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CAI,IF'ornia STATE UNIVERSITY, NOR'thludge FIVE CALIFORNIA CAI,IF'ORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NOR'THlUDGE FIVE CALIFORNIA WOMEN ARCHITECTS !\ IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE A thesis submitt:ed in partial satisfaction of tht.~ reguirement.s for the degree of Master of Arts in Art by Helen Morgan J'une 1979 The Thesis of Helen Moraan is aooroved: Mary Kenan Breazeal~ Dr. Donald Strona br .-nolores Yonker,----­ Committee Chairman California State University, Northridge ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I take this opportunity to thank the members of my committP-e, Dr. Dolores Yonker, Mary Kenon Breazeale, and Dr. Donald Strong, for their generous help in the completion of this thesis. A special word of appreciation is due Dr. Yonker, committee chairperson and graduate advisor. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGN.ENTS . iii LIST OF PLATES AND SOURCES vi ABSTRACT xii Part I INTRODUCTION :A HISTOIUCAL SURVEY OF WOJI.'lEN IN ARCHITECTURE (1800-1940) Chapter 1. WOMEN'S DESIGN OF DOMESTIC SPACE (1820-1870) .......• 2 2. OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ARCHITECTURE (1860-1940) .......... 19 Part II FIVE CALIFORNIA WOr>lEN ARCHITECTS (1900-1960) 3. JULIA MORGAN (1872-1957) 36 4. HAZEL WOOD WATERI~N (1865-1948) 54 5. LILIAN RICE (1888-1932) 70 6. EDLA MUIR (1906-1971) . 90 7. LUTAH MARIA RIGGS (1895-) 102 Epilogue WOMEN'S SEARCH FOR PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY 113 iv Page BIBLIOGRAPHY . 131 APPENDIX 137 v LIST OF PLATES Plate Page 1. Catherine Beecher, floor plan and elevation for a Gothic Cottage, 1848. Source: Catherine Beecher, A Treatise for Domestic Economv for theuse of-­ Young Ladies at Hcirii.~--ro-ew--Yo£k---:-Ifa rper I 1841), p. 269. • • • 6 2. Catherine Beecher, floor plan and elevation for a Greek Cottage, 1848. Source: Catherine Beecher, A Treatise for Domestic Economy for the use oT-~ Young-tadies a·t Hom·e(i~ewYork:--Harper, 7 1841) 1 P• 271. • • o • • o • . 3. Catherine Beecher, floor plan, 1869. Source: Catherine Beecher, The American Woman' s Home (New York: J. B-~-FOrd;---- 1869), p. 27. • • . ••. 10 4. Catherine Beecher, A Movable Screen, 1869. Source: Cathering Beecher, The American Woman's Home (New York: J. B-.-Ford, 1869), p. 28-29 ..•..•..••••• . 12 5. Harriet Morrison Irwin, Plan for a hexagonal building, 1869. Source: Madelaine Stern, We the Women (New York: Shulte Publishing Company, 1963), p. 84. • .•. 13 6. Margaret Hicks, A Workman's Cottage, 1878. Source: Gwendolyn Wright, "On the Fringe of the Profession: Women in American Architecture, .. The Architect, ed. Spiro Kostof (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977}, p. 282. •.••••.•••. '23 vi Plate Page 7. Sophia Hayden, The Woman's Building, 1893. Source: Madelaine Stern,· We the Women (New York: Shulte Publishing Company, 1963), p. 285 ..•....•.•••. • • • 25 8. Eleanor Raymond, A Modern House in Massachusetts, 1933. Source: "Eleanor Raymond," Architectural Forum (November, 1933), p. 413 ••••• . 33 9. Julia Morgan, St. John~s Presbyterian Church, Berkeley, 1909. Source: Richard W. Longstreth, Julia Morgan--Architect (Berkeley: Architectural Heritage Association, 1977) , p. 31. • • • , 44 10. Figure 1: Julia Morgan, La Cuesta Encantada, San Simeon, 1920-1937. Source: Richard W. Longstreth, Julia ~organ::-Architect (Berkeley: Architectural Heritage Association, 1977), p. 33. • ., 46 Figure 2: Julia Morgan, YWCA, Oakland, 1913-1914. Source: Longstreth, Julia Morgan-­ Architect, p. 29. 11. Julia Morgan, Interior, YWCA, Oakland, 1913.,..1914. Source: Susana Torre, ed., Women in Aloerican Architecture:. A Historic and Contemporary Perspect.i ve (New York-:-­ Watson-Guphill Publications, 1977), 49 p. 83 ••• ,. •••••••• fl . .. ' 12. Julia Morgan, Asilomar, 1913. Source: Harriet Rochlin, "A Distinguished Generation of Women Architects i.n California," AIA Journal, 66, No. 9 (August, 1977T, p. 38 •.•••••••••• 50 vii Plate Page 13. Julia Morgan, Berkeley Women's City Club, Berkeley, 1929-1930. Source: Richard W. Longstreth, Julia Morgan--Architect (Berkeley: Architectural Heritage Ass-ociation, 1977), p. 25. • 52 14. Hazel Wood Waterman, The Alice Lee Residence, San Diego, 1905. Source: AIA Guide to San Diego (San Diego Chapter of the American Association of Architects, 1977), p. 40 .•.• 56 15. Hazel Wood Waterman, The Estudillo House, San Diego, 1909. Source: The San Diego Historical Society Library and Manuscripts Collection, Box file: Hazel Wood Waterman Collection. • • 59 16. Hazel Wood Waterman, The Wednesday Club, San Diego, 1910. Source: The San Diego Historical Society Library and Manuscripts Collection, Box file: Hazel Wood Waterman Collection .. 62 17. Hazel Wood Waterman, contemporary view of The Wednesday Club, San Diego, 1910. Source: Helen Morgan. .. 63 18. Hazel Wood Waterman, The Children's Home, Administration Building, Balboa Park, San Diego, 1912. Source: The San Di~go Historical Society Library and Manuscripts Collection, Box file: Hazel Wood Waterman Collection .• 65 19. Irving Gill, Gilman Hall Bishop's School, La Jolla, California, 1916. Source: Esther McCoy, Five California Architects (New York: Reinhold Book CO'r'poration, 1960), p. 82. • • • • • . • • • 68 viii Plate ~qge 20. Lilian Rice, view of town center, Rancho Santa Fe, 1922. Source: Helen Morgan. " ~ . 73 21. Lilian Rice, Rancho Santa Fe Inn, 1922. Source: Helen Morgan. ~ - 74 22. Lilian Rice, sketch, Home of Mary A. Campbell, Rancho Santa Fe. Source: The San Diego Historical Society Library and Manuscript Collection. • • • . 76 23. Lilian Rice, sketch, Proposed Residence for Mrs. Francis Rush, Rancho Santa Fe. Source: The San Diego Historical Society Library and Manuscript Collection. • . • . 77 24. Lilian Rice, floor plan, Residence of Mr. Barton Millard, Rancho Santa Fe. Source: The San Diego Historical Society Library and Manuscript Collection. • . • • 78 25, Lilian Rice, sketch and floor plan, Home for Mr. S. H. Carse, Rancho Santa Fe. Source: The San Diego Historical Society Library and Manuscript Collection. • • . • • 79 26. Lilian Rice, sketch and floor plan, Home for Mr. D. L. Fairchild, Rancho Santa Fe. Source: The San Diego Historical Society J:..:i.brary and Manuscript Collection. • • • 80 27. Lilian Rice, floor plan, residence, Rancho Santa Fe. Source: The San Diego Historical Society Library and Manuscript Collection. • • • • • 81 28. Lilian Rice, townhouses, Rancho Santa Fe, 1923. Source: David Gebhard and Robert Winter, A Guide to Architecture in Southern ix Plate Page California (Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1965), p. 71. 82 29. Lilian Rice, ZLAC Rowing Club, Mission Bay, California, 1932. Source: Helen Morgan. ~ .. 84 30. Lilian Rice, ZLAC Rowing Club, Mission Bay, California, 1932. Source: Helen Morgan. 85 31. Lilian Rice, interior, ZLAC Rowing Club, Mission Bay, California, 1932. Source: The San Diego Historical Society Library and Manuscript Collection. 87 32. Lilian Rice, Robinson House, La Jolla, California, 1929. Source: The San Diego Historical Society Library and Manuscript Collection. • . 88 33. Edla Muir, elevation, Edla Muir Residence, Brentwood, California, 1935. Source: University of California at Santa Barbara, Museum, Edla Muir 93 Collection. ..... 0 • • 34. Edla Muir, floor plan, Edla Muir Residence, Brentwood, California, 1935. Source: University of California at Santa Barbara, Museum, Edla Muir Collection. • . 94 35. Figure 1: John Byers and Edla Muir, Chase House, Azusa, California, 1936. Figure 2: John Byers and Edla Muir, Ilsey House, Los Angeles, California, 1937. Source: David Gebhard and Harriet von Breton, L.A. in the Thirties 1931-1941 (JJos Angeles: Peregrine· Smith, Inc. , 1975), p. 124. • • • • ••••..• X Plate Vage 36. Edla Muir, John Rex Residence, Los Angeles, 1949. Source: Harriet Rochlin, "A Distinguished Generation of Women Architects in · California," AIA Journal, 66, No. 9 (August, 1977) , p. 4 0--.- 99 37. Lutah Maria Riggs, Lutah Maria Riggs Residence, Montecito, California, 1926. Source: Helen Morgan. 100 38. Lutah Maria Riggs, Erving House, Montecito, California, 1953. Source: David Gebhard and Robert Winter, A Guide to Architecture in Southern California (Los-Angeles: Los ·Angeles County Mus-eum of Art, 1965), p. 115 ..• • • 107 39. Lutah Maria Riggs, Vedanta Temple, Montecito, California, 1956. Source: Helen Morgan. ~ 110 xi ABSTRACT FIVE CALIFORNIA WOMEN ARCHITECTS IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE by Helen Morgan Master of Arts in Art This paper proposes to put the careers of five California women architects into historical perspective and to add new information to that already published about women in architecture. Until the late nineteenth century, the design of domestic architecture was traditionally accepted as a man's profession. Therefore, any reference to the matter of housekeeping efficiency was not an important cri te:r:ion for the architect. Women expressed little interest in the development of domestic architecture until the 1820's when changing social concE tions stimulated a deman.J. for solutions to housekeeping problems. The arrangein<:mt. of the :i.ntr:Jrior xii and eventually the design of the entire dwelling came und.er close scrutiny. By the late 1800's, some women wished to pursue this interest to the point where they demanded formal training. Unfortunately many universities with architectural departments refused to admit them. At the beginning of the t:went:ie·th century, i.:wo important events in California contribu-ted to the emergence of women as architects. 'rhe Depart.ment of Architecture at the Unive:rsi ty of California at Berkeley encouraged women to enroll, and the population movement westward increased the demand for domestic building. As a result, five women,
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