Volume 15, December 2006 IPA Publications International

Recently published: Identity, Gender and Sexuality: 150 Years after Freud Edited by Peter Fonagy, Rainer Krause, PSYCHOANALYSIS and Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber News Magazine of the International Psychoanalytical Association Contributors: Susan Coates, Cláudio Laks Eizirik, Peter Fonagy, Erlich’s “Issues of ‘Grey’ Psychoanalytic Training” Richard C Friedman, André E Haynal, Rainer Krause, Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber, Linda C Mayes, Friedemann Pfäfflin, The debate continues — and Erlich responds Anne-Marie Sandler, Sheila Spensley, Sverre Varvin, and Rudi Vermote Cláudio Laks Eizirik on While Freud opened the door on the formative and motivating power of sexuality, “Strengthening our psychoanalytic community“ contemporary psychoanalysts, with some notable exceptions, have consigned sexuality to the psychoanalytic closet. This book not only re-opens the door on the broad subject Tributes to Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel, David Iseman, Paulina Kernberg and Moses Laufer of psychosexuality, but also provides fresh insights into heterosexuality, bisexuality, homosexuality, Gender Identity Disorder, transvestism and transsexualism.

This publication brings together some of the leading psychoanalytic authorities from around the globe to consider in depth the complex interweaving of identity, gender and sexuality from theoretical, clinical, historical and research perspectives. I strongly recommend Identity, Gender and Sexuality to those looking for a book that does not pull punches. The reader will find a debate about the relative merits of clinical, empirical, and conceptual research, critical assessments of interdisciplinary findings from infant and child development research, Embodied Cognitive Science, academic psychology, Members’price: neurobiology, genetics, ethology, and other fields of inquiry, and honest and illuminating £16.50/$29.50 psychoanalytic case studies. The IPA Congress comes (ISBN: 978-09523905-9-6) Donald Campbell to Berlin in July 2007

Coming soon for 2007...

From Impression to Inquiry: The Integration On Freud’s ‘Mourning and Melancholia’ of Clinical and Research Perspectives in the Edited by Leticia Glocer-Fiorini, Thierry work of Robert Wallerstein Bokanowski, & Sérgio Lewkowicz Edited by Norbert Freedman, Wilma Bucci, (ISBN: 978-1-905888-06-1) & Ethan Graham (ISBN: 978-1-905888-00-9) The Geography of Meanings: Realities, Metaphors and Psychoanalytic Perspectives Resonance of Suffering: Edited by Maria Teresa Hooke & Salman Akhtar Countertransference in Non-Neurotic Structures (ISBN: 978-1-905888-03-0) Edited by André Green (ISBN: 978-1-905888-01-6) The Unconscious Edited by José Carlos Calich & Helmut Hinz Links, Alliances, and Shared Space: The Psychoanalytic Approach to Groups (ISBN: 978-1-905888-02-3) and the Psychoanalyst By René Kaës (ISBN: 978-1-905888-04-7)

Plus more titles… International Association Internationale Asociación Psychoanalytical Psychanalytique Psychoanalytische Psicoanalítica For more information on these titles or to order online please visit our website www.ipa.org.uk or email us at: [email protected] Association Internationale Vereinigung Internacional 2 CONTENTS

INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOANALYSIS THE NEWS MAGAZINE OF THE IPA. ISSN 1564-0361 Editor Doris K. Silverman Previous Editors Ethel Person, Leopold Nosek, Alex Holder Contents Regional Editors Europe: Erika Hartmann ([email protected]), Gérard Lucas ([email protected]), Tamara Stajner-Popovi´c ([email protected]) Latin America: Alcira Mariam Alizade ([email protected]), Leila Tannous Guimarães ([email protected]), 3 Editorial Rómulo Lander ([email protected]) North America: Abbot Bronstein ([email protected]), Joining the education debate – Doris Silverman gives her Joseph L. Fernando, ([email protected]), Bonnie E. Litowitz ([email protected]) perspective on this issue’s main focus

Contents Language Editors English News Magazine: Robert Stein French News Magazine: Colette Scherer German News Magazine: Ursula Engel 4–12 The Education Debate Spanish News Magazine: Patricia Alkolombre Replies to the debate begun in Electronic Newsletter Production Manager Robert Stein Sub-Editor Sophie Richmond No. 2 by Shmuel Erlich Translation Team English: Philip Slotkin, Andrew Weller • Ludwig Haesler French: Marie-Elizabeth Bell, Danielle Goldstein, Anne-Lise Hacker, Marianne Robert, Catherine Roux, • Helmut Thomä Claudine Tourniaire German: Katrin Grünepütt, Michael Mertl, Joachim Roether, • Joe Schachter Susanne Vogl, Elisabeth Vorspohl Spanish: Dana Caceres-Pawlikowski, Irene Cusien, • David Sachs Magdalena Padrón Araújo, Pilar Rodas Riley, María Julia Sainz Bello • Emanuel Berman Layout and Production Bobbett Creative Communications • Neville Symington – article on the IPA website Print NewNorth Print Click on ‘IPA News’ – ‘News Magazine’ THE INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOANALYTICAL ASSOCIATION • Rómulo Lander article on the IPA website Board of Representatives President Cláudio Laks Eizirik Click on ‘IPA News’ – ‘News Magazine’ Secretary General Mónica Siedmann de Armesto • Shmuel Erlich replies Treasurer Nadine A. Levinson Representatives Europe: Marilia Aisenstein, Werner Bohleber, Stefano Bolognini, Jorge Canestri, 13 The President’s Column Henk Jan Dalewijk, Shmuel Erlich, Anna Potamianou Latin America: Aloysio Augusto D’Abreu, Adriana Cláudio Laks Eizirik writes about what the IPA provides for Members Prengler de Benveniste, Raquel Zak de Goldstein, Rolando De León Luévano, Leopold Nosek, Carmen Médici de Steiner, Virginia R. Ungar North America: Sander M. Abend, Peter Blos Jr, 15 The Secretary General’s Report James A. Gooch, Charles M.T. Hanly, Lee S. Jaffe, K. Lynne Moritz, Sharon Zalusky. New groups, relations with IPSO, future Congresses and the Latin Honorary President Leo Rangell American Institute for Psychoanalysis are among topics considered Honorary Vice-President Robert S. Wallerstein Corporate Officer by Mónica Siedmann de Armesto Piers Pendred (Director General)

NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS TO INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOANALYSIS 17 The Treasurer’s Report 1. Contribution Policy and Languages This News Magazine appears once a year – normally in Nadine Levinson writes about dues, investments, loans for December – and focuses largely on features concerning issues of interest to IPA Members. Members who wish candidates and simplifying the IPA’s structure to suggest an article for a future issue should in the first instance write to the Editor (contact details below) with a brief proposal. Letters and other comments on articles that have 19 Lives in Brief appeared are also welcomed by the Editor. The deadline for submissions (in electronic copy only) Obituaries: David Iseman, Moses Laufer, is the end of August each year. Please note that contributions may be edited for length or style. Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel and Paulina Kernberg Announcements about events, prizes and awards, publications, fellowships and other news items are normally considered for publication in the IPA’s Electronic Newsletter rather than the News Magazine. Announcements should be sent to the relevant Regional Editor – e-mail addresses above. Contributions may be submitted in any of the four working languages of the IPA – English, French, German or Spanish. E-mail address for contributions to International Psychoanalysis and the Electronic Newsletter: The Editor: Dr Doris K. Silverman E-mail: [email protected]

2. Advertisements For rates and other details, please contact the Production Manager Robert Stein on: [email protected] International PSYCHOANALYSIS Front Cover: A cafe near the Gedaechtnis Church, Berlin. International Psychoanalytical Association The German capital will host the 45th IPA Congress 25–28 July 2007. Broomhills, Woodside Lane, London N12 8UD, UK Image © www.berlin-tourist-information.de Tel: +44 20 8446 8324 Fax: +44 20 8445 4729 E-mail: [email protected] www.ipa.org.uk EDITORIAL 3

Joining the Editorial

Doris Silverman Education Debate

Doris Silverman

Our analytic community is a the question of ‘grey’ psychoanalysis, and deep adherence and commitment to responsive one – thoughts, opinions, which to many readers implied reduced psychoanalysis. It further recognizes that enthusiasms, controversies and or inferior standards for those trained in societies may have instituted changes divisions abound. The best way we institutes other than IPA training institutes within their model since the society joined analysts have learned to contend or trained in non-traditional ways. the IPA. In the light of the numerous analysts addressing the issue of frequency, with such issues is to bring them out Some voices raised the need for the recommendations maintain that in the open. We hope our Electronic investigative research, which might numerical frequency should not be Newsletters and News Magazine help determine the outcome of what mandated and instead frequency offer the opportunity to air and heretofore have been theoretical and should be recognized as relevant within discuss our agreements, nuanced historical-based training decisions without ‘an overall model of training that has positions and differences. Many supportive data. There is also a large internal coherence’. What follows from of the issues we entertain have divide between those analysts who this position is the further question – maintain that empirical studies may a long and complicated history, does the individual society adhere to its provide, among other sorts of data, a way which demands our thoughtful own preferred model? Erlich comments to evaluate psychoanalytic competence, acknowledgement of this past on this study, as well, in his response to and those who insist that the complexity as well as consideration of our the articles in this News Magazine. current realities. of the evaluative procedure as well as the psychoanalytic enterprise itself, cannot We are interested in your thinking about be captured empirically. Such challenges, the significant matters that should Mindful of our goal to discuss our when considered in depth and detail and be raised and aired. Our Electronic dilemmas, Electronic Newsletter No. 2 then resolved, can invigorate our field and Newsletter and News Magazine can featured Shmuel Erlich’s initial bring respect and pride to it. provide an excellent forum for such commentary on standards and training, considerations. We want to engage, as as well as responses to him from analysts The question of frequency of sessions well, younger voices in our community. residing in the three regions of our within these commentaries is once again You are closer to the relevant experiences international association. As a follow-up on the table, with considerable diversity of clinical work, supervision, courses and we called upon our large community to of opinion among our members as well personal psychoanalysis, and therefore reflect on the different views offered and as in our societies. The challenges that this are in an excellent position to inform to become involved in this discussion. issue posed have been met in a unique us of the successes and limitations you Many of you have done so. (Unfortunately and thoughtful manner. The current encountered in your education. Please this issue does not have the space to Board of the IPA has confronted the do not hesitate to communicate. feature all the responses that we received, issue and established a task force that You represent our future. so some responses may be found on the undertook a study of the different models IPA website www.ipa.org.uk under ‘IPA of training offered by the constituent News’ – ‘News Magazine’). Those who institutes of the IPA. There are three have responded are in agreement models of training, with variations among with Erlich that we need to maintain and between the models (the Eitingon, high standards for our training and French, and Uruguayan). The study development. However, agreement seems recognizes that each of the three models to end there as the discussants consider was developed in good faith with a strong

International Exchanges – For the latest news on events funded by the Committee on Analytic Practice and Scientific Activities (CAPSA), go to the ‘News’ section on the IPA website home page. Membership News – Details of new IPA Members, together with those who have left and died, can be found on the IPA website under ‘IPA News’ – ‘News Magazine’.

The website also contains a listing of Events worldwide. 4 THE EDUCATION DEBATE: HAESLER

Ludwig Haesler A Letter to Shmuel Erlich

Education Debate Ludwig Haesler (Germany)

Dear Shmuel, the situation in Israel, with its rather sufficient information about this group, complex psychoanalytic and as well as about the specific political After reading your recent article psychotherapeutic scene. situation in London regarding the position in the IPA Electronic Newsletter 2 of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy in (June 2006), I feel obliged to Are you really of the opinion that the the National Health Service, to come to process of psychoanalytic education of respond for quite a number of the understanding that the group of colleagues who have now become Direct reasons. However, I shall focus colleagues of the BPA who applied for Members, or have formed provisional mainly on one point that I feel membership in the IPA, and which is now societies in the meanwhile, was primarily requires a more thorough reflection acknowledged as an interim provisional intended, by these colleagues and others, on your part. I totally share your society, is a group of respectable to circumvent the IPA concern that high standards of colleagues who standard training qualification are maintained and fully meet the represented by the that it is out of the question that standards that established IPA it is out of the question there should be a watering down you are so rightly institutes, and that of these standards in any way. that there should be a asking for. So it is these new colleagues Nevertheless, we should think simply not fair to had been intending watering down of these explicitly denigrate about the ways of proceeding in from the very standards in any way. our future IPA order to secure these standards beginning to go the colleagues who without confusing central issues ‘easy way’, and that are on their way in our argumentation, and the IPA was actually intending to to full membership, by insinuating that without explicit or implicit public encourage and spread this practice by they are a group of second-class people denigration of persons and whole endorsing it? And do you really think that with a feeble (‘not to say inferior … ’) groups that have become or are on the International New Groups Committee qualification, who preferred to take their way to becoming Members of of the IPA has in the past, does presently the easy way to IPA membership, and, the IPA. In your article, I feel that, or is willing to encourage and spread such after having entered the IPA by the back unfortunately, you are doing both. policies in the future? door, were going to compete with and Actually, in the way you discuss these thus threaten the existing ‘thriving matters in your article, you give the psychoanalytic institutes’ with their Regarding the confusion of issues, I am impression of not being too well informed inferior, i.e. ‘easier to obtain’ standards. not quite sure what you are actually about what you are discussing, first, in aiming at in (1) arguing for the necessity I do think your article requires a correcting regard to the ‘Equivalency Criteria and of maintaining high standards of comment on your part in the next issue Procedures for Non-IPA Psychoanalytic qualification by (2) critically addressing of the newsletter and I am sure I am not Groups’ (approved by the Board of issues of possible formal rules that are the only one who is looking forward to Representatives on 26 July 2005), second, to secure these (rather than that they be reading it. about the background of the Direct allowed to be diluted or circumvented by Members or the forming of new groups, With warmest regards ‘different, not to say inferior standards …’ and third, more specifically, since you endorsed by the IPA, etc.) and, last but Yours, as always mentioned this group explicitly, about not least, by (3) addressing political the specific background of the group issues, for example the retroactive Ludwig of analysts from the British Association acknowledgement of educational of Psychotherapists who were approved activities of Members from existing IPA as Direct Members and recently as an institutes, or of newly forming groups interim provisional society – now the possibly competing with and thus British (Interim Provisional) Psychoanalytic threatening already existing ‘thriving Association (BPA). psychoanalytic institutes’. I feel that in your argumentation you actually are Regarding the BPA, you will have seen confusing all three issues, utilizing the the two reports on our Site Visits as well first two to win arguments for the third. as the first report of our visit as Liaison I cannot imagine in whose favour you Committee that Madame Godfrind-Haber have been positioning your political and I have undertaken since October argumentation. Possibly you had in mind 2004. In these reports you may acquire THE EDUCATION DEBATE: THOMÄ 5 A Response to Shmuel Erlich’s ‘Issues of “Grey” Psychoanalytic Training’ Education Debate

Helmut Thomä Helmut Thomä (Germany)

Shmuel Erlich’s statement must be unanimous and firm conviction that independently evaluated. A violinist is viewed in the context of the ‘Final the future of psychoanalysis can only solely evaluated on performance, not on Education Motion’, unanimously be secured by maintaining the IPA’s the time it took him or her to master it. approved by the IPA Board of present ‘minimal’ standard of four Otto Kernberg (1996, 2000) requested a Representatives on 26 July 2005. sessions of training analysis each week similar evaluation for our profession. As a result of this decision, the (see Brodbeck 2005). Thus the acquisition The implied criteria for the evaluation of discussion of ‘minimal’ versus of psychoanalytical competence is made candidates should be made explicit; yet, ‘optimal’ training regulations was dependent on the frequency of sessions. for decades, defining criteria to evaluate psychoanalytic competence has been put on a new level. I wonder about two things here: (1) neglected. Tuckett’s pioneering attempt the idealization of the training standards to investigate analytic competence of the IPA and (2) the unique role Erlich wonders whether the primary empirically was published only as recently ascribed to the training analysis for the aspiration of the IPA is to increase the as 2005. number of psychoanalysts within its development of a comprehensive psychoanalytic competence. ranks, or to safeguard and uphold high From our history, we know that many standards of psychoanalysis. Although Many analysts do not share the opinion analysts with a high reputation in the these two intentions are not mutually of the DPV representatives about the high professional community have not had exclusive, they can and do create serious standards of training in the IPA. S. Levy, a long, high-frequency personal analysis. conflicts. Many conflicts have resulted editor of the Journal of the American Most members of the first and second from the formidable expansion of Psychoanalytic Association, has written: post-war generation of German analysts psychoanalysis. The acceptance of had a brief training analysis. I had a I am convinced of the need to overhaul pluralism is a very recent development short analytically oriented psychotherapy an antiquated psychoanalytic within the IPA. Sandler’s definition, that in the late 1940s with the only IPA educational system … [which] is largely psychoanalysis is what psychoanalysts do, psychoanalyst living in West Germany – uninspiring, uninviting, prohibitively is a pragmatic one. His addition, that this Felix Schottlaender. This therapy, and my expensive, frequently infantilizing and applies only to analysts trained within work at the Heidelberg Psychosomatic rife with conflict of interest among IPA-recognized institutes, cannot be University Hospital, was my initial training. participants … (2004, p. 8) upheld today. During a stay in London in 1962, This is not a new viewpoint. Since Balint’s a deepening of my self-knowledge To call the many institutes outside the IPA critical papers (1948, 1954), many experienced definitely as a result of ‘grey’ is disparaging. I seriously doubt that colleagues have requested reforms. therapy with M. Balint amounted to most of the training institutes recognized When I wrote ‘Training analysis and about 230 sessions, five times a week. by the IPA provide an education that psychoanalytic education: proposals for fulfils Freud’s legacy in our time. There Before the influence of the training reform’ (1993), there were about 150 has been serious criticism of the standards analysis on professional competence can references altogether, an indication that of IPA training institutes for decades. be studied, the latter must be evaluated. the topic of reform has been a consistent The present crisis of psychoanalysis is Yet the training analysis, as the most concern in the IPA (see also Thomä and mainly homemade and is a consequence private part of professional competence, Kächele, 1999; Kächele and Thomä, of serious educational shortcomings, lies outside of formal investigations. 2000). Changes to the training system Recently I argued for granting the especially in the realm of research. have been advocated in discussions and One significant result of these training analysis a special, completely papers for years – with no consequence private space outside of any institutional shortcomings is the lack of reliable criteria in reality. to evaluate psychoanalytic competence. power and knowledge: For too long, the opportunity was missed … candidates should have the liberty From 1999 onwards, some, principally to introduce proper psychoanalytic to decide about issues regarding their Latin American, psychoanalytical societies research methods into the curriculum. analysis – which is to be an absolutely started an initiative to change the The ‘hallowed tripartite model’ private matter – from beginning to ‘minimal standards’ into ‘optimal (Wallerstein, 1993, p. 175) – training end. Training analyses of any length standards’, requesting that constituent analysis, supervision and courses – and frequency would thus no longer societies of the IPA should be allowed to remained unchanged for half a century. be an issue … The evaluation of reduce the number of sessions of training candidates’ professional quality would analysis from 4–5 to three sessions each It is very strange to make the most private no longer be tied to the judgments week. This issue is now at the centre of part of the training – namely the personal about their personality and its a world-wide discussion within the IPA. analysis, its frequency and duration – the main source of the professional modification in therapy. It is insufficient In response, the DPV (German competence and attitude. Before any to abolish the unethical reporting Psychoanalytical Association) Central correlation can be established between system that clearly violates the analyst’s Training Committee expressed their them, competence should be duty to maintain confidentiality. 6 THE EDUCATION DEBATE: THOMÄ

The discretion is absolutely necessary … urgently request the members possible standard, Freud’s (1921, p. 102, to protect the therapeutic space that of the Board of Representatives… 1930, p. 113) ‘narcissism of small training analyses have not had so far. To adhere to the present ‘minimal differences’ sets in and destroys family (Thomä, 2005a, p. 219). training’ standards; to be open to ties. Accepting a flexible handling of initiatives that allow new training the frequency of sessions for candidates This ‘liberation’ from strict, externally models to be tested alongside brings about a self-experience which defined rules is based on the trust I have research projects to ensure that reflects the contemporary practice of for the honesty of training analysts and training with new aims leads to an all analysts within and outside the IPA. candidates. This could be misused, but evident and unmistakable specifically To secure the future of psychoanalysis, the present possible distortion of the aims psychoanalytical competency; To make everything should be done to support of the training analysis is probably worse. every effort to organize a far-reaching the far-sighted politics of the IPA towards If candidates are patients, they should inter-regional discussion of these have a right to negotiate the frequency integration of psychoanalytic schools

Education Debate models and initiatives so as to regain a and their members excluded from the of sessions. I have never argued against clear and standardized understanding mainstream in the course of our history. a deep, dense and long analysis, but among the IPA members of the Shmuel Erlich’s paper, and the analogous I strongly oppose an unsubstantiated, specificity of psychoanalysis. statement of the DPV, do not facilitate probably false justification for it. (Brodbeck 2005). It is a widespread belief that only an reaching that aim, to say the least. I would be the last person to reject analysis of 4–5 sessions a week, which References explores the candidates’ psychotic research, but I doubt whether such a levels, enables therapists to make use complicated process–outcome design Balint, M. (1948) On the psychoanalytic training system. Int J Psychoanal 29: 162–73. of countertransference in order to would be feasible. Professional psychoanalyse very ill patients. This competence would first have to be Balint, M. (1954) Analytic training and training analysis. Int J Psychoanal 35: 157–62. argument makes clinical competence evaluated, which, in itself, would be a completely dependent on the goal of very important task (see Thomä, 2005b). Brodbeck, H. (2005) Ändert die IPA ihre the training analysis according to a very Ausbildungsstandards? (Is the IPA Changing It seems that the recent decision of Its Training Standards?), DPV-Info 38: 7–8. controversial hypothesis, namely the the IPA to acknowledge three training psychotic core. It is unethical to request Freud, S. (1912) Recommendations to models – the Eitingon, the French and physicians practising psychoanalysis. that a candidate undergo a ‘supertherapy’ the Uruguayan – stabilizes the situation SE vol. 12, pp. 109–20. (Balint), based on a dubious concept, as it is, i.e. without changing the various as a prerequisite for his or her profession. Freud, S. (1919) Lines of advance in and different fundamental shortcomings. psycho-analytic therapy. SE vol. 17, pp. 157–68. There is a tendency in the IPA to leave The dilemma of the training analysis Freud, S. (1921) Group Psychology and the derives from a confusion between everything as it is. In addition, there is a Analysis of the Ego. SE vol. 18, pp. 65–143. discrepancy in some of the proposals of therapeutic goals and professional Freud, S. (1930) Civilization and its Discontents. qualifications. It cannot be the business the IPA. How can one test new models SE vol. 21, pp. 57–145. while at the same time adhering to the of educational institutions to make Kächele, H. and H. Thomä (2000) qualifications dependent upon the old models, which allegedly are the only On the devaluation of the Eitingon–Freud diagnosis of the person. I agree with ones securing psychoanalytic competence model of psychoanalytic education. Kernberg (2000) when he writes that and identity? Indeed, it might be that Int J Psychoanal 81: 806–8. ‘candidates with narcissistic character this is an area where our knowledge Kernberg, O. (1996) Thirty methods to destroy pathology, for example, may require is sufficient to alter the training the creativity of candidates. Int J Psychoanal more than two or three years of personal programmes. Fifty years of critical 77: 1031–40. analysis …’ However, I strongly reject the discussions of the unbalanced training Kernberg, O. (2000) A concerned critique of notion that a training committee is either system have led to a firm enough psychoanalytic education. Int J Psychoanal competent to diagnose the pathology of knowledge to implement changes now. 81: 97–120. a candidate or justified in doing so. Nor Well-founded propositions for reforms Levy, J. (2004) Our literature. J Am Psychoanal is it entitled to request a ‘psychoanalytic have been made for decades. It is high Assoc 52: 5–10. purification’ (Freud, 1912, p. 12) with time to implement them. Sandler, J. and A.U. Dreher (1996) What Do regard to the countertransference in I dare to interpret the inconsistencies in Psychoanalysts Want? London: Routledge. the Freudian or in the – opposite – the discussion about minimal standards: Thomä, H. (1993) Training analysis and post-Kleinian sense. to stick to ‘minimal standards’ defined psychoanalytic education: proposals for reform. Ann Psychoanal 21: 3–75. by an open-ended, seemingly aimless The DPV statement argues that the training analysis at a frequency of at Thomä, H. (2005a) Psychoanalysts without a density of the therapeutic relationship least four times a week would furnish specific professional identity: a utopian dream? allows ‘the world at large to acknowledge Int Forum Psychoanal 13: 213–36. a quantitative measure of what true, the specificity of psychoanalysis and ‘strict’, ‘non-tendentious’ psychoanalysis Thomä, H. (2005b) Comparative psychoanalysis its fundamental difference to other on the basis of a new form of treatment report. is about. Sandler and Dreher (1996) called psychotherapy methods’ (see Brodbeck Psychoanal Inq. this aimless analysing a self-deception. 2005). But the public and the scientific Thomä, H. and H. Kächele (1999) Memorandum In the era of psychoanalytic pluralism, community are not interested in the on a reform of psychoanalytic education. even extreme subjectivism, such a self- frequency and duration of the training IPA Newsletter 8: 33–5. deception would re-establish the lost analysis. Prospective patients are Tuckett, D. (2005) Does anything go? unity of the ‘movement’, while excluding interested in the therapeutic effectiveness Towards a framework for the more transparent thousands of psychoanalysts trained of the method, while the scientific assessment of psychoanalytic competence. outside the IPA from being true analysts. community is interested in the truth Int J Psychoanal 86: 31–49. It is much easier to define numbers than of psychoanalytic theories. Wallerstein, R.S. (1993) Between chaos to investigate qualitative differences and petrification: a summary of the Finally, the analysts of DPV Central between analysts of any provenance. 5th IPA Conference of Training Analysts. Training Committee: If a number is equated with the highest Int J Psychoanal 74: 165–78. THE EDUCATION DEBATE: SCHACHTER 7

A Response to Shmuel Erlich Education Debate

Joe Schachter and Donald L. Carveth

Joe Schachter (USA)

Shmuel Erlich opened the discussion Studies of the effectiveness of analytic with the strongest convictions about their by asserting that shuttle analysis, treatment fail to support the assertion analytic beliefs may remain impervious concentrated analysis and other of the superiority of traditionally trained to these articles, since that group has variations ‘represent different, not analysts. While numerous studies report been shown to be the least interested to say inferior, standards’ that differ that a large proportion of psychoanalysed in reading analytic research reports from the ‘high standards’ of the IPA patients improve, controlled studies (Schachter and Luborsky, 1998). training, with the implication that present a more nuanced picture. One implication is that high-level the latter produce superior analysts. A Swedish study by psychoanalytic Grant and Sandell training, as Don Carveth concurred, that ‘to … orthodox supervise and teach candidates (2004) reported a minimum, that 43 per cent of from a non-IPA institute … psychoanalytic should teach psychotherapy patients candidates how [contributes] to what we might treated in an orthodox treatment fails to show to read and feel is, overall, an inferior training’. psychoanalytic milieu understand There are at least two reasons to superior effectiveness. failed to show analytic research question these assertions; the therapeutic benefit, as well as clinical first is concerned with the quality while the 57 per cent of patients treated reports. Two APsaA institutes, Western of traditional training and the more eclectically showed more progress. New England and St Louis, present second with the effectiveness of Further, psychoanalytic treatment in an research courses that are a required part the analytic treatment produced orthodox milieu showed no difference of the curriculum. Preferably, training by IPA standard training. in therapeutic gain compared to psycho- should expose candidates to analytic analytic treatment in an eclectic milieu. research and provide them with some The training analysis, widely considered Thus, orthodox psychoanalytic treatment experience with it. the core of traditional psychoanalytic fails to show superior effectiveness. education, is troubled by having dual A recent study, Giessen-Bloo et al. (2006), References goals. One goal is to achieve optimum reported that cognitive (schema-focused) Craige, H. (2002) Mourning analysis: the personal development and the other therapy for borderline personality post-termination phase. J Am Psychoanal is to satisfactorily complete the training disorder patients was much more Assoc 50: 507–50. analysis as an essential educational, effective than psychodynamic even didactic, element in progression Giesen-Bloo, J., R. van Dyck, P. Spinhoven, (transference-focused) therapy. in analytic training. These goals may W. van Tilburg, C. Dirksen, T. van Asselt et al. diverge, even conflict. If, for example, a (2006) Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline We can conclude that, not only is personality disorder: randomized trial of candidate becomes involved sexually with traditional psychoanalytic treatment schema-focused therapy vs transference- a control case, experiences a psychotic no longer the only game in town, but, focused psychotherapy. Archives of General disturbance, shows signs of malignant difficult as it may be for us to accept, Psychiatry 63: 649–58. narcissism or psychopathy, or becomes it may not be the best game in town, Grant, J. and R. Sandell (2004) Close family drug addicted, will the analysand report at least for particular disorders. If honestly to his/her training analyst? or mere neighbors? Some empirical data on psychoanalytic treatment is not the most the differences between psychoanalysis and Further, what is the extent of the training effective, we are hard put then to claim psychotherapy, pp. 81–108 in P. Richardson, analyst’s obligation to the institute to act that the training is superior. H. Kächele and C. Redlund (eds) Research in on his/her understanding of a disordered Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy with Adults. analysand? This perceived conflict may None of the discussions of psychoanalytic London: Karnac. be one of the reasons why 28 per cent education mentioned research (Tuckett Schachter, J. and Luborsky, L. (1998) Who’s of recent American Psychoanalytic referred to ‘observation’). I believe that afraid of psychoanalytic research? Analysts’ Association (APsaA) graduates reported the paucity of analytic research may have attitudes toward reading clinical versus feeling disappointed in their training contributed to the world-wide decline empirical research papers. Int J Psychoanal analysis (Craige, 2002). Approximately in psychoanalysis since it is increasingly 79: 963–9. 40 per cent of APsaA analysts obtain seen as an unsubstantiated treatment. additional treatment, psychotherapy or In addition, the kind of studies cited analysis after termination of their training above help provide analysts with a more analysis, suggesting that they were left realistic, less idealized appraisal of our with some unfinished emotional business. treatment and profession. Those analysts 8 THE EDUCATION DEBATE: SACHS

David Sachs A Response to Erlich

Education Debate David Sachs (USA)

I am writing to clarify certain misunderstandings that may have arisen in regard to the recent article in the IPA Electronic Newsletter 2 (June 2006), ‘Issues of “Grey” Psychoanalytic Training’ by Shmuel Erlich. He alleges that variations in the training practices used by the IPA New Groups Committee ‘represent different, not to say inferior, standards, and the fact that they are endorsed by the IPA leads to a split or double standard’. The phrase, ‘not to say inferior’ is ambiguous. It could mean that he is not saying they are inferior, or it could mean he is saying they are inferior. However, his conclusion that these practices lead to a ‘double standard’ suggests that these practices are ‘inferior’. As Chair of the IPA New Groups All the variations in training practices approval of the IPA Board and without Committee (ING) I am writing to utilized by ING are fully approved by opposition from local groups. In this object to Erlich’s claim. the IPA and are intended to train Direct context, Direct Members can be Members to the same standards that are appointed by a sponsoring committee achieved in all other approved training for a study group because a study group programmes. By characterizing the ING cannot create an IPA Member until it training programmes as ‘grey’, Erlich becomes a Provisional Society. In no clearly implies a less than adequate sense are these Direct Members a product training. In short, his colour-coding of the of an inferior training. training of Direct Members is pejorative The development of psychoanalysis in and unwarranted. Is he really claiming regions of the world where the formation that institute-based training leads to a of Direct Members is appropriate is an complete ‘blackness’ or ‘whiteness’? essential part of the development of The New Groups Committee rejects this psychoanalysis. The implication that the notion and the depreciation of the many IPA is in process of creating first- and Direct Members who have been accepted second-class analysts for the sake of into the IPA. The goal of the Direct expansion is entirely unfounded and Member variation in training is precisely should be rejected. the opposite of achieving a double standard. It is to conform to the same If Erlich did not mean to imply the under- The goal of the Direct high standard as other training methods. standing we have taken from his paper, Member variation we hope that he publishes a clarification In those instances in which Direct in a subsequent Electronic Newsletter. in training … is to Members are approved within groups conform to the same such as the British (Interim Provisional) Psychoanalytic Association and the high standard as other Mexican Association for Psychoanalytic Practice, Training and Research mentioned training methods by Erlich, it must be noted that these groups were established with the full THE EDUCATION DEBATE: BERMAN 9

Let’s Move Forward, Education Debate

Emanuel Berman Not Backwards

Emanuel Berman (Israel)

Maintaining and raising around the world as a constructive ‘grey’ training, but today has an orderly psychoanalytic standards, improving pluralistic body that represents their high-quality training programme. the quality of psychoanalytic interests, arouses their identification and Now, with the full encouragement of its education, is a vital goal. I fully welcomes their contribution. We have IPA Liaison Committee (which I chair), agree with David Tuckett’s article made great progress in this direction it promotes analysis outside Warsaw, (IPA Electronic Newsletter 2, June in the last two decades, thanks to an by inviting professionals from far-away 2006), that holding on to what has open-minded leadership. cities for concentrated analysis and training. My experience fully supports already been achieved is insufficient The agreement negotiated by Wallerstein the impressions of Laine and Diatkine and that attention to facts can in 1989 made it possible to admit into (Electronic Newsletter 2, June 2006), help us in raising the quality of our the IPA many dedicated analytic groups and I share their protest against speaking work. My belief is that the IPA can that were excluded before (I am also of ‘double standards’ in this context. contribute greatly to this process, a member of one but we should remember that of them, IPTAR),1 Membership is not progress is best achieved not by making it clear the only issue. Some exercising power, which tends that the difference progress is best analysts or groups to intimidate and alienate, but between IPA and achieved not by may choose not by encouraging thought and non-IPA training is to join, and still understanding, by the positive not set in stone. exercising power … can be our loyal influence of successful examples, by Among the analysts but by encouraging collaborators. arousing genuine identification and with ‘grey’ training The marvellous PEP respect rather than apprehension joining us was Martin thought and (Psychoanalytic and awe. Exclusion and elitism Bergmann, whom Electronic Tuckett quotes. understanding. endanger such advancement even Publishing) project Bergmann’s self- unites journals if they proclaim to contribute to it. planned piecemeal published by IPA training is described by Wallerstein societies and journals outside it. The We paid a heavy price in the past for our (1998).I believe the dedication such North American Editorial Board of the narcissism of small differences. The long training requires may sometimes mould International Journal of Psychoanalysis fight against ‘lay analysis’ is a good analytic identity better than becoming has included, in recent years, non-IPA example: many agree today that if this a candidate in an established institute. Members (Mitchell, Aron, etc.), and the fight had been won by the opponents This welcome process of absorbing new Journal of the American Psychoanalytic of non-medical analysts, psychoanalysis groups has developed further in recent Association often invites such colleagues would have been demolished by now, years, in the US, Britain, France, Mexico, to participate. Non-IPA Members appear given the anti-analytic turn in psychiatry. Germany, Austria, etc. Many colleagues at our congresses and enrich our I believe that the present debate about were first admitted as Direct Members discourse, and numerous umbrella three or four sessions a week is equally of the IPA, paving the way to expanding organizations promote psychoanalytic futile; as Carveth and Marucco clarify analytic horizons in their countries. interests through joint work of IPA and (IPA Electronic Newsletter 2), such formal I would like to warmly welcome our new non-IPA groups. Elitist condescension criteria cannot guarantee analytic depth members, to express my appreciation for may risk these achievements, and turn – and this issue should be left to each their serious investment in psychoanalysis, the IPA into a resented ‘establishment’. society to decide. Moreover, as Siegel and to applaud the willingness of many Let me turn to developments in my points out, suggesting that training IPA training analysts to help them along own country. My society, the Israel that takes place outside the IPA is by the way. This process does not indicate Psychoanalytic Society (IPS), has definition inferior is an arrogant and dangerous ‘loopholes’ (allowing ‘illegal belonged to the IPA since it was unfounded generalization, insulting aliens’ in), but rather greater openness established by Eitingon in 1934.2 many serious colleagues. The danger and flexibility of the IPA. In the last seven years we have been to my mind is not ‘grey’ training, but The same flexibility also allowed faced with a new non-IPA organization, rather black-and-white thinking. psychoanalysis to develop in additional the Tel Aviv Institute for Contemporary The issue is not increasing membership – countries and cities. The Polish Psychoanalysis (TAICP), started by a it is turning the IPA into an organization Psychoanalytical Society, for example, group of senior psychoanalytic therapists that is seen by clinicians and scholars was also started by colleagues with a and educators. Although the IPS never 10 THE EDUCATION DEBATE: BERMAN Education Debate

took an official position regarding the in its training, promoting greater biological psychiatrists, cognitive TAICP, in reality cooperation has evolved. openness and flexibility (Berman, 2004); behavioural therapists promising quick Many of the training analysts of the IPS and as a non-authoritarian society, many solutions, mystical ‘new age’ healers, (as well as analysts from other countries, of whose members are willing to help sceptical academicians. To safeguard some of them prominent IPA Members) the new group rather than boycotting it. its future, close collaboration is needed see the new group as serious and During recent years, many more analyses among all psychoanalytic clinicians sincere, and therefore agree to teach are being conducted in Israel. Many and scholars, irrespective of their and supervise at the TAICP, while striving prominent analysts from various organizational belonging. The IPA can to raise its standards. countries have been hosted, by both play a central role in this joint effort, groups and by others. Many more but this requires bidding farewell to When such members were nominated psychoanalytic books appear. (I edit a any remnants of elitism and exclusion. for central positions at the IPS, some series supported by the IPS, publishing Erlich’s paper – as I read it – points in voices warned that they could not be Hebrew translations of Freud, Ferenczi, the very opposite direction, treating elected because of their ‘dual loyalty’. Winnicott, Segal, Ogden, etc.; I also our potential allies as if they were our The membership, however, consistently gladly advise and help competing enemies. I believe, however, that the rejected these alarmist voices, and publishers). Psychoanalysis is better present open discussion will help the IPA leadership roles in the IPS (such as represented in the mass media and in continue to find its way forward, rather president, chair of the Training the academic world (particularly the than regressing and going backwards. Committee, etc.) are now filled by humanities) than before. Psychoanalysis members who may give a guest seminar also remains a central force in the or supervision at the TAICP, but whose References training of Israeli clinical psychologists central identification and loyalty clearly and other psychotherapists. Berman, E. (2004) Impossible Training: belong to the IPS and the IPA. Several A Relational View of Psychoanalytic Education. of the founders of the TAICP are now In a recent IPS meeting, the membership Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press. interested in joining the IPA as Direct strongly supported an initiative by the Wallerstein, R. (1998) Lay Analysis: Life Inside Members, and many of us at the IPS present head of the Freud Center at the the Controversy. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press. support this wish, hoping to strengthen Hebrew University (our member Prof. G. collaboration between the two groups. Shefler), to join a new periodical, the Israel Annual of Psychoanalytic Theory, Psychoanalysis in Israel has been Research and Practice, which will be flourishing in recent years, in spite of the published jointly by the Freud Center, competition, or quite possibly because the IPS, the TAICP and additional groups. of it. More than 30 applicants asked to I see this resolution as clearly signifying Notes be admitted to the IPS Institute this year 1 the direction of close collaboration This was an agreement reached with (14 were accepted), and 28 applied to between psychoanalytic groups in Israel, several groups that sued the IPA and the the TAICP (10 admitted). I believe that a direction that strengthens the IPS, American Psychoanalytic Association the continued popularity of the IPS as well as the IPA with which we are about the exclusion of American training is related to its complex image: non-physicians from training. deeply identified. as offering the strongest and richest 2It was the Palestine Psychoanalytic programme; as a dynamic, pluralistic Psychoanalysis is being fiercely attacked Society before 1948. organization which made many changes these days, by many groups: narrowly THE EDUCATION DEBATE: ERLICH 11

Issues of ‘Grey’ Psychoanalytic Education Debate

H. Shmuel Erlich Training – A Rejoinder

H. Shmuel Erlich (Israel)

Questions of psychoanalytic I can only ask that these words be with the hope that the latter would education are at the heart of reread and taken for what they are. provide training. Similarly, Equivalence our discipline and are always To dispute that ‘many psychoanalysts’ procedures are designed to help emotionally charged. My paper on indeed express such reservations is to people develop into and be ‘grey’ psychoanalytic training was high-handedly ignore what one often recognized as psychoanalytic designed to generate discussion hears from well-respected colleagues. practitioners who, in time, will found and has succeeded in doing so. Furthermore, these words in fact their own training institutes. Why then In these responses, objections and did not refer to the New Group should this important procedure be employed to create new members challenges appear to outweigh procedures (see Sachs and Haesler) where such institutes already exist? statements of support and but to specific training practices, such as e-mail and telephone supervision I believe this question warrants serious agreement. It is difficult to know and analysis. Regarding the latter, I reflection. The argument that the how to interpret this. When I first actually recommend these measures in Equivalence procedures were already circulated my statement to the certain cases. The problems involved approved by the Board (Haesler) Board of Representatives I received notwithstanding, I believe they may seems to be intended to block such numerous expressions of support. be an indispensable asset under reflection. I think the Board is entitled These voices are mostly absent from certain circumstances. It is beyond me to reconsider policy it has established the published responses, which may why these words were taken to reflect in light of further input. perhaps reflect that disagreement my judgement of International New • Considerable space has been devoted is a more potent motivation for Groups (ING) procedures and the to the personal training analysis and writing than consent. formation of certain New Groups. to frequency (Thomä), and to my • Clearly I have offended some new raising the issue of Direct Members The widely varying responses to my societies and persons. I sincerely as representing a regressive move statement seem to fall into two main apologize for this, since this has never (Berman). As I see it, these arguments categories: first, those that raise various been my intention. Nowhere did I say represent jousting with windmills. issues and concerns of relevance to that New Groups represent an inferior Together with other colleagues I have the particular respondent. The issues standard (Sachs). As a Board member been instrumental in passing the addressed in these responses are very I have been personally involved in Board resolution that hopefully will important, yet are actually unrelated to and aware of the careful procedures lead the IPA away from the ancient the ones I attempted to raise. Second, employed by the ING. It does not controversy over numbers and I note a certain emotional tone of make sense to accuse me of ignorance towards discussing and recognizing indignation and injury in some of the of procedures that I had an active role a limited array of essentially different statements. I am certainly responsible in approving (Haesler). psychoanalytic training models. for some of the misunderstandings, but • I did attempt to highlight what I still As chair of the new Education I can only wonder at the distortions and consider to be a problem area, which Committee, my colleagues and I have skewing of what I have put forward for I have carefully defined as: using the submitted a report that analyses discussion and debate. The points I raised Direct Member route to join the IPA and outlines three such models, were based on a wide array of experience, in areas where IPA training institutes their philosophical and educational information and opinion. They were exist and are available. This should rationales and characteristics, and not presented as my personal views, not be construed as implying that all the practices these entail. The issue of nor do they necessarily represent them. Direct Members have inferior training, personal analysis is handled differently The issues concern the entire IPA and that this is what I think. If we in each model, and so is frequency membership and its training institutions. stay with this issue (which none of (a point ignored by those respondents who seem to recognize only the I will try to deal with the main issues the writers has dealt with directly), Eitingon model). Frequency is to and objections, and some specific a contradiction appears in some of the arguments based upon the New be discussed as part of a particular points raised: Group procedures: the considerable model, and so are the ways in which • With regard to the allegations that the efforts invested in creating and power and authority are viewed and words ‘to many psychoanalysts they monitoring New Groups are geared handled. It is my hope that, once this represent different, not to say inferior, toward the New Group creating a work is completed, the IPA will stop standards’ represent my own view, viable psychoanalytic training institute, debating frequencies and concentrate 12 THE EDUCATION DEBATE: ERLICH

on the pertinent models. The Board has already approved this report subject to certain clarifications; I hope that it will soon be available for public reflection and discussion. • It is, however, precisely because of these developments that I raised the issue of ‘grey’ education. The three models identified rest upon training carried out, in one version or another, within a psychoanalytic training institute. The training of a Direct Member, however, was intended Education Debate for areas where no institute is as yet available. I therefore raise again the question of the implication of enabling the Direct Member route where institute training is available. It is striking that none of the respondents has attempted to address or answer this question. I hope it is clear that raising this question does not reflect a personal opinion or judgement on my part as to superiority or inferiority. It is an issue that I believe should concern the IPA at the very moment it is about to depart radically from its previous definitions and embark on a new course. The question is: does the • Several respondents attribute to me a A number of respondents have alluded Direct Member route represent an claim that IPA standards are ‘superior’, to this, but it has not been met additional, perhaps a fourth model, clearly an unwarranted assumption in head-on: we are faced with a serious in areas where institute training view of many exceptions and the great dilemma regarding the standing of is available? And what are the variety of training. Again, however, psychoanalysis as an independent implications of such an additional I detect a certain inconsistency: on the profession, recognized and sanctioned model for the three models that are one hand, extolling one’s own society by society. The IPA has an important based on institute training? I believe and its dedication to high standards, role in this as the only global body this warrants discussion and clear while on the other hand taking that is, to some extent, in a position thinking, unencumbered by previously an anti-authoritarian stance and to provide such sanction and stand held, cherished positions. suspecting all standards (e.g. Berman). up for it. Its training practices are its • The need for research was stressed One cannot have it both ways. If the major claim to such recognition and by some writers. As a university IPA (not Erlich!) is about to redefine should therefore be very carefully researcher for four decades I am fully its minimal standards in view of its considered and supported. They may aware of the difficulty, perhaps the recognition of a variety of models, not be perfect now or in the future, impossibility, of demonstrating or it must see to it that these models are but they are still the best we have and proving the connection between understood, regulated and adhered therefore deserve our support as well standards of to. This is what as our critical appraisal. training and the IPA actually outcome of claims to do treatment. we are faced with a serious and aspires Surely, however, dilemma regarding the to represent. any research- I agree with minded person standing of psychoanalysis those who would agree as an independent point out that that the the assertion tremendous profession, recognized of ‘higher variance in the and sanctioned by society. standards’ area of training has yet to be makes it even demonstrated. more impossible One wonders, to study the efficacy of psychoanalysis. however, about the implication of Perhaps this variability has contributed the assertion that IPA standards are to the inconclusiveness of research not necessarily the highest – does this thus far. A move in the direction mean that all training is essentially of better defined and adhered to equal and therefore ‘anything training models and practices goes’? Another consideration comes therefore deserves the support of into play in this connection – that anyone calling for such studies. of professionalism. THE PRESIDENT’S COLUMN 13

Strengthening our President’s Column

Cláudio Laks Eizirik Psychoanalytic Community

Cláudio Laks Eizirik

I am sometimes asked: ‘What is we all know, more than one model is Groups are developed and welcomed the point of the IPA to me as an practised in our societies and institutes. into the psychoanalytic community, so the IPA should exercise control over how its individual analyst?’ Good question. Some months ago, the IPA Board asked standards are applied within its societies Just over 11,500 of us choose to the Education Committee, chaired by and institutes. The acceptance of more belong to the IPA. No one requires Shmuel Erlich, to study and report on the than one model of training gives impetus this – ultimately it is our choice. three broad training models known to be to this argument. How otherwise will the By seeking to join IPA Constituent practised within the IPA – the Eitingon, process of changing from one model to Organizations, we seek also to join the French and the Uruguayan models. another be monitored? These issues are the IPA. But no one requires us to This work was carried out most still under debate, but the Board has join our local psychoalytical society. thoroughly and professionally and the agreed that the IPA will exercise committee reported ‘some kind of oversight role to the Board in July If any one aspect in relation to training So what is it that we hope that the IPA 2006. On the basis models’. How this should will provide? The IPA does many things, of this research, the of our work can be work, the various options provides many services, both to members Board made the singled out, it is our available, the need to and others. But ultimately I believe the historic decision to commitment to high consult societies and value of the IPA lies in developing the accept as a basis for educational standards institutes before decisions global psychoanalytic community, a IPA qualification any that is the IPA’s are finalized, the details community that shares a passion for training model which trademark. of how such an oversight our profession, that believes in high is ‘clearly based on’ will be implemented – all standards, both for ourselves and our one of the three these issues are under active patients, that wishes to develop and models. It further accepted that the consideration. No decisions will be enhance our skills through exchange of question of frequency of sessions should made hurriedly, and the Board will consult ideas and techniques. That is why I, and be set within an overall model of training widely before concluding its thinking I believe most of us, value and will work that has internal coherence. However, on these matters. hard to protect and develop this great it recognized that the issue of frequency institution, now nearly 100 years old, is a reflection of deeply held ideas and So what happens next? The usual process which Freud himself created. We all face values about the nature of psychoanalytic with Board decisions is to agree the policy challenges and difficulties in our day- practice and training. The Board felt that first, and then, subsequently, how the to-day practices. Facing those together, such differences of view most probably policy should be implemented. As regards rather than individually, gives us all cannot and should not be resolved by the acceptance of the training models, strength. My commitment, and that of the imposition of numerical criteria, but the definition of the models and the my Board colleagues, is to assist us all in by careful assessment of the underlying, conditions which to be that apply to their strengthening our individual practices. genuinely psychoanalytic positions implementation at local level are currently In this article, I hope to describe how my implied, and a serious attempt to get at being drafted and will be distributed to administration is facing this challenge. their relative merits and shortcomings. It societies for discussion prior to the next Mónica Siedmann de Armesto and Nadine concluded that minimal standards should Board meeting in January 2007, when we Levinson, with whom I have the privilege be set and applied in the context of the expect them to be approved for inclusion of working very closely, will describe other specific model of training accepted. in our procedural code. I shall keep you issues that we are currently addressing. informed on how these matters progress. The Board then went on to debate the Education question of the IPA’s role in monitoring Building inter-regional If any one aspect of our work can be the application of its standards. Here exchange and dialogue singled out, it is our commitment to high again there are huge differences of I am deeply committed to the exchange educational standards that is the IPA’s opinion as to what the IPA’s role should of best practice throughout our trademark. For some time now, the be. Some argue that the IPA has no professional community. Over my many IPA has been discussing and reviewing further role after the standards are years in practice, I have valued the access our educational identity. We recognize agreed, and that societies and institutes my society, my regional body (Federation that for some time there has been a should have complete freedom to of Psychoanalytic Societies of Latin contradiction between the IPA’s stated interpret those standards as they think America – FEPAL) and the IPA have commitment to one educational model fit. Others argue that, just as the IPA provided to the presentation of clinical only – the Eitingon model – whereas, as regulates the processes by which New material from different viewpoints, 14 THE PRESIDENT’S COLUMN

vital debate. This morning event was followed by a meeting, dedicated to the memory of Paulina Kernberg, on women, children, crime prevention, mental health, amongst others. It was attended by many members from New York.

Membership participation As you may know, there will be IPA elections between March and May 2007. You will be asked to elect a new IPA President Elect from North America, a new Treasurer from Europe, and all 21 Representatives, 7 from each region, are President’s Column up for election or re-election. This is your opportunity to let your voice be heard, to select those who you believe will best represent your interests and values to the IPA. Please use this opportunity. For the first time in the IPA’s history, you will be able to return your ballot online. This saves time and cost, and guarantees that your ballot will be recorded. It may take a little time to grasp the procedures for casting your online ballot, but once you have done this, the process is easy. countries and regions. One year ago, regional body. Equally, the IPA Executive It will increasingly become the main the IPA established a new Committee on Committee attends the European means through which the IPA will seek Analytic Practice and Scientific Activities Psychonalaytical Federation (EPF) meeting your ballots in future. (CAPSA) to encourage the exchange of each year in Europe, and the FEPAL IPA Director General such ideas across the IPA’s regions. In a meetings, most recently in Lima last Lastly, I am sorry to tell you that Piers relatively short time this programme has October. Representatives also attend other Pendred, the IPA’s Director General since taken off – over 20 CAPSA events have regional meetings on a regular basis. The 1 January 2000, has decided to retire from been approved or have already taken IPA Executive Committee now meets the the IPA at the end of the Berlin Congress, place, and further applications are being Presidents of the regional bodies on a by which time he will have been with us received on a weekly basis. Thousands of regular basis, several times each year. for nearly eight years. This is sad news our colleagues, together with those from because the IPA will lose a highly qualified Freud’s 150th related professions, administrator, an expert staff coordinator, anniversary attend these events and and a man with a great vision for the and other events are able to share and Over 20 CAPSA events many challenges we face and the means discuss different clinical have been approved I know that there have to face them, who also became a good approaches and ideas. or have already taken been many events across friend of psychoanalysis and to many of We are genuinely sharing the world celebrating place, and further us. As Piers himself says, he is young by our best ideas, not only the 150th anniversary of applications are IPA standards, where age has never been locally, but across the Freud’s birth in Freiberg a barrier to active practice. Nevertheless, world – a profound being received on in 1856, and an extensive he feels it is right that he should retire in contribution to building a weekly basis. list of other scientific the middle of an IPA administration, so our professional events. Apart from the that his successor will be able to acquire community. I am most large regional meetings, the necessary experience to fully support grateful to Elias da Rocha Barros, the I was kindly asked to attend some of and advise the next one, which takes committee chair, and his colleagues Abel these and to address our colleagues, office two years later. We have set in train Fainstein (co-chair from Latin America), notably during the Congress of a process for recruiting his successor, and Stefano Bolognini (co-chair from Europe) Francophone Analysts in Lisbon in May, we expect to make an appointment and Glen Gabbard (co-chair from North the East European Institute Summer sufficiently early for there to be time for America), for enabling this new School in Rabac in June, the Congress a proper handover from Piers to the next programme to develop so successfully of the Italian Psychoanalytical Society Director General. and so quickly. in Siena in September, a meeting on conceptual research in Frankfurt in At the same time, my colleagues and November, as well as other meetings I have been working to enhance the in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. I also dialogue with societies and the regional addressed a most rewarding event at the bodies. The IPA Board now meets in United Nations in New York, organised by New York each January, at the same Afaf Mahfouz, Chair, and the members of time as the meetings of the American our UN Committee, covering approaches Psychoanalytic Association, thus providing to the prevention of inter-generational huge opportunities to meet many from transmission of hate, war and violence. that region, as well as all institutions This clearly demonstrated the IPA’s role in affiliated to NAPsaC, the North American contributing psychoanalytic views to this THE SECRETARY GENERAL’S REPORT 15 Secretary General’s Report

Mónica Siedmann de Armesto A World of Activity

Mónica Siedmann de Armesto

It is now over a year since I began should provide a perfect venue for FEPAL (the Federation of Psychoanalytic work with Cláudio Eizirik, the the event. Societies of Latin America), the Latin American regional organization. Its Executive Committee and the Board. Relations with IPSO, the It has been an eventful time! candidate organization director is Javier Garcia from Uruguay, Making appointments to and and he and his co-directors are planning In recent years the IPA’s relationship with determining the mandates for their initial activities. The task of the the candidate organization IPSO – the institute is to offer training to candidates well over 50 IPA committees is International Psychoanalytical Studies demanding; there must be a fair leading to Direct Membership of the Organization – has developed and IPA in those countries of Latin America balance in regional representation improved. The recommendations of a of members in each committee. where there are no IPA societies, such working group, established some years as Paraguay, Panama, Ecuador, Bolivia Then there is the need to support ago, have now been implemented by and Costa Rica, etc. One of its first tasks them to achieve their various goals, the committee chaired by Lee Jaffe. The will be to make contact with groups in including finding the resources they Board has agreed that there should be these countries to ascertain the kind of require to do so. But everything is a further look at the relationship. A new assistance the new institute can offer. now in place and much activity is joint working group, chaired jointly by Lee and Bob Tyson, and including Susana under way – some of it reported New Groups issues by Cláudio. I will report briefly on Muszkat, President of IPSO and her There is a huge range of New Groups some of the many other activities colleagues, has been formed to consider activity within the IPA. We are delighted of the IPA. further strengthening of this partnership. The group should report in July 2007. and grateful that David Sachs has agreed to be the interim chair of this committee IPA congresses The Latin American Institute following the untimely and sad death of Psychoanalysis (ILAP) Planning for the Berlin Congress in of David Iseman. There are currently 12 July 2007 is well advanced thanks to This new Institute, modelled in part provisional societies and 8 study groups the careful work of the Programme on the successful Han Groen-Prakken within the IPA, covering a total of 14 Committee, chaired by Georg Bruns, from Institute for Eastern Europe chaired by different countries. A number of these Bremen. The theme is ‘Remembering, Paolo Fonda, has now been formally will be seeking a change of status at the Repeating and Working Through’ and approved by the boards of the IPA and Berlin Business Meeting. registration is now open. Although one congress has been held in Germany since the war, in Hamburg in 1985, this is the first one in Berlin since 1922, 85 years ago, under the Presidency of Ernest Jones, Freud’s biographer. Berlin has much to offer nearly 20 years after its reunification, with a huge range of museums, galleries and concert halls. I do hope you will be there. For 2009, the Board has approved Chicago as the congress location after consultation with the whole membership via email. The Programme Committee will be chaired by Abel Fainstein from Argentina as, by the rotation system, this position for a congress in North America now goes to a Latin American. This will be the fourth congress in the USA – following New York in 1979, San Francisco in 1995 and New Orleans in 2004. Chicago is a remarkably attractive city, particularly in the summer, and it The Brandenburg Gate, Berlin © www.berlin-tourist-information.de 16 THE SECRETARY GENERAL’S REPORT Report Secretary General’s

Crowds around the Victory Column, Berlin © www.berlin-tourist-information.de In addition, the IPA has established two will feel motivated to donate to this In all, some 300 IPA Members are Allied Centres – in Paraguay and Taiwan – good cause through the IPA website. engaged in these activities. They donate aimed at establishing a mutually their time, talent and expertise to the beneficial relationship between the The IPA website benefit of the international development IPA and these groups. This relationship In July 2006, the IPA Website Editorial of our profession. The full list of the does not include any formal training, Team, chaired by Eric Karas, launched committees is on the website. If you are but the IPA offers advice on how the new website – www.ipa.org.uk particularly interested in any of this work, Allied Centres’ members might find The original functionalities from the please make contact with the relevant training opportunities. old site have now been restored and committee chair. transferred to the new one. We hope A special committee, chaired by Peter Developing Psychoanalytic that the site will provide you with ready Loewenberg, has been established to Practice and Training (DPPT) access to information about the IPA, as consider the future of the IPA’s work in In October, following receipt of a report well as password-protected access to China. This committee is investigating from the DPPT Consultation Group restricted material. The IPA will continue the range of current psychoanalytic chaired by Anne-Marie Sandler, the to invest in the site as its prime means of development in that great country, and Executive Committee approved the DPPT communicating with the membership. aims to propose a plan for future work projects for 2006. Nine new projects for the Board to consider in July 2007. The IPA’s work were approved and are listed on the Visits have also been made to India in All the IPA’s work is carried out through its IPA website. This brings the total of order to ascertain if there are ways the many committees, which, as I mentioned projects approved since the programme IPA may be able to assist the society in my opening paragraph, were was launched three years ago to 30, an there. The Indian Society is one of the established over the early weeks of the investment of about $800,000 from the oldest within the IPA. new administration. In addition to the IPA. Plans are being established to review work of specific committees that Cláudio, the outcomes of these various projects The Freud Museum Nadine and I mention elsewhere, to determine the degree to which the programme has achieved its aim of Over recent years, the Freud Museum in the Child and Adolescent Committee chaired by Virginia Ungar, the Research increasing the numbers of psychoanalytic London, based at Freud’s last home in Committee chaired by Linda Mayes patients and candidates. Hampstead, has made changes to its and Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber, the governing structure. It now has a larger Awards Research Advisory Board chaired by Bob board, which includes two IPA Members Wallerstein, the Ethics Committee chaired Earlier this year, the Ticho Charitable from the British Society. The IPA has by Sara Zac de Filc, the new Working Foundation, established in memory of been in discussion with the museum to Group on the Psychic Effects of Social Ernst and Gertrude Ticho from Vienna, ascertain how it might assist with the Exclusion chaired by Marcelo Vinar, who were prominent IPA Members, museum’s development plans. Following the Publications Committee chaired by approached the IPA to ask if the discussions between Harvey Rich, chair Leticia Glocer Fiorini, the United Nations organizations might collaborate to of the IPA’s Resource Development Committee chaired by Afaf Mahfouz, the establish a new IPA award intended to Committee, and the museum, a Public Information Committee chaired by support the work of mid-career analysts. fundraising campaign has been launched Sergio Nick, the Womenand Psychoanalysis Two lectureship awards have now been amongst members. Funds raised will Committee chaired by Giovanna approved and will be offered for the first go towards improving the educational Ambrosio, the new Psychoanalysis and the time at the Berlin Congress. Details of facilities at the museum so that it may University Committee chaired by Ricardo these and all other IPA awards are more actively promote the achievements Bernardi, as well as many others, have available on the website. of Sigmund and Anna Freud. I hope you been actively pursuing their various tasks. THE TREASURER’S REPORT 17

Securing our Treasurer’s Report

Nadine Levinson Financial Future

Nadine Levinson

As I enter the last year of my survive and meet its obligations on a despite a serious decline the value of the four-year term as IPA Treasurer, significantly eroding income. So, after US dollar in the year leading up to the I look both forward and backwards: a very lengthy period of consideration event. Fortunately, it was attended by forward to the thought that I shall and consultation, the IPA Board last July 2,450 people, considerably more than soon pass on my position to a very agreed to raise IPA dues from $250 to anticipated. It remains our policy that knowledgeable and competent $275 in 2007, with a further increase IPA congresses should break even – European Treasurer and with the of $25 in 2009. Thereafter, it will be IPA something that has now been achieved hope I will leave the IPA’s finances in policy to raise its dues every five years for the last three events. relatively good shape, and back over from 2015 onwards, with the exact The IPA’s investments have performed more than three years of complex increase being decided at the time. So the total increase by 2009 will be 20 well in recent years as stock markets challenges and difficult issues. per cent over a 17-year period. This is, have recovered from the declines at by any measure, a modest increase, not the beginning of this decade. Total IPA dues much more than 1 per cent each year (well investments are now around $4 million. behind inflation), and demonstrates how The IPA holds much of these funds to The one dominating issue during my term well and diligently the IPA has worked, protect it against the considerable risks as Treasurer has been to confront head- over such a long period of time, to make involved in running congresses, the on all of the many regional complexities the most of what it has by controlling its fluctuations in the value of the various around IPA dues. No one likes paying resources and yet providing about the currencies in which it operates, and dues. Everyone wants to know what the same level of activity. IPA does with against possible adverse financial their money, and, circumstances across the world. given the distance Loans for candidates between your … the introduction of the 5 per cent day-to-day work Partly as a result of the strength of the and the perceived discount for early payment of dues IPA’s investments, I am pleased that it remoteness of the has proved extremely popular, and was possible for the Board to approve IPA, you rightly funds to strengthen one of the IPA ask me to justify mutually beneficial for the IPA and programmes, the Candidate Loan Fund. your contributions the participating societies. This enables candidates at IPA approved to the IPA. Cláudio institutes to apply to the IPA for modest Laks Eizirik, our interest-free loans to assist them during President, and their training. The loans become Mónica Siedmann de Armesto, our Additionally, the IPA will continue with repayable on reasonable terms a year Secretary General, outline in this issue its new dues discounts policy, which is after candidates graduate. The initial what the IPA is doing and, most universally fair and takes direct account of resources to create this fund were importantly, doing for you. Suffice it the fee earnings of its members across the donated by members. The Board agreed to say that, in my years working with world. This new policy has proved to be to contribute a further substantial the IPA, I believe your IPA dues help effective as it utilizes criteria to determine sum to the fund, and, thanks to the to deliver excellent programmes and actual needs. Further, the introduction of excellent work of Adriana Prengler and activities. Given the way the IPA is the 5 per cent discount for early payment her colleagues on the Candidates Loan organized, the IPA’s resources are spent of dues has proved extremely popular, Panel, $150,000 of loans has now been wisely, effectively and efficiently. and mutually beneficial for the IPA and advanced to over 30 candidates from the participating societies. the IPA’s three regions. This policy of The last time the IPA raised its dues for all investing some of the IPA’s resources in members was 1992. Most do not realize Accounts for 2005 and IPA investments our future membership, which in my that the value of the current dues has After discounting the insurance settlement opinion is one of our most precious declined by 50 per cent, because of the IPA received for the cancelled Toronto commodities, is something that I hope inflation and a significant devaluation Congress, the IPA made a small surplus of can continue. The long-term aim is to of the US dollar. This is particularly just over $100,000 in 2005. This is 5 per build a significant rolling Candidate significant as dues are set in US dollars cent of the income on a total budget of Loan Fund, so that, as loans are repaid, but half the IPA’s budget is spent in UK about $2 million for the year. In addition, new loans will be available for new IPA pounds and euros. No organization can the Congress in Rio de Janeiro broke even, candidates each year. 18 THE TREASURER’S REPORT

Simplifying the IPA Last year I reported on the lengthy process of reducing the IPA from four How the 2006 budget was spent separate and independent companies to two – one in the USA and one in the Membership Services 12% UK. This process is now nearing its end. By the beginning of 2007 we should effectively be operating as only two Research 11% companies. This will not only save Staff Support to IPA considerable governance costs, but activities 30% will also allow those involved in the governance of the IPA to concentrate Outreach 11% on professional and scientific issues

Treasurer’s Report Treasurer’s that concern us all, rather than be consumed with demanding legal and Governance 19% administrative matters. Development 9% Finally

My four years as Treasurer will end in a Professional, Scientific, Education 8% few months. It has been my privilege to meet many hundreds of members that I would not otherwise have known. I have seen the realities of your professional lives across the world, benefit from our common commitment and to the staff in Broomhills for their including Europe, both east and west, to high standards. Although I have excellent assistance and support. I have southern Latin America and Canada. spent many hours involved in financial, very much enjoyed working with the What is remarkable about the IPA is the legal and administrative matters within current IPA President, Cláudio Eizirik and diversity of conditions within which we the IPA over these years, it is always Secretary General, Mónica Siedmann de all work, but equally the similarity in these thoughts that have informed my Armesto, and am deeply impressed by outlook – an impressive dedication to approach to my work as an IPA officer. As their accomplishments and dedication. psychoanalysis and its practice, and a always, I am indebted to my colleagues determination to see that our patients on the IPA’s various finance committees LIVES IN BRIEF 19 Lives in Brief

Dr David Iseman of the Institute of Psychoanalysis class. David New Groups Committee of the IPA – Toronto Psychoanalytic graduated five years later and became a a committee that oversees the formation of

Society died suddenly and caring and trusted colleague. His passion all the new psychoanalytic groups worldwide. Lives in Brief prematurely in May 2006 for this work never waned. He handled these professional tasks with a while doing something humility and proficiency that few ever achieve. he loved best – running. Unlike many colleagues, he became more and He was 62. more involved and active, so 20 years later Our membership admires David’s enormous he was chairing every committee he had ever contribution to the IPA and our profession. David Iseman I first met David around joined. David’s resumé was outstanding in Toronto and Canadian psychoanalysis will miss 1971 when he was a the field of psychoanalysis both locally and him, and I will miss him and his optimistic ideas resident in psychiatry. He was described internationally. He had been President of both about the value of one’s life as well as that of as being quiet, competent and industrious. the Toronto Psychoanalytic and Canadian the future of our besieged profession. He quickly realized that his interests did not Psychoanalytic Societies and chair of several IPA lie in hospital psychiatry, but in psychoanalysis. committees, which had him flying all over the Douglas H. Frayn, In 1973 he was accepted into the third Toronto world. Most recently he was the chair of the Canadian Psychoanalytic Society

Dr Moses Laufer– Moe invited to be a training analyst. He was the On the clinical side, Moe wrote a great number as colleagues knew him – society’s Chair of the Child and Adolescent of papers, including five books and several died in July aged 78. Training Analysis Committee and subsequently monographs edited by him and his wife and Born in Montreal, Canada, its President in the mid 1980s. He was Secretary fellow-analyst Eglé, with the contribution of he was a pioneer of of the IPA during Adam Limentani’s tenure colleagues working at the Brent Centre. adolescent psychoanalysis as President. and founder of one of the His political and social concerns remained long-standing institutions His interest in adolescents, their unmovable during his lifetime. He and Hanna Moses Laufer for young people in psychopathology and treatment, remained his Segal launched the movement ‘International England, the Brent Centre for Young People. central preoccupation. He felt that adolescents psychoanalysts against nuclear weapons’ could be offered analytic treatment at a time during the IPA Congress in Hamburg in 1985. Initially, he worked as a street youth worker when even Anna Freud had serious doubts in the East End of London, UK. In 1960, he about it. Even so, she was impressed by the Maxim de Sauma, qualified as an analyst and started his child and outcome of his analytic treatment of a CEO, Brent Centre for Young People adolescent training at the Anna Freud Centre. delinquent boy and helped him to launch Moe subsequently became a member of the the Young People’s Consultation Centre British Psycho-Analytical Society and was around 1962.

Janine Chasseguet- She passionately undertook two personal The scope of her work is wide-ranging. Smirgel, a psychoanalyst analyses, rapidly becoming a psychoanalyst After her researches into feminine sexuality, in and member of the Paris and then a founding member of the society. which she contested Freud’s theory of penis Psychoanalytic Society, She also fulfilled important institutional envy and female castration, she committed died on 5 March 2006. responsibilities at the IPA, where she was herself to studying the creative process and elected vice-president from 1983 to 1989. its links with perversion. Her considerations Born in Paris in 1928, During this period, she organised the IPA of this area also led her to call into question she leaves behind her an Janine congress in Hamburg, where her skilful working the ego-ideal, on which she wrote a report Chasseguet-Smirgel important body of work relationship with the mayor, von Dohnanyi, that was presented to the Congress of whose influence has been whose father had been executed by the Nazis French-speaking Psychoanalysts in 1973. felt outside France, especially in the United for his activities in the resistance, helped to The application of psychoanalysis to social States and Latin America but also in Europe establish the return of the analytic movement issues was an area of passionate interest to and, more particularly, in Italy, Austria and in Germany. Born of a Jewish family wiped out her throughout her life. Germany, countries she visited frequently by Nazi barbarism, she inaugurated clinical with her husband Béla Grunberger in order exchanges that compared the treatments of Georges Pragier, to give lectures and clinical supervisions. the children of victims and executioners. Paris Psychoanalytic Society

Dr Paulina F. Kernberg, a until her death, Dr Kernberg was director of disorders. The book also argued that such child psychiatrist at Cornell Cornell’s residency training programme in disorders could be treated before they University and an authority child and adolescent psychiatry in Westchester. became a permanent part of the personality. on personality disorders, died in April 2006. Dr Dr Kernberg developed a diagnostic Paulina Fischer Kernberg was born in Santiago, Kernberg helped to evaluate technique for assessing a child’s self-image, Chile. She received her undergraduate and Elián González, the 6-year- seating children in front of a mirror and medical degrees from the University of Chile. old Cuban boy at the gently questioning them. She later wrote a She trained in psychiatry at the Menninger Paulina F. book about the mirror technique, which is Memorial Hospital in Kansas before joining Kernberg epicentre of an international custody battle in 2000. also used to explore child–parent interaction. the Topeka Institute for Psychoanalysis in 1969. An earlier book, Personality Disorders in Dr Kernberg is survived by her husband of 52 Dr Kernberg, who studied the emotional Children and Adolescents (2000), written years, former IPA President, Dr Otto F. Kernberg. effects of divorce, considered the trauma with Alan S. Weiner and Karen K. Bardenstein, Copyright © 2006 by The New York Times Co. from divorce second only to that of a parent’s Dr Kernberg’s daughter, examined the origins Reprinted with permission. With acknowledgments to death. She helped found a clinical programme of narcissistic and anti-social disorders, and the Menninger Clinic. for children of divorced families at New York- argued against a notion prevalent then, that Presbyterian/Westchester hospital. From 1978 children could not develop serious personality Volume 15, December 2006 IPA Publications International

Recently published: Identity, Gender and Sexuality: 150 Years after Freud Edited by Peter Fonagy, Rainer Krause, PSYCHOANALYSIS and Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber News Magazine of the International Psychoanalytical Association Contributors: Susan Coates, Cláudio Laks Eizirik, Peter Fonagy, Erlich’s “Issues of ‘Grey’ Psychoanalytic Training” Richard C Friedman, André E Haynal, Rainer Krause, Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber, Linda C Mayes, Friedemann Pfäfflin, The debate continues — and Erlich responds Anne-Marie Sandler, Sheila Spensley, Sverre Varvin, and Rudi Vermote Cláudio Laks Eizirik on While Freud opened the door on the formative and motivating power of sexuality, “Strengthening our psychoanalytic community“ contemporary psychoanalysts, with some notable exceptions, have consigned sexuality to the psychoanalytic closet. This book not only re-opens the door on the broad subject Tributes to Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel, David Iseman, Paulina Kernberg and Moses Laufer of psychosexuality, but also provides fresh insights into heterosexuality, bisexuality, homosexuality, Gender Identity Disorder, transvestism and transsexualism.

This publication brings together some of the leading psychoanalytic authorities from around the globe to consider in depth the complex interweaving of identity, gender and sexuality from theoretical, clinical, historical and research perspectives. I strongly recommend Identity, Gender and Sexuality to those looking for a book that does not pull punches. The reader will find a debate about the relative merits of clinical, empirical, and conceptual research, critical assessments of interdisciplinary findings from infant and child development research, Embodied Cognitive Science, academic psychology, Members’price: neurobiology, genetics, ethology, and other fields of inquiry, and honest and illuminating £16.50/$29.50 psychoanalytic case studies. The IPA Congress comes (ISBN: 978-09523905-9-6) Donald Campbell to Berlin in July 2007

Coming soon for 2007...

From Impression to Inquiry: The Integration On Freud’s ‘Mourning and Melancholia’ of Clinical and Research Perspectives in the Edited by Leticia Glocer-Fiorini, Thierry work of Robert Wallerstein Bokanowski, & Sérgio Lewkowicz Edited by Norbert Freedman, Wilma Bucci, (ISBN: 978-1-905888-06-1) & Ethan Graham (ISBN: 978-1-905888-00-9) The Geography of Meanings: Realities, Metaphors and Psychoanalytic Perspectives Resonance of Suffering: Edited by Maria Teresa Hooke & Salman Akhtar Countertransference in Non-Neurotic Structures (ISBN: 978-1-905888-03-0) Edited by André Green (ISBN: 978-1-905888-01-6) The Unconscious Edited by José Carlos Calich & Helmut Hinz Links, Alliances, and Shared Space: The Psychoanalytic Approach to Groups (ISBN: 978-1-905888-02-3) and the Psychoanalyst By René Kaës (ISBN: 978-1-905888-04-7)

Plus more titles… International Association Internationale Asociación Psychoanalytical Psychanalytique Psychoanalytische Psicoanalítica For more information on these titles or to order online please visit our website www.ipa.org.uk or email us at: [email protected] Association Internationale Vereinigung Internacional