Variability of Driving Behaviours and Low-Emission Driving Requirements
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MODALES D2.1: Variability of driving behaviours and Low-emission driving requirements WORK PACKAGE WP2: Knowledge of low-emission factors TASK 2.1 Variability of driving behaviours TASK 2.4 Low emission driving requirements AUTHORS Haibo Chen - LEEDS; Jianbing Gao - LEEDS; Ye Liu - LEEDS; Yue Huang - LEEDS; David Watling - LEEDS; Guido Perricone - BREMB; Matteo Federici - BREMB; Valerio Bortolotto - BRIDG; Mauro PATELLI - BRIDG; Nicolas Delias - MICH; Florian Bremond - MICH; Neamah Hasan Al Naffakh - LIST; Sid Ahmed Benabderrahmane - LIST; Sébastien Faye - LIST; Dimitris Margaritis - CERTH; Athanasios Dimitriadis - CERTH; Orhan Alankus - OKAN; Engin Özatay - OKAN; Ted Zotos - IRU DISSEMINATION LEVEL Public (PU) STATUS Final submitted to EC. Subject to European Commission approval DUE DATE 31/03/2020 DOCUMENT DATE 31/03/2020 VERSION NUMBER 1.0 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 815189. Quality control Name Organisation Date Editor: Haibo Chen LEEDS 29/03/2020 Peer review 1: Joan Domingo ACASA 26/03/2020 Peer review 2: Arno Amberla PROV 25/03/2020 Authorised by (Technical Juhani Laurikko VTT 31/03/2020 Coordinator): Authorised by (Project Jean-Charles Pandazis ERTICO 31/03/2020 Coordinator): Submitted by: Andrew Winder ERTICO 31/03/2020 Revision and history chart Version Date Main author Summary of changes 0.1 15/11/2019 Haibo Chen 1st draft of table of contents 0.2 20/01/2020 Jianbing Gao; Haibo Chen 1st draft of Chapters 2, 3 and 7 Guido Perricone; Matteo Federici; Neamah Hasan Al 0.3 22/01/2020 Naffakh; Sid Ahmed 1st draft of Chapters 4 and 6 Benabderrahmane; Sébastien Faye; Ye Liu; Haibo Chen Valerio Bortolotto; Mauro PATELLI; Nicolas Delias; Florian 0.4 26/02/2020 1st draft of Chapter 5 Bremond; Yue Huang; Haibo Chen Consolidation and review of Chapters 0.5 06/03/2020 Haibo Chen 2-7 Haibo Chen; Jianbing Gao; Ye Liu; Yue Huang; Guido Perricone; Matteo Federici; Valerio Bortolotto; Mauro PATELLI; 0.6 02/03/2020 Revision of received Chapters Nicolas Delias; Florian Bremond; Neamah Hasan Al Naffakh; Sid Ahmed Benabderrahmane; Sébastien Faye Dimitri Margaritis; Athanasios 0.7 21/03/2020 Dimitriadis; Ted Zotos; Engin Final draft of Chapter 8 Özatay; Orhan Alankus 0.8 24/03/2020 Haibo Chen D2.1 ready for peer-reviews Peer review comments treated. New section 5.8 “Recommendations and 0.9 30/03/2020 Haibo Chen, Nicolas Delias guidelines” added. Submitted to project and technical coordinators for authorisation 1.0 31/03/2020 Andrew Winder, Juhani Laurikko Final check and submission MODALES D2.1: Variability of driving behaviours and Low-emission driving requirements Version: 1.0 Date: 31/03/2020 Page: 2 Legal disclaimer This document is issued within the framework of and for the purpose of the MODALES project. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, through the Innovation and Networks Executive Agency (INEA) under the powers delegated by the European Commission and under Grant Agreement No. 815189. Opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor the MODALES partners bear any responsibility for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. This document and its content are the property of the MODALES Consortium. All rights relevant to this document are determined by the applicable laws. Access to this document does not grant any right or license on the document or its contents. MODALES partners may use this document in conformity with the MODALES Consortium Grant Agreement provisions. MODALES D2.1: Variability of driving behaviours and Low-emission driving requirements Version: 1.0 Date: 31/03/2020 Page: 3 Table of Contents Quality control ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Revision and history chart ....................................................................................................................... 2 Legal disclaimer ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 4 Index of figures ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Index of tables ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Glossary of terms ................................................................................................................................... 12 List of abbreviations and acronyms....................................................................................................... 13 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 19 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 22 1.1 Background of MODALES ......................................................................................................... 22 1.2 Purpose of this document ........................................................................................................ 23 1.3 Document structure ................................................................................................................. 23 2 Variability of driving behaviour ........................................................................................................ 24 2.1 Driving behaviour variability by vehicle type ........................................................................... 24 2.2 Driving behaviour variability by time of day ............................................................................ 27 2.3 Driving behaviour variability by road type ............................................................................... 28 2.4 Geographical differences .......................................................................................................... 29 2.5 Impact of weather conditions .................................................................................................. 30 2.6 Gender differences ................................................................................................................... 32 2.7 Effects of age ............................................................................................................................ 32 2.8 Influence of driving experience ................................................................................................ 33 3 Exhaust emissions ............................................................................................................................ 35 3.1 Exhaust emissions from diesel and petrol engines and influence factors ............................... 35 3.1.1 Exhaust emissions from diesel engines and influence factors ....................................... 35 3.1.2 Exhaust emissions from petrol engines and influence factors ...................................... 36 3.2 Monitoring of exhaust emissions ............................................................................................. 36 3.2.1 In-situ real-world emissions monitoring ........................................................................ 36 3.2.2 In-Vehicle real-world vehicle exhaust emissions monitoring ........................................ 37 3.2.3 Lab monitoring of exhaust emissions ............................................................................. 39 3.3 Modelling of exhaust emissions ............................................................................................... 40 3.3.1 Instantaneous power-based emission models – PHEM ................................................. 40 3.3.2 Instantaneous power-based emission models – NDDBEM ............................................ 42 3.3.3 Instantaneous fuel-based emission model – CMEM ...................................................... 43 MODALES D2.1: Variability of driving behaviours and Low-emission driving requirements Version: 1.0 Date: 31/03/2020 Page: 4 3.3.4 Regression-based emission model – VERSIT+ ................................................................ 44 3.3.5 Traffic simulation-based emission models – HBEFA ...................................................... 46 3.3.6 Average speed-based emission models – COPERT ........................................................ 47 3.3.7 Average speed-based emission model – NAEI ............................................................... 48 3.3.8 MOVES ............................................................................................................................ 49 3.4 Meta-analysis............................................................................................................................ 50 3.4.1 Fix effect meta-analysis model ....................................................................................... 50 3.4.2 Random effects meta-analysis model ............................................................................ 51 3.4.3 Meta-analysis review related to exhaust