development of psychonanalysis Every crisis demands adaptation, and this one seems to be no exception.

We must ask ourselves anew what is psychoanalysis are those resulting if it is to be possible to observe the responsible for the crisis of psychoanalysis principally from our general attitude fundamental rules of psychoanalytic today and what we can do about it. as psychoanalysts, which, in my view, practice – free association and evenly The reasons are found to differ from those is prejudicial to the development and suspended attention. In the absence of the applicable a century ago, but, now as flourishing of the practice of psychoanalysis. concrete necessities of subsistence and a then, both external and internal factors minimum level of comfort, there is surely are concerned. The external ones have External factors little chance of gaining access to the nothing to do with psychoanalysis itself: Let me begin with the external causes. symbolic level. How can analysands free they are beyond our control because One that must be mentioned is the associate if they are obliged, for economic their origins lie in the political systems much-discussed economic malaise reasons that have nothing to do with and economic and social circumstances afflicting the world as a whole and Latin resistance, to minimize the frequency under which we live. Conversely, the America in particular. As Freud pointed of their sessions, to hurry things along internal determinants of the crisis of out, basic needs must first be satisfied so as to come to us for as short a time as FOCUS 23 possible and be ‘discharged’ at the earliest supposed guarantor of security and placing the specificity of psychoanalysis possible opportunity? How can analysts containment. I wonder whether this at risk? deploy evenly suspended attention dependence, and the difficulty in ‘leaving and obey the fundamental rule (free the nest’, might explain the constant Should we emerge from our ‘burrows’ association) when their predominant threat of totalitarian and adopt a more active concern is to keep their patients so as to regimes in our countries – position in society? satisfy their own economic imperatives? making us unwittingly Those first crises of Should we get involved,

express opinions and P seek someone to tell us psychoanalysis seem sychoanalysis? Still on the subject of external factors, establish a presence what to do and to give us to have induced Crisis in everyone knows that the practice and within the population security, at the cost of the Freud to deepen his theory of psychoanalysis not only call for loss of our liberty. Now at large, rather than thought and to economic guarantees but must also be psychoanalytic theory remaining on the underpinned by a stable political situation, and technique do not question his own margins with the small which cannot be taken for granted in our reward dependence, ideas, with the result number of people who Latin American continent. There must but instead make for that, by indefatigably come to us to request be a minimum of freedom – freedom of our services? With our independence: they adapting his theory speech, thought and association – in the long and serious training, compel the analysand and technique, absence of which another threat looms to express what he feels, perhaps we are in a over psychoanalysis. I spent my childhood to reflect, to overcome he succeeded in position to give advice and adolescence in a country ruled by a resistances, to penetrate strengthening both and to help people to dictatorship, and so grew up having to into his own living and at the same think, with a view to learn the limits of what it was and was history, to tolerate the time in triumphing solving the problems not permissible to call into question. When afflicting various non-satisfaction of his over adversity. I emigrated to Venezuela as a teenager, demands and to take communities. Why is it I discovered democracy: I was surprised to his own decisions. that we psychoanalysts do find that people said what they thought, not in general have a significant and that one could disagree, imagine and Nowadays this ‘Latin American presence in community activities, at times have opinions without the expectation of dependence’ combines with economic of natural disaster and national being punished, made fun of or ridiculed, necessity and time pressures to favour emergency, and in political and social even when what one said did not conform the quest for a quick fix, so that many crises – instead leaving these matters to to the ‘party line’ or was not what was suffering people choose other kinds other mental health professionals, as if we expected. I realized that individual mental of treatment to relieve their psychic lived in a bubble, staying in the solitude of structures are moulded by the political pain – but these treatments encourage our consulting rooms and on the margins structure in ways that are easily dependence, seducing by their promise of of culture and society? This professional overlooked. I do not of course mean rapid and certain benefit, and nurturing isolation, it seems, is compounded by that thought and creativity are precluded the illusion that the patient need not the difficulty we experience in making under a totalitarian system, but it is readily take any decisions of his own. This may ourselves understood by our interlocutors, imaginable that, when people grow up in perhaps also explain the enormous because we ‘talk in esoteric terms’ that a world where dissent is not allowed, that popularity in the countries of Latin can be comprehended only among attitude spreads over from the political America of occultists and fortune-tellers, ourselves (with any luck), thereby structure to that of the psyche, and from who are supposed to read people’s future unintentionally making it less likely that collective to individual subjectivity. and to tell them the ‘correct and proper’ more people – including uneducated course of action to take. Of course the people – will take advantage of what Dependence theoretical and clinical foundations of we have to offer. We in Latin America have these gurus are tenuous had this experience for in the extreme, and they Many analysts have made huge efforts very many years, with We must ask guarantee repetition, to achieve productive interdisciplinary appalling consequences, ourselves anew dependence and passivity exchanges, but we are perhaps nevertheless somewhat afraid of fusing and in my view we are what is responsible for their clients. more liable to succumb with other fields. Could it be that we lack to such regimes than for the crisis of All this is in addition to a solid theoretical and clinical structure certain other cultures psychoanalysis today the lack of widespread and firm foundations that would enable dissemination of because we are and what we can do us to ‘mix’ without the fear of losing our accustomed to depend psychoanalysis and to specificity and identity? about it. The reasons on others for longer: a consequent general ignorance of what our style is comparatively are found to differ Members of the world more ‘dependent’, psychoanalysis is and from those applicable We are members of the psychoanalytical whether we depend what it can offer. a century ago, but, Societies to which we belong; we are on our families or our members of the IPA, of FEPAL and of the friends. We Latin now as then, both Remedies WORLD. Why are we not more active in Americans do not move external and internal What are the possible this last membership too? out of the parental home factors are concerned. remedies for this in adolescence or on situation? Must we adapt We cannot, of course, grow orchids in leaving secondary school, our technique and theory? the desert. We need a minimum context as people normally do in other continents, Could it be that our elitist psychoanalysis, for things to happen. Psychoanalysis but stay on for many more years. We directed towards certain privileged cannot thrive in circumstances of hunger, are more dependent on our parents, minorities, is no longer sufficient, and dictatorship, isolation or passivity, but it perhaps because our institutions are that we must make the effort to take is up to us to see that the crisis turns out more inefficient and less reliable, so that our ideas to the less well-off sections of to be no more than an obstacle that will we feel less protected by the state, the the population at large, albeit without facilitate the development of our thought. 24 FOCUS

Eduardo Laverde Rubio Crisis of psychoanalysis? Crisis in sychoanalysis? P In this article I will review and Eduardo Laverde Rubio argues that there are no decisive evaluate factors related to what transformations or crucial situations that threaten the has been called the ‘crisis of existence of psychoanalysis psychoanalysis’, and set out my own thoughts on the issue. mental health needs of the population, or gratification; indeed, it is the opposite Social changes psychoanalysis has little to offer in a of these approaches. country like Colombia, where only 2.6 per Many social changes have taken place cent of the population has had higher Criticisms of psychoanalytic theory since the consolidation of psychoanalysis education, the minimum wage is Criticisms of psychoanalytic theory are as a discipline. In developed countries approximately US $116 per month, mainly based on its diversity and the there has been increased industrialization, unemployment is around 20 per cent impossibility of comparing some of its the introduction of new technologies, and poverty 30 per cent concepts. This is a broad subject and environmental damage, the threat of (www.dansocial.gov.co). I will highlight only some basic areas. nuclear war and the acceleration of A distinction must be made between economic globalization. In these countries, In industrialized countries, those who explanatory and comprehensive theories. the benefits brought by the increase in have the ability to pay for an analysis Explanatory theories are formed by some profits and a longer life-span come at the increasingly prefer to resort to ‘quick verifiable hypotheses: the existence cost of deterioration in the environment. fixes’. In poor countries, the majority of of a dynamic unconscious (drives and In underdeveloped countries there is those who need psychoanalysis do not phantasies), the importance of the first unemployment, poor quality of life, have the money to pay the fees and object relations, child sexuality (Oedipus illiteracy, exploitation, international debt, social security does not cover them. complex), transference. There is enough as well as the problems generated An element common to both rich and evidence to consider these hypotheses as by industrialization. poor countries is a focus on short-term true, at least in a provisional and partial way. In Colombia, in addition, there is an armed benefits. I agree with Ahumada (1998) Comprehensive theory is constituted conflict that has continued for decades, when he asserts that this type of culture by models understood as theoretical drugs trafficking, delinquency and avoids mourning, makes it hard for people constructions, that are not true or false, population displacement. We may to establish their own identity and is but useful. Models are the result of conclude that, in spite of the growing one in which what Gaddini (1984) calls imagination and the capacity to create ‘peremptory gratification’ thought through similarity or analogy. pathologies predominate. Criticism is to be welcomed if it is based on clinical, conceptual or empirical How does this state of research; then it will enrich our theoretical affairs affect structure, it will not be a factor in a crisis psychoanalysis in its therapeutic aspects? but a creative transformation. Psychoanalysts may comply Technique with demands for quick and Technique is based on simple principles: cheap methods of healing by providing an intimate and private modifying their technique. environment, a trustworthy and neutral But psychoanalytic technique figure, and a setting that permits the should change only on the initiation, continuation and deepening basis of scientific evidence, of a relationship, and its eventual it should not change because dissolution. Changes in technique will be of marketing issues. The made as outcome studies provide evidence objectives of psychoanalysis of more effective technique. are different from those of faster or cheaper Political-administrative factors pharmacological and A factor of great interest is the psychotherapeutic administrative structure of local and procedures, and cannot international psychoanalytic organizations. be achieved in the short Since the work of the Structure and term. Psychoanalysis differs Mission Group (SAM), the IPA has begun from approaches that offer to change, becoming more participatory chemically derived euphoria and representative. These changes have FOCUS 25 not been reflected in the Societies, which that this is evident in the form of Finally, there is the question of whether continue to be hierarchical, dogmatic and professional desertions, psychopathological training for psychoanalytic psychotherapy dominated by small powerful groups. crises, etc. Ballesteros relates these should be done within the psychoanalytic Such organizations do not encourage personal crises to a perverted (my institutes. I think that the most adequate the activities fundamental for the expression) choice of vocation of some psychotherapists would be psychoanalysts. development of psychoanalysis: research, analysts, who entered the profession in Training within the institutes polarizes a critical attitude, creativity and a training search of money, power, fame, because opinion: those against it consider it would P where candidates have more autonomy of insufficiently analysed narcissistic create easy alternatives for the candidates sychoanalysis? and can evaluate and regulate themselves. disturbances. Also, authoritarianism and and bring about professional identity Crisis in dogmatism predominate in psychoanalytic crises, while those in favour think that it I propose that Psychoanalytic Societies institutions, which subdue their graduates would augment the therapeutic resources should function as organizations of peers, and keep them at a distance. of the analysts. without formal hierarchies and training analysts. There would be an administrator Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic Conclusion and two coordinators: a scientific one psychotherapy Different types of social crisis affect and a training one. Decisions would be patients and analysts in industrialized and taken consensually. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy appeared developing countries; we do not have the as a way of offering help to patients who power to change this, we can only expose Changes in psychopathology needed a psychological treatment but the situation. The possible change in psychopathology could not benefit from psychoanalysis, that has occurred during recent decades or for whom it was not justified. There are methodological problems to has led analysts to Psychoanalytic psychotherapy has solve and the need for further research, introduce modifications theoretical and technical but as far as it can be proven up to now, in their technique. … psychoanalytic differences with psychoanalysis, when indicated, is efficient psychoanalysis and I refer to the borderline technique should (see Sandell et al., 2000; Thöma and therefore they are not Kächele, 1990; Vaughan and Roose, 1995). personality, with its change only on the characteristic identity options that can be Psychoanalysis, like any other science, is diffusion or ‘the basis of scientific freely interchanged. subject to change, but I cannot see that crystallization of a evidence, it should Some colleagues have there are any decisive transformations pathological grandiose not change because adopted the position or crucial situations that threaten its self at the expense of marketing issues. that psychoanalysis existence, for example, by refuting its of a deterioration of The objectives of and psychoanalytic theses or creating a new paradigm. The the internal object psychoanalysis are psychotherapy can be social and personal crises of anachronistic relationships that are different from those considered as the same. institutions are evident but there is devalued’ (Kernberg, of faster or cheaper They assert that the notes no such crisis in psychoanalysis. 1980, p. 136), or the from the two situations are pharmacological and character disturbances indistinguishable to third described by Gaddini psychotherapeutic parties, that results are (1984), where procedures, and similar and even that their References omnipotence cannot be achieved operative models are the Ahumada, J. (1998) Crisis de la cultura y determines the in the short term. same. In my opinion, this crisis del psicoanálisis. Rev. Colomb. appearance of imitative position creates confusion. forms, impostures and Psicoanál. 23: 227–43. The training to work in psychoanalytic peremptory gratification. Ballesteros, G. (1998) Crisis en el psychotherapy is shorter and less psicoanálisis o crisis en el analista. Rev. It is not yet clear whether these are new strenuous, and some colleagues consider Colomb. Psicoanál. 23: 206–12. pathologies; or whether they are the result that analysis of the therapist is not of a refinement in diagnosis; or whether necessary. Also, sessions are less frequent. Gaddini, E. (1984) Cambios en los pacientes psicoanalíticos. In R.S. external changes have triggered latent It is not surprising that patients choose a pathologies. Registering these Wallerstein (ed.) Cambios en los analistas road that is presented to them as easier y en su formación hasta nuestros días, disturbances constitutes a challenge to and faster, as do professionals when Monograph No. 4. London: IPA. psychoanalysts who must introduce deciding which discipline to train in. changes in technique with patients whose Kernberg, O. (1980) Internal World and imitative non-structured functioning In my view, psychoanalysis and External Reality. New York: Aronson. psychotherapy are different. The essence generates ‘insidious and frightening Sandell, R. et al. (2000) Varieties of of psychoanalysis is to be found in what defenses, such as imitative transference’ long-term outcome among patients (Gaddini, 1984). Analysts can either take it is as a whole, rather than in its isolated in psychoanalysis and long-term on these patients and change their characteristics. These characteristics, psychotherapy: a review of findings technique, with the risk of generating a taken separately, can be similar (but not in the Stockholm Outcome of modified psychoanalysis or a therapeutic the same) in both psychoanalysis and Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy Project modality that originates in psychotherapy, psychotherapy, as for example the (STOPPP). Int. J. Psychoanal. 81: 921–42. and thus departs from the mainstream; or existence of a transference process Thöma, H. and Kächele, H. (1990) not take them on and leave them in the or the use of interpretation. Teoría y práctica del psicoanálisis, vol. 2. Barcelona: Herder. hands of other sorts of therapists. But the two methods are not inter- changeable. Patients should be selected Vaughan, S. and Roose, S. (1995) Crisis among psychoanalysts for their potential to be analysed, and The analytic process: clinical and research Some analysts (Ballesteros, 1998) consider according to considerations of technique, definitions. Int. J. Psychoanal. 76: 343–56. that the crisis resides in the analyst and rather than for marketing reasons. 26 FOCUS

Juan Pablo Jiménez From threat to opportunity Crisis in sychoanalysis? P Juan Pablo Jiménez calls for creativity and flexibility in the face of inevitable change

Alex Holder’s invitation to present some ideas on the subject of the crisis in psychoanalysis arrived when I was running a seminar with candidates in the early stages of their training entitled ‘Current problems and challenges of psychoanalysis’.

With nearly twenty candidates of both Change and identity so slow that it was not perceived as a sexes, psychologists and psychiatrists, First, the crisis now confronting us has threat. (Identity, of course, comes into I was reviewing the shift from the been gestating for some decades and has being precisely through the ‘frontier’ perception of psychoanalysis in crisis, with not come out of the blue. The pluralism interaction with the changing environment.) many problems in a variety of areas, to made explicit by Robert Wallerstein in Today’s most conservative psychoanalysts the emergence of certain solutions and the two classic papers (1988, 1990) began to might well have been regarded as corresponding challenges. Thus – how else flourish in the 1970s (Sandler and Dreher, revolutionary by the progressives of the could it have been? – the idea crystallized 1996). The question remains as to how 1950s. In fact, what we have called the that every crisis represents not only a far it is we ourselves and our ‘petrified’ crisis in psychoanalysis is nothing but a threat but also an opportunity for change institutions that are responsible for the historical, and therefore inevitable, process and growth. crisis. Or has the dizzying process of social of transformation and change, in which change towards a postmodern society so In this article I shall set out some of the each new direction embarked upon must transformed the environment in which ideas that arose out of this seminar, as undergo a series of tests to determine psychoanalysis is practised that, within the well as others that have been maturing whether it is a legitimate heir to a space of a few short years, we have been inside me over the last fifteen years, tradition that dates back to Freud. during which I have been an attentive made ‘obsolete’ and virtually expelled from the psychotherapeutic ‘market’ – observer of, and an active participant A wider context in, the vicissitudes of psychoanalysis. in terms both of potential patients and of Whether we like it or not, and beyond By drawing attention to some of the young professionals who might have been the vision of ourselves primarily as solutions attempted in our Latin American interested in training as psychoanalysts? promoters of personal self-knowledge region, I hope to make a contribution Yet this seems to me to be a meaningless and not purveyors of ‘treatment’, we to the collective process of becoming controversy, since a crisis exists only when psychoanalysts are perceived by society conscious of the situation and of the capacity of a person or institution is and governments as health care providers reflecting on it. outstripped by the new demands imposed – that is, as part of a system with by a rapidly changing environment. If we increasingly specific ethical, legal, are to survive, we must recognize that economic and administrative regulations society has changed in many respects and and norms. In this sense, we are equated find ways of adapting. Some may well with the medical profession, regardless reply: ‘Yes, of course, but without losing of our original profession. our souls in the attempt.’ The implication here is that it is ultimately our own Now it is surprising to find that, for identity that is at stake – how far can we rather more than a decade, the medical change without ceasing to be ourselves? profession has itself been undergoing its deepest crisis since its establishment in the A review of the discussions and forums Western world in the sixteenth century. published in the IPA newsletter over the This is the conclusion reached in seminars last few years shows that, regardless of held in countries throughout the northern the topic in question, some consistently hemisphere (NHS Confederation, 2002). face change with fearless optimism, Our own studies of the ‘subjectivity of while others raise their voices in alarm in doctors at a time of change’ in Santiago, defence of the ‘psychoanalytic identity’ – Buenos Aires and Montevideo confirm as if the content of the claimed identity the findings in other countries. were not renewed by each succeeding generation, although until the end of the Doctors are suffering from a profound

Ulrich Lamparter © Claudia Guderian 1980s its transformation was admittedly malaise. They feel overwhelmed by the FOCUS 27 vertiginous pace of technological progress and by hyper-specialization; by changes in the doctor–patient relationship; by the better-informed and less deferential attitude of patients; by the introduction of legal, economic and administrative restrictions; and by the increase in P

external controls. sychoanalysis?

The subjective impact of these changes is Crisis in in general negative, comprising a sense of dissatisfaction with the profession and an impairment of the quality of personal and family life. There is a perceived reduction in autonomy and prestige in the exercise of the profession and an increase in

stress, distrust and professional insecurity. Eric Brenman, London © Claudia Guderian Even if there have been no studies exploring the subjective well-being of classical definition of the latter. This reality psychoanalytic theory can also not psychoanalysts, our own reality is surely lends force to the idea that it is ethically be disregarded (Fonagy, 2001). These comparable. If so, we must consider our nonsensical for our institutes not to advances must eventually be reflected own crisis in a much wider context. teach an adaptive technique, in which in the training curriculum. candidates would learn to distinguish Against this background, it is incumbent between the various psychoanalytic Conclusion on us psychoanalysts to go on seeking approaches to therapy in terms of their ways of actively reintroducing ourselves In conclusion, the last decade has clinical utility. into the centres of knowledge-creation, witnessed increasing levels of organization from which we can also influence social and interchange in our Latin American Research policies. In our region, the Institute of region. FEPAL, which almost disappeared the Uruguayan Psychoanalytic Association I never cease to be surprised by the at the end of the 1980s, has revised is in the vanguard, having obtained state change that has occurred in the level its statutes and gained new strength. recognition of its training course as of acceptance of systematic research A multinational governing body is leading to a Master’s degree. In Argentina, in psychoanalysis. The new candidate facilitating the establishment of regional other institutions are aiming for the generations no longer see this as a threat committees for developing different areas same status. Of course, the inclusion of to the clinical psychoanalyst’s mode of of psychoanalysis (education, professional psychoanalytic training in the university thinking, but increasingly as a necessary affairs, research, etc.). The reform of the system will impose heavy demands, but complement to it in areas where clinical IPA clearly demands a high degree of it also affords a great opportunity for work cannot provide the essential answers regional initiative. The challenges to the interdisciplinary work. to our questions. The quality of the continued existence of psychoanalysis in projects submitted to the IPA’s Research its ‘traditional’ countries, and its expansion Democratization Advisory Board continues to regions and countries from which to improve, while the it has hitherto been absent, call for At the same time, a By drawing attention methods and topics creativity and flexibility – which can only growing democratization studied are becoming flourish in democratic institutions that of our institutions is to some of the solutions ever more diversified. combine diversity with unity in the best observable in our region. attempted in our Latin possible way. In some societies, the American region, I hope Furthermore, I believe training function has been to make a contribution that this is becoming divided into the fields of evident in the universities to the collective process References supervision, theoretical of becoming conscious and in our interchanges teaching, candidate with neighbouring Fonagy, P. (2001) Attachment Theory and Psychoanalysis. New York: Other Press. analysis, etc., each of the situation and of sciences and disciplines. with different access reflecting on it. In Chile, a group of Gabbard, G.O. (1994) Psychodynamic requirements. The psychoanalysts engaged Psychiatry in Clinical Practice: objective here is a gradual in university work has The DSM-IV Edition. Washington: reduction in the power of the training contributed decisively to the organization American Psychiatric Press, Inc. analyst, which has so often been criticized of open meetings of psychotherapists, in Sandler, J. and Dreher, A.U. (1996) on account of its inhibitory effect on which clinical work combines happily with What Do Psychoanalysts Want? institutional development. research and the valuable contribution of The Problem of Aims in Psychoanalytic psychoanalytic insights is outstandingly Therapy. London and New York: Routledge. Applications clear. For our part, we can learn a great NHS Confederation (2002) The problem Similarly, we are reclaiming the so-called deal from psychotherapists working from of unhappy doctors: what are the applications of psychoanalysis for different perspectives. In interdisciplinary causes and what can we do? ourselves. The various forms of exchanges between psychoanalysis and http://www.nhsconfed.org (access to archive is for members only). psychoanalytic psychotherapy are no less the cognitive sciences, dynamic psychiatry psychoanalytic in origin than what we call has experienced a powerful resurgence Wallerstein, R. (1988) One psychoanalysis classical psychoanalysis. No one can now (Gabbard, 1994). The contribution or many? Int. J. Psychoanal. 69: 5–21. deny that the majority of the treatments of psychoanalysis to progress in Wallerstein, R. (1990) Psychoanalysis: carried out in our consulting rooms would developmental psychology and attachment the common ground. Int. J. Psychoanal. be better described as psychotherapy than theory is undeniable, but the possible 71: 3–20. as psychoanalysis, at least according to the impact of these disciplines on 28 FOCUS

Pablo Cuevas Corona Psychoanalysis in crisis? Crisis in sychoanalysis? P

Let me begin by asking whether Pablo Cuevas Corona argues that conceptual clarification, there is indeed a crisis in reform of the societies and new psychopathologies psychoanalysis and, if so, where it is located – in psychoanalytic theory; are the key issues in the psychoanalytic societies and institutions; in clinical practice, of more recent authors. However, readers first, to arrive at an internal consensus and, whether private, institutional of the material concerned will be struck second, to communicate with others -– or funded by health insurance; by the enormous diversity of terms used something we have for so long neglected or in the people concerned, to describe, define, explain and refer to (Dreher, 2000). namely the psychoanalysts? behavioural phenomena and the theories that account for them. An initial critical Psychoanalytic societies and Theory problem thus concerns the multiple institutions The psychoanalytic method has definitions of the terms and concepts used There is an undeniable difference between demonstrated, and indeed still by the various authors, so that one and the psychoanalysis as a scientific method and demonstrates, a route to discovering the same term – starting with those mentioned institutional psychoanalysis, for the aims truth about, and obtaining a deep and in the previous paragraph – is met with of our groups differ and diverge from the precise knowledge of the unconscious in a large number of different senses. For original theory (with all its vicissitudes) origin of people’s behaviour by exploration instance, what is the difference between a because they represent the interface of the conflict between impulses and wish, an impulse, an instinct and the well- between the interpersonal relations of wishes on the one hand and the mental known mistranslation of Trieb? Any one of their members, the knowledge transmitted mechanisms that protect consciousness us could commence an interminable debate and the factors of group and community from conflict on the other, as well as the on this subject, and even when we had organization. genesis of repetitive behaviour in the filled the entire capacity of the Internet infantile stages of development. with our exchange of ideas, we should This, then, is perhaps the locus of not be finished. In other words, one of the the second crisis: the aims of the two Whereas the basic axioms of the crises of theory is the lack of systematic aspects (scientific and society-related) are psychoanalytic system can be summarized conceptual research whereby we could dissimilar and contradictory, because the as above, psychoanalytic theory has also satisfy the need for consistency and psychoanalytic societies have the task of been greatly enriched by the contributions precision of language, thus enabling us, teaching and transmitting psychoanalysis. FOCUS 29

Thus, as with any educational situation, psychoanalysis today is very different the last century. Urgent changes in they are in a position of power reminiscent from that prevailing at the beginning of attitudes at the level of psychoanalytic of the teacher–pupil relationship at primary the last century, in which neurotic societies and individuals are essential. school which we have all experienced. elements, conversion symptoms (which So are changes in technique, backed However, unlike that situation, which were particularly common) and catharsis by the development of psychoanalytic comes to an end after our educational of the repressed predominated. Our research, if we are to succeed in years (leaving behind the precise and present-day Western world has been overcoming the crisis concerning the P

obvious traces with which we are familiar), through and overcome the aggressive effective therapeutic application of sychoanalysis? we psychoanalysts remain inside the same trauma of two overwhelming wars, psychoanalysis and the best way of Crisis in institution that trained us and in effect including the Holocaust and the atomic teaching and transmitting psychoanalysis, become part of a graduate bombing of Hiroshima so that we can compete in a market from club or a kind of sect that … what is the and Nagasaki. Yet which we have distanced ourselves. possesses, and operates with, difference between aggression (in which many of the characteristics of both contenders are a wish, an impulse, People: the psychoanalysts the closed societies described armed and prepared to an instinct and the The final aspect of the crisis has to do with by Karl Popper (1962). defend themselves on how to become a psychoanalyst. Institutes well-known a more or less equal are recording a big fall in the numbers of These include a rigid mistranslation of basis) and violence hierarchy of membership, applications for psychoanalytic training, Trieb? Any one of (where one of the among whom an elite wields while we observe a disproportionate us could commence contenders is wholly or increase in the number of psychotherapy power and interprets and effectively defenceless) validates the true and the an interminable schools of diverse orientations, with are commonplace in hundreds of new schools opening all the false, giving rise to a myth- debate on this subject, our culture as a part of like doctrine from which rules time. Meanwhile there are more and more and even when we civilization, as a token invitations to join collateral groups such are derived for the rest of the had filled the entire of the persistence of group. Any autonomous act as Lacanians or schools (sponsored by capacity of the traumatic neuroses in psychoanalysts themselves) that emphasize is thereby prevented and their different forms Internet with our a particular part of Freudian theory – avoided. New members are and with new names. selected in accordance with exchange of ideas, aspects based on personal preference On the other hand, and developed in a specific way, with their local official doctrine, by we should not be the free and open own training centres. But then, one is prolonged procedures and finished. expression of sexuality rituals disguised as objectivity disappointed to learn that the originator of all kinds, including of one of these schools, even within the and dominated by activities those formerly condemned, in the fields of publicity and proselytism. institution itself, developed his theory constitutes a situation very different from on the basis of an invented case! that described at the beginning of the At the same time, scientific discourse is twentieth century. distorted by the society’s need to create So we must reflect on the general state an ambiguous, indefinite and polysemic of psychoanalysis and its effectiveness These are precisely the sociocultural factors or otherwise as a therapeutic procedure, terminology – that is, an indirect, non- that characterize a society in the process discursive language – to conceal the by the analysis of results such as those of globalization, with such manifestations presented by M. Leuzinger-Bohleber et al. preferred behaviours connected with the as democratic and authoritarian systems, value system prevailing in a closed society. (2003) or the new proposals put forward the consumer society, business as the by S. Ramonet et al. (2003). Once again, These distortions range from repetitive predominant activity, competition, the personal accounts of the old (training) we need a space to think and talk quest for success (being a winner and not a amongst ourselves about the crises we analysts’ long experience, on the one loser), the postmodern ethos with its calling hand, to a phobia – sometimes disguised are currently experiencing and the best into question of all knowledge and the way of overcoming them. as ideology – about reading in a language generation of new ideas, books on personal other than that of the young and old improvement, and the massive provision analysts, on the other. of information by and through the media, This organizational climate often results which is so all-pervasive that groups in power struggles, the appearance of and individuals unquestioningly espouse References antagonistic groups, manifestations of and identify with alien ideas without ambition to climb up the hierarchy, considering other options. The result is a Dreher, A.U. (2000) Foundations for rationalized authoritarian attitudes, loss of freedom and the opening up of an Conceptual Research in Psychoanalysis. severe sanctions for rule violations and existential void: instead of controlling his London: Karnac. the inhibition of creativity – for creativity own time, man becomes a passive being Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. et al. (2003) How is the preserve of the elite, which puts enslaved to an alienating automation. to study the ‘quality of psychoanalytic forward usually unverifiable propositions, treatments’ and their long-term effects Present-day psychoanalytic practice has thus diverting the society’s activity into on patients’ well-being: a representative, undeniably undergone changes bound up multi-perspective follow-up study, channels that give rise to the splits in our with the need to confront – if not to solve – Int. J. Psychoanal. 84: 263–90. societies with which we are all too familiar. the various problems raised by today’s The best course might perhaps be to try Popper, K. (1962) The Open Society and psychopathology. Social reality has to devise alternative forms of functioning Its Enemies. London: Routledge. necessitated modifications of basic for our societies. Ramonet, S. (2003) Como estudiar technique due to the fall in the demand la cualidad de los tratamientos for treatment; and the current prevailing Clinical application and psicoanalíticos y sus efectos a largo pathologies – character disorders, plazo en el bienestar de los pacientes: psychopathology narcissism, borderline cases and investigación en curso. Mexican The third crisis arises from the fact that psychopathy, as well as disorders of identity Psychoanalytic Association. the epidemiological spectrum confronting – are very different from those met with in 30 FOCUS

Newell Fischer Challenge and response Crisis in sychoanalysis? P

I start in the middle of a story that Newell Fischer outlines the responses of the has just begun. We have known American Psychoanalytic Association to the crisis in for over a decade that a ‘crisis in psychoanalytic practice’ was on psychoanalytic practice the horizon, but we have been too busy to notice. In recent years The Strategic Marketing Study treating in psychoanalysis and to define our anecdotal reports and personal sources of referral. experience informed us that few In early 2000 the American Psychoanalytic Association launched an extensive Strategic analysts had waiting lists as in the (3) Seven external focus groups Marketing Study – to try to understand ‘halcyon’ days of our profession, consisting of: (a) four groups of mental what was precipitating these changes. The and that some Training Institutes health professionals (social workers, data from this study – the documentation were offering ‘tutorials’ rather than psychologists and psychiatrists) – all in of our impressions – forced us to see what clinical practice and (b) three groups of full classes because candidates were we were trying to ignore. not flocking to our doors. ‘consumers’ – that is, potential patients. In this two-year study, data was collected In the American Psychoanalytic Association from a variety of sources, including: (4) Three more internal focus groups (APsaA) we carefully documented this (of APsaA members) to review the data decline in clinical practice. In the 2001 (1) Six internal focus groups – obtained from the sources noted above. survey of our membership, it was representing various constituencies demonstrated that there had been a (candidates, officers, general members, Outline of the findings 13 per cent decline in analytic practice over training analysts) within the APsaA. First, there is a profound discrepancy the previous eleven years – a continuation The central question asked was: ‘What between how we analysts see ourselves of the long-term trend of a decline in do we want others, especially potential (attentive, deeply involved, caring, analytic practice at an approximate rate patients, to know about psychoanalysts empathic) and the way the public, other of 1 per cent annually since 1976. Many of and psychoanalysis?’ us also sensed that the decline in clinical mental health professionals and our own practice was actually greater than these (2) A written survey of the entire analytic colleagues experience us (cold, surveys indicated. We watched, we waited membership was conducted to develop aloof, arrogant, unrelated, dismissive, and we watched. a clear profile of the patients we were over-intellectual). FOCUS 31

Second, many of our mental health The Director of Public Affairs has organized Fifth, the Association has recently budgeted colleagues have great respect for national workshops for members on how for a major upgrading of our web site psychoanalytic concepts. They indicated best to engage the media, respond to and for staff to maintain it. Though APsaA they used analytic ideas in their clinical journalists, and how to offer expert has had a very active web site for many work and in their thinking, but they felt assistance in local and national crises. years, we are more and more aware of that psychoanalysis as a treatment modality She has found various opportunities for the increasing importance of effective was wasteful, ineffective, old-fashioned our membership to speak and write communication via this medium. The P

and out of touch with what patients really publicly about psychoanalysis, and has Association needs a competitive web sychoanalysis? needed and wanted. been successful in having reporters and site that informs members, consumers, Crisis in journalists attend our national scientific the press and other mental health Third, the internal focus groups (of APsaA meetings, conduct press conferences professionals about educational services, members) that reviewed the study findings and join us in many of our social events. information and outreach. Our consultants responded along a spectrum the two An additional half-time person to work in indicate that an organization’s web site poles being: Public Affairs has been requested in the is the most cost-effective as well as the APsaA budget for 2004. most effective way overall, to disseminate (1) ‘We knew this all along! Analysts are our message. very often aloof, arrogant, and seem Second, a nationally recognized uncaring about the pain of their patients.’ Communications Consultant was engaged A recent national study conducted by a This group added that this ‘aloofness to review our outreach efforts. From his renowned research firm reported that and arrogance’ often characterized the extensive report, I quote a central theme: half of all American adults have searched relationships between ‘colleagues’ within ‘In the end, it will be grassroots on-line for health information – about Institutes and Societies – especially those psychoanalysts as individuals who make 93 million Americans. Of those 93 million, groups that had a rigid hierarchical structure. the case for psychoanalytic theory … 21 percent (about 19.5 million Americans) have searched for information on (2) At the other pole of the spectrum This means that individual analysts have depression, stress, anxiety or other mental were those members of the internal to get out of the office and mix it up with health issues. It is imperative that, when psychoanalytic focus groups who felt that other professional colleagues, the media, people are searching for sound information the negative response to psychoanalysis with politicians, and school teachers, regarding mental health care, the American and psychoanalysts was primarily lawyers, clergy, and the family next door.’ Psychoanalytic Association should appear transferential. They saw the problem Third, as president of the APsaA, I have in their on-line searches. It is an investment as being ‘out there’ and the result of a been travelling around the country we cannot afford to neglect. series of distortions based on unconscious conducting town meetings with our many displacements. local Societies. Between September 2002 Sixth, our group has recently published an informative, sophisticated and very So, in the briefest outline, that was the and December 2003 I will have traveled attractive 10-page brochure – ‘All about beginning of the story – our long-standing 60,000 miles and met with thirty of our psychoanalysis for children and adolescents’ concerns and documentation of the forty-two local Societies. The primary – for distribution to mental health decline in clinical practice, the two-year objective of these meetings is professionals and the public. A similar Strategic Marketing Study and some of ‘consciousness raising’, and to recognize brochure is being designed for adult the major findings. and address effectively the crisis that we have been actively avoiding. In our town psychoanalysis. Also recently published and distributed to our members is a brief Six responses meetings we review the findings of the Strategic Marketing Study reference card entitled, ‘Talking points Now to the middle of the and watch a brief about psychoanalysis’ – a non-technical story. Where do we start? videotape of some guide that avoids jargon on ways to talk What do we do with these In the 2001 survey of of the commentaries about psychoanalysis to the lay public. findings? How do we our membership, it of mental health change the negative image These are some of the efforts the American was demonstrated professionals. A lively that psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Association is making to open discussion psychoanalysts seem to that there had been a address the ‘crisis in psychoanalysis’. is centred on the have acquired? 13 per cent decline in There are others – but these stand out. question: ‘What analytic practice over First, the American specifically can we As I stated at the beginning of this article, the previous eleven Psychoanalytic Association do locally – today – this is the middle of the story that has just hired a full-time professional years … Many of us to begin to change begun. It is yet to be determined how this Director of Public Affairs, also sensed that the this image of story will unfold, and whether our efforts and this has proven to be decline in clinical psychoanalysts will succeed or have only a minimal impact a wonderful investment. practice was actually and psychoanalysis?’ on the course of clinical practice. It is clear, however, that unless we put our full The list of her activities is greater than these quite long and includes: Fourth, APsaA has effort and creativity into dealing with the providing information to the surveys indicated. started publishing challenges that lie before us, there may media about psychoanalysis, a quarterly report not be a future. keeping track of all entitled Forward! references to psychoanalysis Best Practices News in major newspapers/publications and Bulletin wherein Association members and ensuring groups around the country describe in that a member of the Association writes detail some of their innovative and fruitful a publishable response. outreach programmes. We share and learn from our colleagues’ experiences – which APsaA has recognized that one way is the premise of ‘best practice’, a tool to reach the public with its messages utilized by many kinds of organizations is through working with the media. around the world. 32 FOCUS

Owen Renik No longer the talking cure Crisis in sychoanalysis? P Owen Renik argues that prioritizing symptom relief will make psychoanalysis relevant once again

Everywhere in the world that psychoanalysis has been able to establish itself, after a time it declines. Fewer and fewer patients consult analysts, and eventually the number and quality of applicants for psychoanalytic training falls. So pervasive and inexorable has the overall trend been that there is now an international consensus that we face a crisis in psychoanalysis.

Importance of symptom relief The reason for this unhappy evolution is, to my mind, neither mysterious nor complex. Over the years, psychoanalysis lost touch with its original empirically orientated concern with symptom relief, and because of that became irrelevant to the needs of most people. Psychoanalysts began to conceptualize special, specifically psychoanalytic goals – as opposed to therapeutic goals – for their clinical work. Then, rather than being a broadly applicable treatment method, as at the beginning, psychoanalysis tended toward becoming an esoteric practice, increasingly of interest exclusively to those who wish themselves to become psychoanalysts, and to intellectual fellow-travellers.

We know very well that Freud thought of himself more as a researcher than demonstrably effective healing method. have brought the crisis in our field upon as a healer, and he cautioned against the General interest in psychoanalytic theory ourselves. Instead, external causes for dangers of therapeutic zeal. Nonetheless, and its various applications – to art, the problem are invoked. For example, the psychoanalytic project began because culture, society, etc. – was a consequence the rise of psychopharmacology and the it was observed that inviting hysterical of the clinical success of the talking cure. hope for a ‘quick fix’ is often blamed patients to talk at length with unusual Once psychoanalysis departed from an for the decreased popularity of clinical freedom could cause their symptoms to empirical orientation toward symptom psychoanalysis. But chemical alleviation for disappear. Had symptom relief not relief as its fundamental outcome emotional distress has always been widely occurred, psychoanalysis would never have criterion, it set itself upon a path that available – whether alcohol, opium, got started. Psychoanalytic research was, would inevitably lead it into marginality. sedatives or stimulants. (Freud, of course, in the first instance, an attempt to explain experimented with cocaine.) Nonetheless, and replicate the talking cure. The world Psychopharmacology patients in abundance used to seek became fascinated with Freud's ideas I have the impression that psychoanalysts out psychoanalysts instead of simply because clinical psychoanalysis was a find it very difficult to recognize that we medicating themselves. That was not FOCUS 33 because there were no medications to be found, or because the medications we had then were so much less effective than the ones we have now. It was because psychoanalysts used to address patients' © Claudia Guderian felt needs: clinical psychoanalysis aimed at symptom relief. P sychoanalysis? Even now, in every community there are a few analysts who are therapeutically Crisis in zealous, despite establishment disapproval; and their practices tend to be full, while all around them more psychoanalytically correct practitioners have a great deal of time open in their schedules. The incidence and prevalence of psychic pain have not diminished, and patients are well aware of the limitations of psychopharmacological intervention. For an effective clinical analyst who prioritizes helping the patient to find symptom relief, there is no current professional crisis – it is just that such analysts constitute a small minority among us.

Psychotherapy Similarly, decline in psychoanalytic popularity is often attributed to the advent of innumerable competing forms of psychotherapy. Then we have to ask Ima Brenman-Pick, London ourselves, why are these therapies able to current crisis in psychoanalysis gives us an defensive self-importance, and our compete successfully with us? To begin opportunity to realize that we have gone psychoanalytic professional community with, it must be admitted that they are all astray by abandoning our is no exception. Our psychoanalytic therapies, of a kind. By original orientation toward organizations, now many of the fundamental principles symptom relief as the aim of We must accept the particularly our of psychoanalysis have been extensively clinical work, and our possibility that some training institutes, discussed and have long since percolated originally empirical have a pyramidal established features into the cultural surround. Everyone knows methodology, which tested structure; and as that there are unconscious motivations, psychoanalytic propositions of the psychoanalytic resources become that sexual expression can take many on the basis of their utility in method are merely scarcer, the slope of forms, that early experiences shape guiding effective clinical received wisdom, the pyramid becomes later development, etc. There is really work. However, in order to ineffective rituals steeper. Those no longer any such thing as a profit from this opportunity that are practised to colleagues who psychoanalytically uninformed person, we will have to review and ascend to the pinnacle let alone a psychoanalytically uninformed revise many long-standing maintain a special are able to sustain psychotherapist. Therefore, what we assumptions. We must accept psychoanalytic identity. themselves – by have to explain is why patients prefer the possibility that some monopolizing a to be treated by psychoanalytically established features of captive audience informed psychotherapists than the psychoanalytic method are merely and patient population, by dispensing by rigorously trained received wisdom, patronage and receiving rewards in psychoanalysts. Possibly ineffective rituals return – and are understandably reluctant the reason is that patients The world became that are practised to change the status quo. seek symptom relief and fascinated with Freud's to maintain a special psychotherapists tend to The tendency in our field, therefore, ideas because clinical psychoanalytic direct their work toward is toward a misguidedly complacent psychoanalysis was a identity. Instead of providing symptom relief, cultivating a sense conservatism, even at the expense of the thereby putting their demonstrably effective of our uniqueness, future of psychoanalysis. A strong effort psychoanalytic understanding healing method. we may have to is necessary to oppose that tendency and to good use, unencumbered General interest admit that we have to reflect critically on our history. When we make that effort, we perceive the by exalted, non-therapeutic in psychoanalytic much to learn from ambitions. necessity to return our attention to the theory and its various other therapeutic modalities. talking cure and how best to achieve it. applications – to art, Crisis – and opportunity If we re-establish the priority of culture, society, etc. – Psychoanalytic therapeutic aims for psychoanalysis, It has often been pointed out the crisis will resolve constructively. that the Chinese ideogram for was a consequence organizations crisis combines the ideogram of the clinical success It is difficult for any for danger with the ideogram of the talking cure. group to identify for opportunity. Indeed, the and relinquish its 34 DIALOGUE

Adaptation or idealization of theory?

Sharon Zalusky thinks that analysts should focus on what is Sharon Zalusky therapeutic rather than what is analytic elephone Analysis

T I am grateful for having been Self Psychologists, Lacanians, proponents action’ that analysts must stop asking able to share some of my ideas of the French School, the British Middle whether something is analytic, but rather of telephone analysis. The topic School, Relationalists, Intersubjectivists, ask whether it is therapeutic. Reviewing is controversial and provoked Social Constructionists and others. the literature on therapeutic action, they considerable debate; for that Are we all not psychoanalysts? conclude that there is not one type Who is to define us, after all our of therapeutic action, no matter how too I am appreciative. Initially, psychoanalytic training? complex the theory, but many. I was reluctant to respond to the debate but, in reflecting on the Argentieri and Amati Mehler state that Organized psychoanalysis is in crisis commentaries, it is clear that the they too have changed to accommodate worldwide. We have to acknowledge, real issue being discussed is not the needs of their patients; they add, I believe, that we have contributed to our telephone analysis per se, but however, ‘Nevertheless, there was a clear, own decline, in spite of the fact that we our relationship to the changing explicit and mutual awareness [between continue to help a wide variety of people psychoanalytic world in which patient and analyst] of the fact that we to feel better and to lead more satisfying were not doing or continuing to do lives. For me psychoanalysis remains a we find ourselves. analysis. We were doing something else transformative experience for the patient, like psychotherapy, post-analytic occasional for the analyst and for culture in general. It seems to me the controversy can be follow-up, support therapy or simple When we help transform our patients, characterized as follows: is innovation a human supportive contact.’ Argentieri and we are transformed in the process. How code word for the dismantling of classical Amati Mehler either have very different can our theory be the only thing that theory as Argentieri and Amati Mehler and patients than I do, or in spite of their remains static? Never has it been so clear Habib suggest, or is it an attempt to adapt ‘neutrality’ have imparted to their patients in the world that fundamentalisms of any our theory to the changing needs of our the idea that analysis is a very ‘special’ and type can have a devastating effect. Most patients and the world, a principle that delicate process worthy of idealization. My of the discussants agree that there is a seems to be held to in varying degrees patients, on the other hand, seem to want need to adapt our theory to the changing by Rodríguez de la Sierra, to feel better no matter what the method needs of our patients and the world. Sachs, Richards, Brainsky of therapeutic action is. Each questions, rightly so, when and how. and myself? It is clear that the real I have never been asked by any patient of mine, issue being discussed Dear Editor Clearly the most strident ‘Today are we doing is not telephone I have just received a copy of Insight critics were Argentieri and psychoanalysis? (International Psychoanalysis 12(1)), Amati Mehler who initially analysis per se, but Or is it supportive in which seven practitioners give concede that there ‘is no our relationship to the psychotherapy?’ In fact, their views on telephone analysis. real "proof" in favour or changing psychoa nalytic when any one of my I agree with the view that telephone against a specific practice patients may wonder world in which we find analysis could be used to save time and or its therapeutic out loud whether the ourselves. effort, and object to this. I am in favour effectiveness’, yet that does psychoanalytic rules of the use of telephone analysis only if not seem to impede them allow them to ask me a our patient is suddenly found to be in from defining what is and is not question or whether they can turn around the terminal phase of an illness. I wrote psychoanalysis and, implicitly, who is and and look at me, I make the inference that a paper about this which was published who is not a psychoanalyst. They suggest these patients may be too rule-bound. in the IJPA (February 1998, 79(1): that, ‘A remarkable … paradox is that I try to explore with them their fantasies 83–93) entitled ‘The patient without it is precisely those most engaged in associated with those notions. a couch, an analysis of a patient with dismantling psychoanalysis who are terminal cancer’. The experience proved strongly attached to the idea of remaining Brainsky asked the question is it adaptation beneficial for the patient, who was able under the psychoanalytic umbrella.’ to or idealization of technology? An equally important question to ask, to contain, work through and integrate The greatest problem with this approach ‘Is it adaptation or idealization of theory?’ the meaning and consequences of her seems to be that they so narrowly define Rodriguez de la Sierra states it well, ‘The disease, make reparations to her psychoanalysis as to exclude much of the controversy as to whether this is analysis objects, and accept death with dignity. fine psychoanalytic work that takes place proper or not is also an old one, which is It was also enriching for the analyst throughout the world. They recognize, very much in need of revaluation if we are who emerged from the experience rightly, that there have been many to survive as living creatures as opposed strengthened and more aware of her outstanding contributions to psychoanalysis to museum exhibits from a bygone era.’ own vulnerability and mortality. coming from post-Freudians, but the Gabbard and Westin (2003) conclude in Sincerely, psychoanalytic world in which we live their article in the International Journal Viviana Minerbo is also populated by post-Kleinians, of Psychoanalysis ‘Rethinking therapeutic PREJUDICE 35

The absence of a ‘good enough father’ harsh with one’s own people in ways one Palestinian – are traumatized. Each holds and a ‘good enough mother’ seem cannot with others’. He added: ‘One’s own on to visions of the past, the glorious past to aggravate the situation. Regarding people may be more accepting of criticism of their respective civilization. Centuries prejudice, Mahfouz asserted that it leads stemming from one of their own.’ ago, Islam conquered the West and to the demonization of the other. The coexistence with Jewish groups was question was raised whether the UN, Awad expanded on the psychic reality of a reality. through its diverse organizations, could Palestinians, who in his understanding make up for the loss of the idealized were made to pay for other people’s Today there is once again a need for parents. Mafhouz believes that the UN crimes. Their community seems to lie the two groups to share, to give up the Prejudice should play the role of the outside of the international dreams and learn to mourn what neither benevolent father, while law. He underscored will ever retrieve. Wallerstein added: civil society – NGOs, Since its inception, the that this was not meant ‘If you can’t mourn the past, no ability academia and the media – IPA/CUN has promoted as a political statement to move to the future would be possible.’ should assume the role of and maintained open lines but rather as a way The former IPA president remarked that of conceptualizing Israelis and Palestinians have been mother substitute. of communication Palestinians’ psychic humiliated and shamed. Henri Parens shared his between our discipline reality and subjectivity. own experiences and several United Nations People’s subjectivity can’t Wallerstein made a plea for the abolition of what Erik Erikson called as a target of prejudice (UN) departments, be denied. In order to ‘pseudospeciation’ – the human tendency during the Second World developing over the years establish a dialogue with War and explored the the other we must listen to consider as real humans only those universality of prejudice, what may be called a new to things we may not who are like you, while relegating those discussing the differences enlightened partnership. want to hear. who are different to the categories of between benign and ‘pseudo-human’, sub-human or lesser malignant prejudice. The last panellist was human. Wallerstein, like Mahfouz in her A fuller version of his contribution appears Robert Wallerstein. Born in Germany, he presentation, alluded to the sibling rivalry in a separate article (see page 36). had to emigrate when Hitler came into that seems to envelop Jews and Arabs power. As a student, he joined a left-wing alike, both children of Abraham. George Awad, responding to Henri Parens’s Zionist organization. In the 1930s there talk, stated that he saw himself on the was talk of creating a bi-national secular Education must be fostered in bringing same side as Parens despite Parens being state for Jews and Arabs together. the siblings together. We need, said Jewish and he a Palestinian. Awad referred Wallerstein, a type of moral courage to a paradox in his life: ‘I am a Palestinian Wallerstein expanded on historical and illustrated by the transition from Apartheid and a psychoanalyst – a predominantly psychological factors related to two to a democratic South Africa. In South Jewish profession. ’ He added that he national groups belonging to two different Africa, perhaps for the first time in human found a solution in accepting the multiple religions claiming the same territory. He history, a government gave up power facets of his identity. stated that the modern conflict originated so that a cruel and bloody confrontation from the promises made at the end of was avoided. Mandela and De Klerk both In Awad’s view, Israelis and Palestinians are the First World War when the British and displayed the necessary moral courage that currently equally traumatized. Both are in French devised a secret treaty intended to paves the way to mourning and healing, need of a safe space to process the trauma. divide the Middle East into protectorates. apology, truth and reconciliation. The Palestinian psychoanalyst refrained In today’s world, fundamentalism is on the from talking about the Israelis out of rise in every religion. Given the history of The audience engaged with the panellists concern of projecting his own biases on the conflict, what may be activated in and the panellists with each other to them. He preferred to talk about the people psychologically? Wallerstein agreed during the question-and-answer Palestinians believing that ‘one can be with Awad that both societies – Israeli and period that followed. The briefing ended with repeated requests by members of the audience and UN officials for continuing participation of the IPA/CUN on briefings around relevant topics that concern us all.

Notes

1. On 14 December 2000 a Briefing on ‘Children and their future in a troubled world’ took place at the UN, Dag Hammarskjöld Library. The participants were UN functionaries representing the special programme officer for Children and Armed Conflicts, UNICEF; Ilene Cohn, Programme Officer, Officer of the Special Representative of the Secretary- General for Children and Armed Conflict; Joan French, Chief, Partnership and Participation Section, UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF); and psychoanalysts from the USA, Argentina, and Israel: Otto Kernberg, Afaf Mahfouz (Chair of IPA/CUN), Harvey Rich, Janine Puget, Andres Raskovsky and Yolanda Gampel. Carl Nedelmann. Hamburg © Claudia Guderian 36 IPA ACTIVITIES

A psychoanalyst’s

Henri Parens understanding of prejudice Prejudice

‘Sales Juifs’, ‘Dirty Jews’. I saw it every day; I passed that wall on my way to and from school in Brussels, my home town. On 10 May 1940, when I was 11 years old, the German army invaded my country. We had to flee from our home and ended up in a French concentration camp. At my mother’s urging, I escaped; I was 12. My family was sent to Auschwitz. Why? Because we were Jews.

Origins of prejudice Prejudice is universal and many factors go into it: political, racial, religious, ethnic. But the prejudice that kills our children and Henri Parens explores the origins of prejudice families requires the input of individual psychology. Normal development makes us all have prejudices. Here’s what I mean. We authority figures have the perfect and the constant fear of attack by the Psychological development makes it vehicle for perpetuating our malignant hated other. This creates internal stress, necessary for the infant to attach to one prejudices: education. We educate our which interferes with children’s ability or more specific human beings. This children to hate Palestinians, to hate to learn and is a major cause of physical process brings with it two conditions Israelis, to hate black people. We praise and emotional disorders. It causes anxiety that make us prejudiced: stranger anxiety them when they comply with our and depression; it weakens the immune and identification. teachings, and we shame or punish system; it increases the frequency of them when they do not. asthmatic, allergic and diabetic episodes; Stranger anxiety secures the infant’s and it causes other illnesses. attaching to his or her particular mother, Palestinian and Israeli father, siblings. It is an early life factor that children are expected to I mourn the loss of the predisposes the child to reject others. In comply with teachings of We had to flee from our social progress being addition to attaching to us, their parents, hate. But a study of Israeli home and ended up in made in the Middle East children become who they are, ‘our’ and Palestinian children a French concentration just three years ago. children, by the process of identification. who spent some time with camp. At my mother’s For example, Yolanda All children want to be like those who care one another has revealed Gampel, an Israeli for them. This is what makes Palestinian that they were surprised to urging, I escaped; I was psychoanalyst, was children Palestinian, Israeli children Israeli. find themselves so alike, 12. My family was sent training Gaza Mental and that they liked each Specific attachments, stranger anxiety and to Auschwitz. Why? Health Community other. This study suggests identification, make us all prejudiced. They Professionals. Through that when we expose our Because we were Jews. lead to our feeling, ‘I prefer to be with her, at the invitation malignant distortions to the members of my own community.’ But of our Palestinian light of reality, malignant prejudice this benign prejudice makes us vulnerable colleagues, in 1999, our team went to weakens. to developing malignant prejudice. Life, Gaza and to Israel to help colleagues develop programmes to optimize the with its hurts and hardships, unavoidably In the interests of our children’s physical lives of parents and children in both generates hostility and hate in us. and mental health, we must act to counter populations. Also, Vamik Volkan and I were The more we feel hurt, the more we malignant prejudice. When the defusing about to initiate a project for Israeli and accumulate hostility and hate that is ready of the hate we feel is disallowed – which Palestinian high school kids to get to know to attach itself to anyone and can lead to we need to do for good mental health – each other. Since the eruption of the malignant prejudice. we become hate bombs ready to explode. current phase of the Israeli–Palestinian Hate can be programmed and aimed at conflict, children on both sides have lost specific targets, but its discharge is often Malignant prejudice the fruits of collaborative coexistence. To justify hating a neighbour, I must distort target-blind; it can be triggered by others, and vilify who he or she really is; I must including those we love. All of us at the UN must put our energies create a sustainable malignant distortion: a into exposing malignant distortions and sustainable theory as to why I dehumanize Burden of hate teach tolerance for differences. We must him and how righteous I am to want to rid Not only is hate a psychic burden, it also get the children of our small world to the world of his kind. brings fear – the fear of loss of self-control know each other.

IPA-COWAP Sylvia Zwettler-Otte, Vienna Zwettler-Otte, Sylvia 37 Our discussions had the merit of extricating incest from under the shadow of scotoma – or worse still, of denial; we have managed to give it back its name, thereby nullifying the triumph of euphemistic ambiguity that is unfortunately so widespread today. This has meant attempting to reinstate this dreadful act in all of its psychopathological specificity, to represent its possible vicissitudes – especially in Juan Tesone asked? Juan Tesone Giovanna Ambrosio Giovanna Ambrosio (COWAP Co-Chair for Europe) (COWAP patient and analyst. The patient and patient and analyst. down in a warm, analyst may get bogged comfortable and non-conflictual symmetry, losing all perspective of discernment When patients have and of asymmetry. the results of experienced incest in reality, this para-incestuous relationship cannot but be all the more devastating. Many questions remain to be explored. What does pre-oedipal mean? What are the theories that lie implicitly within each of us and how are they invoked in clinical practice? Where is the crossroads between Narcissus and Oedipus, as the interplay of transference and countertransference – as they are patterned through the patient’s states of mind, in terms both of psychological structure and of defences or defence mechanisms. The patient and analyst may get bogged down in a … non-conflictual losing symmetry, all perspective of discernment…. When patients have experienced incest in of the results reality, this para-incestuous relationship cannot but be all the more devastating. colluding with the patient’s most tenacious colluding with the patient’s defences: above all denial. to Our discussions confirmed the need not give in to the seductiveness of ambiguity but to reinstate the horror that is incest in all of its specific psychopathological substance, and to avoid confusing it with sexual abuse. That confusion perhaps reflects a last-ditch attempt to defend ourselves from this horror; it also threatens to blur our vision and make us lose our bearings. A thread running through the whole symposium concerned the centrality – in the case of incest occurring in reality – of pre-oedipal vicissitudes and the difficulties that lie behind the processes of differentiation, separation and individuation: the processes that lead to the possibility of ‘seeing’ the other (Monique Cournut). The discussions in all four plenaries involved the need to explore pre- oedipal vicissitudes and combinations, and to assess whether and how they intersect with the oedipal crossroads. Flegenheimer called an What Federico ‘implicit’ feature is fundamental: the importance – when talking about incest – of thinking about it within a psychoanalytic relationship. The setting acts as a special container in which the patient can re-experience the horror of incest. It can be brought into the transference relationship by re-transcribing archaic elements in a form more typical of later phases of development, and through working continually on and with our countertransference while paying close attention to any possible collusion within the analytical couple to the seductiveness of ambiguity and to the non-differentiated symmetry that are intrinsic to the nature of incestuous trauma. Another point is the risk of the confusion of tongues while the analytic couple is at work, through erotic acting out in the transference or through collusion between IPA-COWAP European Conference: Conference: European IPA-COWAP today’ yesterday and ‘Incest . The presenters Mariam Alizade and Giovanna Ambrosio elldon, a colleague who has had a IPA COWAP IPA esone and Federico Flegenheimer. esone and Federico wo important points have emerged. seductiveness of non-differentiation by we face of giving in to the enveloping It has also had an impact on the risk an impact on the analytical relationship. instruments of our work, and this has had changed with the ‘refinement’ of the defences, but we analysts have also consistency of their structures and past twenty years, in the quality and only have our patients changed in the vicissitudes. The second was that not The first involves oedipal and pre-oedipal T in the parent–child relationship.’ drives, whether … towards men or … whole range of sexual and aggressive and must therefore take on board the by now fully recognized as protagonists and international exchanges. are As Simona Argentieri said: ‘Women in the frame of psychoanalytic research narcissism’. triad of ‘masochism, passivity, stressed the importance of such meetings is a long way away from the Freudian appears below) and Mariam Alizade image of responsible subjectivity that conference (a synthesized, edited version psychopathology; as well as with an of the principal issues raised during the us with the whole range of feminine Ambrosio presented a general summary Closing remarks Giovanna Ambrosio The incestuous situation confronts from all over Europe. At the end, Giovanna The conference involved ninety participants but have a different connotation. cases of incest, which include sexual abuse distinguish sexual abuse from specific psychoanalytic process. We wanted to psychoanalytic process. We vast experience with cases of incest. the history of the patient and in the W to explore incest as it unveils itself in Our ‘special guest’ was Estela presented in the workshops in order T Cases of real acted-out incest were discussants were Juan Eduardo Monique Cournut; the plenary Giovanna Ambrosio were Simona Argentieri and chaired by Ravello on 28–9 April 2003. It was Ravello on 28–9 April organized by COWAP was held in organized by COWAP The European Conference on Incest The European Conference 38 RESEARCH

IPA Research Advisory

Peter Fonagy Board grants Research Peter Fonagy reports on the changes in psychoanalytic culture brought about by the Research Advisory Board

The IPA membership has made a We are increasingly able to coexist with a principal commitment is to the major investment in developing health care environment organized around advancement of the field through research. psychoanalytic research and this ideas from evidence-based medicine. This complements the importance of has paid off. Over 200 publications practice as a source of information. The (including 94 papers and 78 chapters) Second, the idea that systematic research RAB has been instrumental in creating have been supported by institutional invariably means research by numbers a new culture of professionalism in the funding from the IPA. Would these has been shown to be a fallacy. Also, the world of psychoanalytic research. publications be there without this recognition that systematic research – funding? Did we discover anything historical, legal, social As co-chair of the committee new about psychoanalysis because or clinical – requires for psychoanalytic research of the support of the Research resources and cannot Over 200 publications … I would like to congratulate Advisory Board (RAB)? Perhaps only be reliant on the have been supported by all those who have received a historian of psychoanalysis will resources of private institutional funding from funding through the practitioners, will have competitive route (see IPA have the perspective to provide a the IPA … Did we discover definitive opinion. major implications Newsletter, Vol. 11, issue 2, for psychoanalytic anything new about December 2002, p. 39). epistemology. The psychoanalysis because of I would like to thank the My own sense is that the RAB grants and more serious and the support of the Research chair and co-chairs of the the resulting publications have helped to systematic the research RAB, Robert Wallerstein, usher in a change of culture within the we do, the more likely Advisory Board? Werner Bohleber and international psychoanalytic movement. we are to be able Guillermo Lancelle, as well While research remains controversial, present our findings in as the members of their committee for several barriers to systematic research peer-reviewed publications accessible to their commitment in reviewing very large in psychoanalysis have been removed by other academics and professionals. To gain numbers of proposals over the years and the RAB initiative. entry into the world of peer-reviewed their excellent judgements in identifying publications, the research we do must meet First, the need for the validation of the most promising ideas. Finally, I want the standards of other disciplines. The psychoanalytic constructs and treatment to acknowledge the major contribution generosity of the IPA membership has outcomes is more generally accepted. The Julia Curl has made in providing enabled many of those who have received dismissing of research as inherently anti- administrative support to the RAB. RAB funding to gain access to these outlets psychoanalytic has all but disappeared. that might otherwise not have been open Reference to them, and thus to reach audiences which they might Fonagy, P. (ed.) (2003) Publications and not have otherwise reached. Further Grants Resulting from IPA In time, this will assist in the Research Advisory Board Grants. modification of public attitudes London: IPA. towards psychoanalysis.

Third, and perhaps most important, many of those ADVERT receiving funding have been relatively young individuals at International Psychoanalysis is keen to fairly early stages of their add further experienced translators of research careers. It has always English psychoanalytic texts into been the hope of the RAB to German, French and Spanish to join its encourage the emergence roster of high-quality translators. of a cadre of psychoanalytic professionals who are You must have experience of translating committed to acquiring psychoanalytic texts from English into research skills in a domain one or more of these languages and be outside psychoanalysis, and comfortable with working with e-mail who can combine these for the receipt and return of texts. Please capacities with psychoanalytic contact Robert Stein on sophistication rooted in clinical [email protected] for more details, work. Any medical profession enclosing relevant details of your work. includes a sub-group whose Helmut Junker, HamburgHelmut Junker, © Claudia Guderian IPA ACTIVITIES 39

New developments for Congress New Orleans Congress

The Congress pages of the IPA web site allow members to preview papers and programmes prior to the event

features keynote presentations from three of the world’s most eminent professors in the discipline: • Professor Sonia Abadi ‘Between the frontier and the network, notes for a metapsychology of freedom’ • Professor Glen Gabbard ‘Miscarriages of psychoanalytic treatment with suicidal patients’ • Professor Shmuel Erlich ‘Working at the frontier and the use of the analyst’ Professor Antonio Damasio, author of the recent Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain, will also give the principal lecture on ‘The neurobiology of feeling’ on Thursday morning. A number of Small Discussion Groups have already started their discussion online – in an innovation for the IPA – at the IPA site (www.ipa.org.uk) where Freud and Lacan, psychoanalytic psychotherapy, evaluation of trainees’ learning and infertility are among the topics listed. The web site also features abstracts of Bourbon Street Crowds at Night Richard Nowitz, © New Orleans Metropolitan Convention and Visitors Bureau, Inc. individual papers, papers submitted for panel discussions and background The IPA’s 43rd Congress – a panel on Tennessee Williams and on ‘Meet the author’ and ‘Meet the ‘Working at the Frontiers’ – which a jazz concert. analyst’ sessions, as well as a list of social tours, online booking for the is being held in March for the first The system of ‘tracks’ has been time, has succeeded in attracting Sheraton Hotel and useful information maintained, which has been designed about New Orleans. a wide range of distinguished to enable you to plan your personal speakers, presenters, panels programme more easily. Track 1: In another departure, the March and papers. Psychoanalytic process: clinical Congress will also embrace the Joseph and theoretical, core and frontiers; Sandler Research Conference, which Track 2: Psychoanalytic education; takes place on Tuesday 9 March in the Track 3: Psychoanalytic research: same venue. Tickets to the whole IPA Although it has been difficult to empirical and conceptual; Track 4: Congress will include admission to the export all of the activities planned Psychoanalysis and the health sciences Sandler Conference; those who wish for Toronto to New Orleans, the and Track 5: Psychoanalysis, society to attend only the Sandler conference same spirit will be maintained. Many and culture. will be able to buy a ticket for this activities involving the scientific and day alone. cultural world in New Orleans will The Congress, which is taking place in be organized, including a panel New Orleans, USA from Wednesday The Congress programme is available on neurosciences at the university, 10 March to Sunday 14 March 2004, on the IPA web site. World Activities clarifying educationalmodels inEurope; research, borders andneuroscience; group clinicalworkshops; workinprogress; child andadolescent psychoanalysis;small As before,theprojectthemeswill include F in themaincongresshall,between English, Simultaneous translationwillbe available and Sorrento. the twoconferencesheldinPrague and plenaryeventsalongthelinesof a programmeofpanels,individualpapers conferences onThursday15April,and There willbeclinicalandchildpre- in Helsinki. in theScandicMarinaCongressCentre held inHelsinkifrom15to18April2004, The ThirdEPFNewStyleConferencewillbe Third NewStyleConference European Psychoanalytical Federation Danish Psychoanalytic Society Europe life inpsychoanalytictheoryandpractice’. 2004. Thethemewillbe‘Theemotional take placeinCopenhagenon19–22August 19th ScandinavianCongress,whichwill The societyhasbeguntoorganizethe of theplanning. members andcandidateswilltakecare of aboardmemberaswellother 2003, aprogrammecommitteeconsisting responsible forthem.From theautumnof meetings. Previously, theboardwas as regardstheplanningofitsscientific The societyhasintroducedaninnovation professional staff. clinical servicesandthemanagementof Chief Executivewithresponsibilityfor Mary Target willbeaccountabletothe Centre’s activities.AsProfessionalDirector be accountabletotheBoardforall policy. AsChiefExecutive,Peter Fonagy will team shewillworkwiththeBoardtoset F makingregularvisitstotheAnna USA, the Yale ChildStudyCenterinNewHaven, Linda Mayeswillcontinuetobebasedat accepted theBoard’soffer. directorial teamandtheyhaveverbally to becometheAnnaFreud Centre’snew Dr MaryTarget, PhD,havebeeninvited Professor Peter Fonagy, PhD,FBAand announce thatDrLindaMayes,MD,PhD, The BoardofTrustees ispleasedto The AnnaFreud Centre rench andGerman. reud Centre.AsChairofthedirectorial FINLAND DENMARK 40 by thescientific advisory committeeof the of psychoanalytic treatments,asrequested of empiricalresearch ontheeffectiveness theorization in clinical psychoanalysisand evaluation reportonthestatus of members oftheDPVdrewupan psychoanalytically orientedassociations, In collaborationwiththeDPGand other psychoanalytic research. promote candidatetrainingand decided toestablishafoundation different internalworlds’.Themembers the family:differentformsoflife– November reflectedon‘Psychoanalysis and The autumnmeetingoftheDPVin Berlin. seminar attheKarlAbrahamInstitutein of ViennametinNovemberforaweekend The Freud StudyGroupandtheFreud Club Blass, ofJerusalem. contemporary view’,wasgivenbyRachel University, ‘Freud andthequestfortruth: a F The annualSigmundFreud Lectureat sadness?’ ‘Melancholia: madness,geniusor delivered theWolfgang LochLecture, In Tübingen,JacquelineAmatiMehler west Germany. discussed bysixtyanalystsfromeastand German andGerman’werepresented ‘The "uncanny"intheencounterbetween W In September2003theDPVheld11th (DPV) German Psychoanalytical Association irrelevant?’ ’The superegorevisited–relevantor speak attheSocietyon12February on is LéonWurmser, whowill fromtheUSA, The foreignguestlecturerinspring2004 Finnish Psychoanalytical Society [email protected] web siteorcontactNancyPoller at individual paperpleaselookatthe If youareinterestedinsubmittingan some protectedtimeforindividualpapers. An innovationthisyearwillbetoprovide of August. site (www.epf-eu.org) fromthebeginning Bulletin, andfulldetailswillbeontheweb and registrationforminOctoberwiththe All EPFmemberswillbereceivingaleaflet will be‘Theunconscious’. hosts, theFinnishPsychoanalytic Society, topics. Thespecialtheme,chosenbyour and specialinvitedpanelsoncurrent rankfurt’s JohannWolfgang Goethe GERMANY est–East SymposiuminJena.Papers on publications representedinthestudy. language booksandindividual overview ofthelargenumberGerman- of Psychoanalysis published inthe Bernhard RügerandManfredBeutel, Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber, UlrichStuhr, New Orleans.Itisbasedonapaperby research prize,whichwillbepresentedin project aftertheywereawardedtheIPA’s follow-up team responsiblefortheDPV’s Georg Brunscongratulatedtheresearch Kazanskaya. Kadyrov, KatyaKalmykovaandAnya three guestsarefromMoscow:IgorM. clinical andscientificexchanges.Thefirst and enablethemtoparticipateinour have obtainedtheirDirectMembership, in contactwiththesecolleaguesafterthey of theExecutive.Thiswillenableustokeep Germany weregiventhestatusofguests who completedpartoftheirtrainingin The easternEuropeanshuttleanalysands The reportwillbeupdatedregularly. F ederal ChamberofPhysiciansinGermany. P for EuropeanandNorthAmerican The 8thEPFNAPsaC ClinicalConference >22–5 July2004 espoused asourtask?’,Ulm. and changes–tobeforgoneor Spring meetingoftheDPV: ‘Developments >19-22 May2004 Fa Widlöcher, Paris, attheLiteraturhaus, listening, timeforinterpreting’,Daniel T >9 May2004,11.00hrs Kassel. Third DPG/DPVjointclinicalseminar, >19-–20 March2004 central Europe’. the German-speakingcountries and psychoanalysis andtheculture of language, languageandtheunconscious: general theme:‘Psychoanalysis and Central EuropeanConference), Potsdam; P International German-Language >16–19 September2004 email: [email protected] W organizations. ChristineandPeter official jointsponsorshipofboth that thiswillnowbeaneventunderthe The EPFandtheNAPsaC agreedin2003 the TübingenInstituteofPsychoanalysis. south-west Germany, attheinvitationof welfth KarlAbrahamLecture,‘Timefor sychoanalytic Conference(formerlythe sychoanalysts willbeheldinTübingen, egner willbetheLocalOrganizers, sanenstrasse 23,Berlin-Charlottenburg. International Journal OL ACTIVITIES WORLD 84(2). Itcomprisesan World Activities 41 The Ring Der Ring , which will be staged >6 August 2004 All-day workshop meeting of mental health professionals working in public hospitals >September 2004 and All-day workshop on ‘Psychoanalysis community’ >October 2004 10th Pre-symposium (aimed at students and young colleagues) >November 2004 32nd Congress and 42nd Symposium Argentine Psychoanalytic Argentine Psychoanalytic Association (APA) presented in Umeå in November. Our in Umeå in November. presented continue with spring programme will and will start with monthly open lectures a seminar ‘What is psychoanalysis?’ of the Swedish The scientific programme per month Society offers two lectures Most lecturers are to members and guests. but we invite at least from our own ranks each term. one lecturer from abroad the Norwegian from Dr Sverre Varvin either trauma Society will lecture on 2004 and or terrorism on 2 February lecture on Dr Gabriele Junkers will and ageing’ on ’Psychoanalysis 3 May 2004. The conference is being held in conjunction with a production of the complete cycle of Wagner’s des Nibelungen on 16–22 November in Adelaide. For November in Adelaide. on 16–22 delegates interested in staying on for this production, we will be hosting a day specifically on the theme of (18 November), the first non-opera day. Conference/Opera enquiries, including information about airfare/opera tickets (subject to availability), hotels and conference registration packages, should be directed to Dr Rachel Falk ([email protected]; postal address: Road, St Leonards, NSW 2065, 11A Park Australia). Details of the opera can be viewed at the website of the South Australian Opera: www.saopera.sa.gov.au/thering/docs/frame set.html. continue to arrange one-day seminars 5th Argentine Congress of Psychoanalysis in times of economic, ‘Psychoanalysis social and political crisis’ Meetings between societies >November 2004 Association and Argentine Psychoanalytic Association, Uruguayan Psychoanalytic at Colonia, Uruguay >9–10 April 2004 Asociation Argentine Psychoanalytic Society. and Italian Psychoanalytic Buenos Aires, Argentina SWEDEN >21–2 May 2004 sychoanalytical Society continue with sychoanalytical Society from an over-reliance on complying with on complying from an over-reliance bye-law requirements. The next conference will be in Adelaide, South Australia, 13–16 November 2004; the keynote speaker will be Dr Paul Williams from London. The title is and symbolization – ‘Psychoanalysis the lightness and darkness of creativity: are a socio-cultural perspective’. We inviting papers for the conference, and abstracts should be submitted by the – 2004 (to Dr Rachel Falk end of February see below). The first two days of the conference will form the annual conference Society, of the Australian Psychoanalytical members are to which interested IPA invited; the following day and a half will be an open meeting. The conference venue is the Radisson Playford Hotel, Adelaide, South Australia. The outreach activities of the Swedish The outreach activities P lectures. In the our fourth year of open two lectures on autumn there will be and two on child psychosomatic problems is that some psychoanalysis. An innovation will be available to members of the society the audience. These answer questions from persons. open lectures reach 150–300 We reaching out to professionals in A seminar psychotherapy and psychiatry. on ‘Narcissism’ held in Stockholm in October will later be presented elsewhere. The earlier seminar on Winnicott was Swedish Psychoanalytical Society Swedish Psychoanalytical

USTRALIA

ARGENTINA A >19–20 March 2004 Kassel seminar, Third DPV/DPG joint clinical >20–3 May 2004 the devaluation ‘The end of Oedipus: concepts and idealization of oedipal in psychoanalysis today’ DPG in Kassel Annual Meeting of the DPV and DPG >10–12 June 2004 between ‘Violence or dialogue: collective denial’, collective phantasy and interdisciplinary meeting of experts on organized violence and society, terror, Working and Terrorism Terror by the IPA’s Group together with the DPG and the Ministry of Foreign Federal Venue: DPV. Affairs, Berlin. WORLD ACTIVITIES sychoanalytic Society, Mendoza sychoanalytic Society, Rosario sychoanalytic Society, sychoanalytic Association, Argentine P P Society of Psychoanalysis P Association (ApdeBA), Cordoba (APA), Buenos Aires Psychoanalytic (APA), Argentine Psychoanalytic Association Argentine Psychoanalytic German Psychoanalytical Society (DPG) German Psychoanalytical assessment of analytic capacity, away assessment of analytic capacity, our sights on the development and programme, but also at re-focusing candidates’ progress through the programme, aimed not only at facilitating changes were made to our training and discussions. As a result, several Latin America was followed by a series of presentations seeking the spirit of psychoanalysis’. This meet the Buddha, you kill the Buddha: by Dr Shahid Najeeb, entitled ‘When you The conference began with a public lecture revitalization of our training programme. potential for a reconsideration and impact. In particular, we explored its we explored impact. In particular, at the ‘crisis’ in psychoanalysis and its entitled ‘The psychoanalytic space’, looking a successful conference in August 2003, The Australian Psychoanalytical Society held The Australian Psychoanalytical Australian Psychoanalytical Society Australian Psychoanalytical Europe Europe World Activities the ApdeBA. appointed asanHonoraryMember of In July2003DrLeonGrimberg was Distinctions andcommemorations Association( ApdeBA–BAPA) Buenos AiresPsychoanalytic activities pleaserefertowww.apa.org.ar F theory. Dr LuísStorni:Bestworkonpsychoanalytic adolescents. psychoanalysis withchildrenand Aberastury:Bestworkon Dra A. third age. and psychoanalyticpsychotherapyofthe Liniado:Bestworkonpsychoanalysis Sr A. institutional pointofview. psychoanalysis fromthepedagogicaland Dr JoséBleger:Bestworkonapplicationsof 2004 forthefollowingawards: Entries willbeaccepteduntil30October APA awards universities inBuenosAires. association withtheCAECEandUSAL in Psychoanalysis willbedevelopedin of BuenosAires.NextyearaMasterscourse taught jointlywiththeCAECEuniversity couples’ specializationscontinuetobe ‘Psychosomatic medicine’and‘Family and young colleagues. issues inpsychoanalysistostudentsand APA continuestooffercoursesonbasic The Psychoanalytic Teaching Centerofthe Diffusion activities the lateMrsElizabethGoodedeGarma. A scientificmeetingwasheldinhonourof the lateDrMauricioAbadi. A scientificmeetingwasheldinhonourof In memoriam Latin America or furtherinformationontheseandother presentations arealsoincluded. are discussed.Once-monthlyguest where paperspresentedbythemembers Every Tuesday clinicalmeetingsareheld Internal CongressandSymposium. >October 2004 health andinstitutions’. All-day workshopon‘Hospitals,mental >September 2004 F All-day workshopon‘Contemporary >May 2004 42 Dr Libermann’s death. In memoriam:20thanniversary of >November 2003 ARGENTINA contd rench thought’. group workandopendiscussion. analysis, individualsupervisions,small supervision withmaterialfromachild were alsosessionsdevotedtogroup pathology inrelationtolatency’.There we heldadiscussionabout‘Adolescent a sessioncalled‘Talking withDrUrribarri’, during childhoodandadolescence’.During adult pathologyofthelosslovedones ‘The importanceforpsychicstructuringand structuring oflatencyandadolescence’ adult pathologyoftheprocessespsychic presentations, entitled‘Theimportancefor participating intheevent.Hemadetwo Argentinian Psychoanalytic Society, have DrUrribarri,traininganalystofthe adult psyche’.We werefortunateto adolescence inthestructuringof was ‘Theimportanceoflatencyand of theSPPA tookplace.Itsmaintheme on ‘Childandadolescentpsychoanalysis’ Alegre (SPPA), the5thAnnualSymposium of thePsychoanalytic SocietyofPorto On 15–17May2003,attheheadquarters of theSPPA Review ofthe5thAnnualSymposium training analysis andtrainingsupervision. accreditation as itmeetsthedemandsof The institutehasbeengranted of Psychoanalysis. be awardedthedegreeofMaster who graduatefromthiscentre will government authorities.Thecolleagues has gainedofficialrecognitionbythe that thetraininginstituteofthisSociety It iswithgreatpleasurethatweannounce Uruguayan Psychoanalytic Association the secretaryofabove-mentionedsociety. Fo psychoanalysis withchildrenandadolescents. Dra ElenaEvelson:Bestworkon 2004 forthefollowingaward: Entries willbeaccepteduntil30September BAPA (ApdeBA)awards and workshops. curricular andextracurricularmodules The Psychoanalytical StudiesCentreoffers University ofBuenosAires. jointly withtheSchoolofMedicine University postgraduatecoursesarerun Diffusion activities contd URUGUAY BRAZIL r furtherinformationpleasecontactwith & NorthAmerica and Research(IPTAR) Institute forPsychoanalytic Training Analyst. Sheisdeeplymourned. highly esteemedTraining andSupervising 2003 ofGailSisson-Stegerabeloved and LAISPS sadlyannouncesthedeath on7July T Joy Scharyhavebeenappointed Corinne Hatton,BethKalish-Weiss and have receivedaPsy.D. inPsychoanalysis. all requirementsforfullmembershipand Goren andJoelenLapidushavecompleted Christopher Bollas,SandraGarfield,Lynn P Los AngelesInstituteandSocietyfor light ofcontemporarydevelopmentaltheory’. was titled‘Separationindividuationinthe was deliveredbyAnniBergman.Herpaper The AnnualEdmundWeil MemorialLecture Evert: [email protected] F and treatmentmodels. therapy basedonpsychoanalyticprinciples therapy, grouptreatmentand/orindividual an individualizedcombinationofmilieu in NewYork City. Studentsareoffered attending analternativepublichighschool services tohigh-riskurbanadolescents a pilotprogrammeofferingpsychodynamic The IPTAR ClinicalCenterhasimplemented Luongo andKatharineMuir. IPTAR welcomesnewgraduatesJudith The presidentofIPTAR isAllenFrosch. raining Analysts. or informationcontact:ElizabethCutter sychoanalytic Studies(LAISPS) (310)440-0333 (USA). Co-chairs. For informationcontact participate. HeddaBolgarandJoySchary Five otherLosAngelesInstituteswill external realityinthepost-9/11world. of theinteractionpsychicrealityand Conference focusingontheexploration >Autumn 2004 [email protected] contact CarolynEllmanEmail: F ‘Revenge andmasochism’. Lecture: MiltonHorowitz, Annual DistinguishedClinician >23 April2004 PEP Conference):‘Ruptureandrepair’. Annual JournalsConference(formerly >27–8 March2004 Hillesum: psychoanalysisintheShoah’. Susan D.Guber, ‘Falling forEtty The DorisBernsteinMemorialLecture: >20 February 2004 USA or informationonanyoftheabove WORLD ACTIVITES WORLD ACTIVITES 43

North America contd

USA contd The New York Freudian Society and because some groups such as NYFS, IPTAR

PCC announces the inauguration of FIRST: W

Institute (NYFS) a programme of Family–Infant Research, and APsaA (IPS did not then exist) were orld Activities Study and Treatment. A lay board is being able to mount active campaigns against The new president of the NYFS is Jane S. Hall organized to assist with community them. NAAP then turned, unannounced, The Society welcomes four new graduates outreach. Basing its programme on the to individual state governments where into membership: Sharon D. Bisco, Esther Bick method of infant observation, they have now had significant success. PCC plans to develop a model of early Debra Gill, Nancy Cromer Grayson and What makes this a critical issue about intervention from pre-natal months to the Steffi Ostroff. which we are most concerned, is that the child’s age two that will be made available standards established by NAAP are minimal The traditional Plumsock Prize for 2003 to the community. was awarded to Nancy Cromer Grayson and totally unacceptable to analysts for her paper: ‘The opening and closing of For information contact Julie McCaig at meeting IPA and/or APsaA standards. For doors: chronic syntonic acting out’. The [email protected] example, the New York State law recently senior Plumsock Prize was shared by Ellen passed via the auspices of NAAP, first, Sinkman for her paper: ‘The creation of a The New York Freudian Society and minimizes course work (Institute training beautiful self: Pygmalion on and off the Institute (NYFS) may be comparable to an MA level, which couch’, and Molly Jones-Quinn for her in the USA is quite low in this context) >28–9 February 2004 paper ‘Chronic genital pain serving as a and, second, requires only 1500 hours of Fourth Annual Journals Conference sadomasochistic compromise formation’. supervised practice, which need not be Symposium 2004: ‘Contemporary psychoanalysis,150 hours of supervision >7 May 2004 psychoanalytic perspectives on and 300 hours of personal analysis. There The Annual Anna Freud Lecture will transference’ are no standards for frequency of sessions, and no prior training in a mental health be given by Kerry Kelly Novick and Mount Sinai Medical Center, profession is required. Jack Novick at 8:30 p.m. at Mt Sinai New York City Hospital Hatch Auditorium. Their paper is ‘Freedom to decide’. The speakers These standards now define the total Confederation of Independent will lead a clinical workshop the required clinical training for a practitioner Psychoanalytic Societies following day. to be licensed as a psychoanalyst in New (IPS; including IPTAR, LAISPS, PCC and York State. Licensure for the practice of For information contact Katherine Rees Direct Members Group) psychoanalysis has also been secured by (212) 362-6964 (USA). The new President is Ernest Lawrence. NAAP In New Jersey and Vermont. NAAP is James Gooch is a North American currently lobbying for the same legislation The Psychoanalytic Center of representative to the IPA. in California. California (PCC) Bonnie Engdahl is the president of PCC The IPS will be represented on the EPF IPS is exploring various options to promote Conference Committee by Helen Gediman, better laws in the future, to influence the The Board of Trustees wishes to announce a on the FEPAL Conference Committee by implementation of laws, and means to call for papers for 2004 for the 8th Annual Nancy Hollander, and on the NAPsaC enable those of us who are members of International Frances Tustin Memorial Prize. (North American Psychoanalytic the IPA to differentiate ourselves from Confederation) by Carolyn Ellman. those ‘licensed psychoanalysts’ who will Papers should be submitted in English, share our title but not our training. Toward must be psychoanalytic and clinically For information regarding the biennial that end the IPS is seeking the cooperation focused, extending and expanding IPS conference to be held in the winter of the IPA to provide some form of Mrs Tustin’s seminal contributions to of 2004–5 contact Susan Mulliken at certification to all members. the psychoanalytic understanding and [email protected] treatment of autistic states in children and For a full analysis and proposed adults. The prize is $1000 and a public IPS faces a developing crisis for implementation contact Frederick Perlman: presentation in Los Angeles in November psychoanalysts in America mailto:[email protected] and 2004. Six copies of the paper, 20–25 pages IPS wishes to make all IPA analysts aware request ‘Call to the International in length, in IJPA-style format should be of a developing crisis concerning issues Psychoanalytic Association’. emailed or postmarked regular mail by of credentials and licensing for 1 April 2004 to Judith L. Mitrani PhD, psychoanalysts in North America. Chair – Frances Tustin Memorial Trust, 9735 Wilshire Blvd, Suite 422, Beverly Hills, Some years ago a group of loosely CA 90212, USA. associated practitioners formed an alliance which they named the National Bianca Lechevalier-Haim of Caen, France was Association for the Advancement of selected as the 7th International Frances Psychoanalysis (NAAP). The mission of Tustin Memorial Lecturer and the recipient of this group was to establish certain the FTM Prize. Dr Lechevalier-Haim delivered qualifications for the federal licensure her prize-winning paper ‘Autistic enclaves of psychoanalysis in the USA, and to in the dynamics of adult psychoanalysis’ lobby the appropriate government offices and also ‘Long-term mother–infant (Department of Education, etc.) to psychoanalytic psychotherapy in a case of promote this goal. For many years their infantile autism with brain anomalies’. mission was unsuccessful, in large part