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LOS ANGELES CITYWIDE HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT Context: Architecture and Engineering Theme: Arts and Crafts Movement, 1895-1930

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LOS ANGELES CITYWIDE HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT Context: Architecture and Engineering Theme: Arts and Crafts Movement, 1895-1930 LOS ANGELES CITYWIDE HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT Context: Architecture and Engineering Theme: Arts and Crafts Movement, 1895-1930 Theme: Housing the Masses, 1880-1980 Sub-Theme: Arts and Crafts Neighborhoods, 1890-1930 Prepared for: City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning Office of Historic Resources June 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 1 CONTRIBUTORS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 HISTORIC CONTEXT 3 THEME: Arts and Crafts Movement, 1895-1930 12 Sub-theme: Craftsman, 1905-1930 12 Sub-theme: Early Tudor Revival, 1895-1929 22 Sub-theme: Prairie Style, 1905-1924 29 Sub-theme: American Foursquares or Prairie Boxes, 1895-1924 35 Sub-theme: Arroyo Stone Buildings, 1892-1930 40 THEME: Housing the Masses, 1880-1980 45 Sub-theme: Arts and Crafts Neighborhoods, 1895-1930 45 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 51 SurveyLA Citywide Historic Context Statement Architecture and Engineering/Arts and Crafts Movement; Housing and the Masses/Arts and Crafts Neighborhoods PREFACE These themes are components of Los Angeles’ citywide historic context statement and provide guidance to field surveyors in identifying and evaluating individual historic resources and historic districts relating to Arts and Crafts Movement architecture. Refer to www.HistoricPlacesLA.org for information on designated resources associated with this theme as well as those identified through SurveyLA and other surveys. CONTRIBUTORS Teresa Grimes is a Principal Architectural Historian at GPA Consulting. She earned her Master of Arts degree in Architecture from the University of California, Los Angeles and has over twenty-five years of experience in the field. INTRODUCTION The Arts and Crafts movement was an art, design, architecture, and lifestyle philosophy that originated in mid-nineteenth century England with the work of individuals such as William Morris, Philip Webb, and Edward Burne-Jones. The movement gained followers in the United States through the efforts of Gustav Stickley, Elbert Hubbard, and many others in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The proponents of the American Arts and Crafts movement shared with their British counterparts a reform philosophy that emphasized hand craftsmanship over mass production. The American movement was different from the British movement in that it also drew upon American design antecedents – such as Shaker crafts and Spanish colonial missions – as well as all things Japanese for inspiration. The American movement sought to appeal to the expanding middle class of the 1910s and 1920s, and lead to a proliferation of architectural styles associated with the movement throughout cities and new suburban residential developments that grew exponentially during this period. The Arts and Crafts movement spread throughout the United States with the development of societies that sponsored lectures and programs. The geographic distribution of these societies – from New York to California – led to regional differences in the artistic production of the movement. One region that emerged at the forefront of the movement grew from the wealth of artists, architects, and designers living and working in the Arroyo Seco, a valley linking Pasadena to Los Angeles. The community became known as the Arroyo Culture and their influence can be seen throughout Los Angeles. Charles and Henry Greene are the most celebrated architects of the Arts and Crafts movement in Southern California. Based in Pasadena, the brothers helped to popularize the Craftsman architectural style of the Arts and Crafts movement with their complete designs for “ultimate bungalows” like Pasadena’s Gamble House, in which they not only designed the buildings but the contents as well. At first, the Craftsman style was most commonly applied to domestic architecture. Later, institutional property types – including club buildings and churches – would use the Craftsman style and other styles of the Arts and Crafts movement. Page | 1 SurveyLA Citywide Historic Context Statement Architecture and Engineering/Arts and Crafts Movement; Housing and the Masses/Arts and Crafts Neighborhoods Multiple architectural styles developed from the aesthetics and philosophy of the Arts and Crafts movement. Prairie, Tudor Revival, American Foursquares or Prairie Boxes, and Arroyo stone buildings were architectural styles rooted in the movement. These styles, presented here as sub-themes, are used to evaluate individually significant examples of Arts and Crafts architecture. Potential historic districts are discussed in the subtheme “Arts and Crafts Neighborhoods.” Entire neighborhoods of homes in Arts and Crafts styles were designed and fabricated for the masses in Los Angeles, from the bungalows of West Adams and Southeast Los Angeles to the grand homes in Mid-Wilshire, Country Club Park, Hollywood, and Los Feliz. These neighborhoods collectively include buildings designed in all the styles of the Arts and Crafts movement. Evaluation Considerations The themes “Arts and Crafts Movement” and “Housing the Masses” may overlap with other SurveyLA themes as follows: • Later Tudor Revival style buildings that postdate the period of significance for the Arts and Crafts Movement theme are discussed under the Period Revival theme within the Architecture and Engineering context. • Revival styles popular in the same period as the Arts and Crafts movement are developed within the Architecture and Engineering context under themes for American Colonial Revival, Mediterranean and Indigenous Revival, and Exotic Revival styles. • Arroyo stone buildings may also be significant under the Mediterranean and Indigenous Revival theme within the Architecture and Engineering context. • Bungalow courts may also be significant under the Residential Development and Suburbanization context within the Multi-Family Residential Development theme for the property type Bungalow Court. • Neighborhoods with primarily multi-family residences may also be significant within the Residential Development and Suburbanization context under the Multi-Family Residential Districts theme. • Residential neighborhoods may also be significant within the Residential Development and Suburbanization context under the Streetcar Suburbanization and Automobile Suburbanization themes. Page | 2 SurveyLA Citywide Historic Context Statement Architecture and Engineering/Arts and Crafts Movement; Housing and the Masses/Arts and Crafts Neighborhoods HISTORIC CONTEXT The Arts and Crafts Movement Comes to Los Angeles The Arts and Crafts movement originated in mid-nineteenth century England primarily from the work of William Morris, who adopted and lived his life based on the philosophies set forth by Thomas Carlyle, A.W. Pugin, and John Ruskin. These men all shared a distaste for the materialism brought about by the Industrial Revolution in England. Ruskin advocated an art form that was derived directly from nature and a return to traditional craftsmanship. Although trained as an architect, Morris’ only experience with house building was his Red House (1859) at Bexley Heath near London. His friend, the architect Philip Webb, designed it in a vaguely country house style of the English seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.1 Webb established the principles of practical design, sensitive site layout, use of local materials, and respect for traditional building methods that would soon inform his contemporaries such as Richard Norman Shaw.2 The Red House, so called on account of its brickwork, launched the career of Morris. Morris, his wife, and friends formed a community of artisans to produce objects that eventually furnished the house. The enterprise evolved into a design and manufacturing firm, Morris and Company, whose products included stained glass windows, furniture, wallpaper, and carpets.3 The work of Morris and Company revered nature Red House, completed in 1859 and drew upon natural elements and (The Victorian Web) forms to inspire decorative motifs. Morris’ longstanding interest in the medieval period is reflected in his motifs and illustrations, such as his tapestries of Arthurian legend scenes. Throughout the United States, Morris’ ideals were brought to life through the Arts and Crafts movement and William Morris societies. At a moment in history when industrial technology and innovation were reshaping Americans’ relationship with nature and the urban environment, Morris’ message harmonized with nostalgia for a pre-industrial past. Two Americans who most explicitly followed the ideals of Morris were Elbert Hubbard and Gustav Stickley. Hubbard was a manual training instructor turned architect 1 Lauren Bricker, Robert Winter and Janet Tearnen, Residential Architecture of the Arts and Crafts Period in Pasadena, 1895-1918, Multiple Property Documentation Form, 1998, E3. 2 Kenneth Frampton, Modern Architecture: A Critical History (London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1985), 42-44. 3 Bricker et al., E4. Page | 3 SurveyLA Citywide Historic Context Statement Architecture and Engineering/Arts and Crafts Movement; Housing and the Masses/Arts and Crafts Neighborhoods who designed a number of houses that reflected the influences of the Arts and Crafts period. He was the founder of the Arts and Crafts community called the Roycrofters, located in East Aurora, New York. The Roycroft Press published a number of books on Hubbard and the furniture, light fixtures, and metal work produced by the community. Like Hubbard, Gustav Stickley created a veritable empire of Arts and Crafts goods. Stickley was a furniture maker who published The Craftsman magazine between 1901 and 1916, an influential
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