Gedächtnis Und Trauma Im Zeitgenössischen Österreichischen Familienroman

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Gedächtnis Und Trauma Im Zeitgenössischen Österreichischen Familienroman GEDÄCHTNIS UND TRAUMA IM ZEITGENÖSSISCHEN ÖSTERREICHISCHEN FAMILIENROMAN BY MARTINA KATRIN HAMIDOUCHE DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in German in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Carl Niekerk, Chair Professor Matti Bunzl Associate Professor Laurie Johnson Associate Professor Anke Pinkert Professor Mara R. Wade Assistant Professor Yasemin Yildiz Abstract This dissertation examines four contemporary Austrian family novels: Eva Menasse’s Vienna (2005), Robert Menasse’s Die Vertreibung aus der Hölle (2001), Josef Haslinger’s Das Vaterspiel (2000), and Marlene Streeruwitz’s Nachwelt. Ein Reisebericht (1999). In this work, which analyzes the texts of second-generation Austrian authors of both Jewish and non-Jewish descent, I largely rely on memory theory from Social and Cultural Studies as well as on concepts of trauma and postmemory, both of which have been highly influenced by psychoanalysis. I consider the family novel that has flourished since the end of the 1990s to be a variation of the traditional family novel that was particularly common in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. I also argue that the Austrian family novel should not be lumped together with its German counterpart because of the different cultural heritage of these two countries. At the core of this dissertation is the study of how the members of the three generations represented in these novels handle their family history. The “first generation” encompasses the victims, perpetrators, and bystanders, the “second generation” their children who were either born during World War II or after, and the “third generation” the grandchildren and children respectively, who were born after 1945. The lack of communication about the family’s past has a negative impact on the intergenerational relationships, and thus affects the current lives of all characters. The temporal, spatial, and emotional distance from the Holocaust and the Era of National Socialism allows the second-generation authors a critical look at their family history, which, at the same time, represents a piece of the history of the Austrian nation. ii This work shows that the authors represent the challenge of memory and postmemory not only at the content levels of their text, but also at their narrative levels. Instead of focusing on what is or, sometimes even more important, what is not remembered, these writers are rather interested in how and why memory is maintained and/or repressed in the dialogue between the different generations of a family. In addition to the topic of the Nazi past, the works analyzed in this dissertation include severe criticism of various socio-political ills in Austria. The Menasses, Haslinger, and Streeruwitz do not merely limit their critique to the conditions in Austria, though: they also draw the readers’ attention to other countries, integrating settings outside of Austria into their plots. Embedding Austrian conditions in a global context can be seen as one of the biggest innovations of the contemporary Austrian family novel. iii Diese Arbeit ist Murad und Hania gewidmet. iv Dank Ohne die Hilfe von zahlreichen Personen hätte sich diese Dissertation nicht realisieren lassen. An erster Stelle möchte ich mich sehr herzlich bei meinem Doktorvater, Professor Carl Niekerk, bedanken. Er hat mich gelehrt, die österreichische Literatur neu zu entdecken. Unsere vielen Diskussionen haben sowohl mein Denken als auch mein Schreiben entscheidend geprägt. Für die jahrelange, über das Fachliche hinausgehende Unterstützung bin ich ihm sehr dankbar. Mein Dank gilt auch den Professoren Matti Bunzl, Laurie Johnson, Anke Pinkert, Mara R. Wade und Yasemin Yildiz, die meine Dissertation als Mitglieder meines Prüfungsausschusses gelesen und mit ihren wertvollen Kommentaren sehr bereichert haben. Ein herzliches Dankeschön geht an dieser Stelle auch an meine Freunde nah und fern, die mich des Öfteren aufgeheitert und in meinem Vorhaben, diese Doktorarbeit zu schreiben, bestärkt haben. Vor allem Dr. Mary DeGuire, Dr. Beate Klein und Ruth Mirtes möchte ich danken. Unser reger Austausch über das Thema meiner Dissertation – und Literatur allgemein – war mir stets eine Freude und hat mir so manches Mal über eine Durststrecke hinweggeholfen. Auch meinen Eltern und meinen Brüdern möchte ich von Herzen für ihre liebevolle Unterstützung danken. Ein besonderer Dank gilt meinem Mann Murad, der mir all die Jahre auf dem nicht nur geradlinigen Weg zum Abschluss der graduate school mit Liebe, Rat und Ermutigung zur Seite stand. Ich danke ihm vor allem dafür, dass er mir insbesondere nach der Geburt unserer Tochter den Rücken freigehalten hat, damit ich mich so lange mit dem Thema meiner Dissertation auseinandersetzen konnte. So manches Mal mussten v Murad und Hania deswegen auf mich verzichten. Für ihre Geduld und ihr Verständnis bin ich beiden zu großem Dank verpflichtet. Ihnen widme ich diese Arbeit. vi INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Kapitel I: Gedächtnis und Erinnerung, Generation und Familienroman........1 1. Gedächtnis und Erinnerung .........................................................................................3 2. Generation..................................................................................................................13 3. Der österreichische Familienroman ...........................................................................17 Kapitel II: Trauma und Postmemory in Eva Menasses Vienna (2005)............30 1. Das Trauma in der Vergangenheit ...........................................................................33 2. Das Trauma in der Gegenwart .................................................................................39 2.1 Auswirkungen des Traumas auf gegenwärtiges Leben eines Individuums....... 39 2.2 Traumatische Auswirkungen auf zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen .............. 45 3. Das traumatische Erbe ...............................................................................................51 3.1 Auf den Spuren der Vergangenheit .................................................................... 53 3.2 Bewahrung der Familiengeschichte.................................................................... 62 4. Von Erinnerung und Gesellschaftskritik....................................................................69 Kapitel III: Erinnerung und Geschichte in Robert Menasses Die Vertreibung aus der Hölle (2001) .........................................................................79 1. Die Inquisition im Familiengedächtnis......................................................................86 1.1 Das traumatische Ereignis: auf der Flucht.......................................................... 88 1.2 Die Formen der Wiederkehr des Traumas im Neuen Jerusalem ........................ 94 1.2.1 Traumatische Erinnerung............................................................................. 95 1.2.2 Narrative Erinnerung ................................................................................... 96 1.2.3 M.s traumatische Identitätssuche............................................................... 100 1.2.4 Nostalgische Erinnerung............................................................................ 103 vii 2. Ablehnung des traumatischen/historischen Erbes ...................................................104 2.1 Viktor als Zeuge des Traumas .......................................................................... 105 2.2 Die Erinnerungsarbeit der Nachgeborenen....................................................... 117 3. Geschichte: Fort- oder Rückschritt? ........................................................................127 Kapitel IV: Trauma und Generationenkonflikt in Josef Haslingers Das Vaterspiel (2000)..................................................................................................135 1. Trauma und Überlebensschuld ................................................................................141 2. Verdrängung und Verwicklung ...............................................................................152 2.1 Selbstmitleid und Verantwortungslosigkeit...................................................... 154 2.2 Familie und Nostalgie....................................................................................... 161 2.3 Verantwortung und Loyalität............................................................................ 165 3. Vergessen und Schweigen .......................................................................................169 3.1 Fehlende Bereitschaft zur Auseinandersetzung mit der Familiengeschichte ... 170 3.2 Aufarbeitung der NS-Vergangenheit außerhalb der Familie............................ 174 3.3 Vergangenheit und Eigennutzen....................................................................... 178 3.4 Späte Auseinandersetzung mit der Vergangenheit ........................................... 184 4. Von Opfern und Tätern in Österreich, Litauen und den USA .................................188 Kapitel V: (Auto-)Biografische Erinnerung in Marlene Streeruwitz’ Nachwelt. Ein Reisebericht (1999) .....................................................................195 1. Trauma und Exil ......................................................................................................202 2. Die Erinnerung an Anna Mahler..............................................................................214
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