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Units in Electricity and Magnetism

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Units in Electricity and Magnetism Units in Electricity and Magnetism The tables below list the systems of electrical and magnetic units. They only include units of interest in the field of Radio. The older systems were the CGS(centimeter-gram-second) and Gaussian systems. The Gaussian system being based on a mix of Electrostatic units (ESU) and Electromagnetic units (EMU). The current standard is the International System of Units (SI) and is sometimes referred to as rationalised MKS units. The MKS system of units is a physical system of units that expresses any given measurement using fundamental units of the metre, kilogramme, and/or second (MKS) Conversions from one system to others are given in two ways. Firstly numerically by multiplying factors. Note that c stands for the velocity of light in space and its value is exactly 299792458 metre/second exactly (by definition of the metre). The other method of conversion allows you to change formulas given in old books into the modern SI form. This will be particularly useful to you if, like me, you have books by Terman, Scroggie, etc. or the Admiralty Handbook of Wireless Telegraphy. There were lots of useful formulas in these old books, which can now be given new life. I have tried to make the tables as complete and accurate as possible and have checked lots of different sources. Nevertheless there may be errors and I will be grateful for any corrections or additions. Please email me at the address given on the home page. SI Units Quantity Symbol Unit & (Abbr.) Dimensions ESU EMU Mass m kilogram (kg) M 1000 1000 Length l metre (m) L 100 100 Time t second (s) T 1 1 Power P watt (W) ML2T-3 107 107 Electric Current I ampere (A) I=M½L1½T-2 10c 0.1 Charge Q coulomb (C) TI 10c 0.1 Electric Potential V volt (V) ML2T-3I-1 106/c 108 Resistance R ohm ( ) ML2T-3I-2 105/c2 109 Conductance G siemens (S) M-1L-2T3I2 10-5c2 10-9 Inductance H henry (H) ML2T-2I-2 105/c2 109 Capacitance C farad (F) M-1L-2T4I2 10-5c2 10-9 Electric Field Strength E volt/metre (V m-1) MLT-3I-1 104/c 106 Electric Charge Density coulomb/cu.m. (C m-3) L-3TI c/105 10-7 Electric displacement D coulomb/sq.m. (C m-2) L-2TI 4 10-3c 4 10-5 Electric flux density Magnetic Potential ampere (A) I 4 10c 4 10-1 Magnetic Field Strength H ampere/metre (A m-1) L-1I 4 c/10 4 10-3 Magnetic flux weber (Wb) ML2T-2I-1 106/c 108 Magnetic Induction B tesla (T) MT-2I-1 100/c 104 Magnetic Flux Density -4 -2 Magnetic susceptibility e none none 10 c /(4 1/(4 ) ) Magnetic Moment m ampere metre2 (A m2) L2I 105c 103 Magnetisation (Magnetic M ampere/metre (A m-1) L-1I 10-1c 10-3 moment/unit volume) Magnetic Polarisation J tesla (T) MT-2I-1 102/(4 104/(4 ) c) Magnetic Pole Strength P ampere metre (A m) LI 103c 10 -1 Magneto Motive Force Fm ampere (A) I 4 10c 4 10 Magnetic Reluctance S ampere/weber(A Wb-1) I2M-1L-2T2 4 10-9 4 10-9 Permittivity of space farad/metre (F m-1) M-1L-3T4I2 - - Permeability of space henry/metre (H m-1) MLT-2I-2 - - Notes: c (the speed of light) = 299792458 metre/second exactly (by definition of the metre) = 1/(4 10-7c2) = 8.85418781762039 x 10-12 farad/metre (approx) = 4 10-7 = 1.25663706143592 x 10-6 henry/metre (approx) CGS Units Quantity Symbol Dimensions Dimensions ESU EMU Mass m M M gram gram Length l L L centimetre centimetre Time t T T second second Power P ML2T-3 ML2T-3 erg/second erg/second Electric Current I I M½L1½T-2 statamp biot Charge Q TI M½L1½T-1 franklin abcoulomb Electric Potential V ML2T-3I-1 M½L½T-1 statvolt abvolt (lines/second) Resistance R ML2T-3I-2 L-1T statohm abohm Conductance G M-1L-2T3I2 LT-1 statsiemens absiemens Inductance L ML2T-2I-2 L-1T2 stathenry abhenry Capacitance C M-1L-2T4I2 L cm abfarad Electric field strength E MLT-3I-1 M½L-½T-1 statvolt/cm abvolt/cm Electric displacement D L-2TI M½L1½T-1 statcoulomb cm-2 abcoulomb cm- 2 Dielectric constant M-1L-3T4I2 none none none Magnetic pole P LI M½L2½T-2 unit pole dyne cm-1 = 4 lines of force Magnetic Potential I M½L1½T-2 gilbert Magnetic field strength H L-1I M½L½T-2 oersted Magnetic flux ML2T-2I-1 M½L½ maxwell = 1 line Magnetic Induction B MT-2I-1 M½L-1½ gauss (Magnetic flux density) = 1 line cm-2 Magnetic permeability MLT-2I-2 L-2T2 darcy Magnetic susceptibility (or k) M½L1½T-2I-1 none none none Intensity of M (or I) L-1I M½L½T-2 pole cm-2 Magnetisation = J Magnetic Moment m L2I M½L3½T-2 pole cm Magneto Motive force G I M½L1½T-2 gilbert Magnetic Reluctance S L-2M-1T2I2 LT-2 gilbert/biot Notes: In the first column of Dimensions, I is used as a basic unit. In the second it is expressed in terms of Length, Mass and Time. Gaussian Units The Gaussian system uses a mix of Electrostatic and Electromagnetic units There are two common forms, Gaussian and Modified Gaussian, which defines electric current in terms of magnetic units Quantity Symbol Gaussian Modified Gaussian Electric Current I ESU franklin EMU biot Charge Q ESU statcoulomb ESU statcoulomb Electric Potential V ESU statvolt ESU statvolt Resistance R ESU statohm ESU statohm Inductance L EMU abhenry cm Capacitance C cm cm Electric field strength E ESU statvolt/cm ESU statvolt/cm Electric displacement D ESU statcoulomb/cm2 ESU statcoulomb/cm2 Dielectric constant none none Magnetic pole P EMU unit pole EMU unit pole Magnetic Potential EMU gilbert EMU gilbert Magnetic field strength H EMU oersted EMU oersted Magnetic flux EMU maxwell EMU maxwell = 1 line = 1 line Magnetic Induction B EMU gauss EMU gauss (Magnetic flux density) Magnetic permeability EMU darcy EMU darcy Magnetic susceptibility none none Intensity of M EMU pole cm-2 EMU pole cm-2 Magnetisation Magnetic Moment m EMU pole cm EMU pole cm Magneto Motive force G EMU gilbert EMU gilbert Magnetic Reluctance S EMU EMU Conversion of Gaussian formulae into SI To convert a formula from the Gauss form into the SI form, replace the elements on both sides of the equation using the table below. Mass, Length, Time and others not listed below are not changed. Quantity Gaussian SI Electric Current I I / Electric Current in EMU I I Charge Q Q / Electric Potential, PD, EMF V V Resistance R R Inductance L L Capacitance C C / ( ) Electric field strength E E Electric displacement D D Dielectric constant / Magnetic pole P P Magnetic Potential Magnetic field strength H H Magnetic flux Magnetic Induction B B (Magnetic flux density) Magnetic permeability / Magnetic susceptibility or k e Intensity of Magnetisation I M Magnetic Moment m m Magneto Motive force G G Magnetic Reluctance S S Example of formula conversion Maxwell's equations In Gaussian units: On conversion to SI units these become: On simplifying Then using we get: Approximate ESU/EMU units in terms of SI units Quantity 1 ESU unit 1 EMU unit Current 334 A 10 A Charge 334 C 10 C Potential 300 V 10 nV Power 100 nW 100 nW Resistance 90 G 1 n Conductance 1 pS 1 GS Inductance 90 GH 1 nH Capacitance 1 pF 1 GF Magnetic flux 300 Wb 10 nWb Magnetic induction 3 MT 100 T Magnetic field strength 3 nA/metre 80 A/metre Magnetisation 33 nA/metre 1000 A/metre Electric field strength 30000 V/metre 1 V/metre Electric displacement 265 nC/metre 8000 C/metre The electrostatic system of units is a system of units used to measure electrical quantities of electric charge, electric current, and voltage within the centimeter-gram-second (or "CGS") system of metric units. In electrostatic units, electrical charge is defined by the force that it exerts on other charges. Although the CGS units have mostly been supplanted by the MKSA (meter-kilogram-second- ampere) or International System of Units (SI) units, the electrostatic units are still in occasional use in some applications, most notably in certain fields of physics such as in particle physics and astrophysics. The main electrostatic units are: The statcoulomb, called the franklin or the "esu" for electric charge. The statvolt for voltage. The gauss for magnetic induction. http://web.archive.org/web/20070129063539/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on- line/electron/section2/discovery.asp http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/millikanoildrop.html.
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